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    Chapter 3 2021

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    Kalpesh Jadhav
    This document discusses sheet metal forming and yield loci. It introduces the yield locus, which indicates the onset of plastic deformation. It shows examples of yield loci for the Tresca and von Mises yield criteria. It also discusses the Levy-Mises flow rule, which relates the ratio of strain increments to the ratio of deviatoric stresses. Additionally, it covers the work hardening hypothesis, which states that the flow stress increases according to the amount of plastic work done, regardless of the stress path, as long as the total work is the same.

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    Chapter 3 2021

    Uploaded by

    Kalpesh Jadhav
    20 views20 pages
    This document discusses sheet metal forming and yield loci. It introduces the yield locus, which indicates the onset of plastic deformation. It shows examples of yield loci for the Tresca and von Mises yield criteria. It also discusses the Levy-Mises flow rule, which relates the ratio of strain increments to the ratio of deviatoric stresses. Additionally, it covers the work hardening hypothesis, which states that the flow stress increases according to the amount of plastic work done, regardless of the stress path, as long as the total work is the same.

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    CHAPTER_3_2021

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    This document discusses sheet metal forming and yield loci. It introduces the yield locus, which indicates the onset of plastic deformation. It shows examples of yield loci for the Tresca and von Mises yield criteria. It also discusses the Levy-Mises flow rule, which relates the ratio of strain increments to the ratio of deviatoric stresses. Additionally, it covers the work hardening hypothesis, which states that the flow stress increases according to the amount of plastic work done, regardless of the stress path, as long as the total work is the same.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views20 pages

    Chapter 3 2021

    Uploaded by

    Kalpesh Jadhav
    This document discusses sheet metal forming and yield loci. It introduces the yield locus, which indicates the onset of plastic deformation. It shows examples of yield loci for the Tresca and von Mises yield criteria. It also discusses the Levy-Mises flow rule, which relates the ratio of strain increments to the ratio of deviatoric stresses. Additionally, it covers the work hardening hypothesis, which states that the flow stress increases according to the amount of plastic work done, regardless of the stress path, as long as the total work is the same.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    ME 678

    Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming

    Chapter 3 Sheet deformation process


    YIELD LOCUS

    σ2
    σ2

    PD
    ED
    STRESS
    RATIO, α

    σ1
    σ1
    σys

    INITIAL YIELD LOCUS (INDICATES


    ONSET OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION)
    SUBSEQUENT
    YIELD LOCUS

    INITIAL YIELD LOCUS (INDICATES


    ONSET OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION)
    EXAMPLES

    Yield loci for the Tresca yield criterion and the von Mises yield criterion in plane stress

    Definition of α is different

    Metal forming: Mechanics and Metallurgy, Hosford & Caddell


    Levy–Mises flow rule

    • Deviatoric stress components, together with the hydrostatic components, make up the actual stress state.

    • As the hydrostatic stress is unlikely to influence deformation in a solid that deforms at constant volume, it
    may be said that it is the deviatoric components that will be the ones associated with the shape change. This
    is the hypothesis of the Levy–Mises Flow Rule.

    • This states that the ratio of the strain increments will be the same as the ratio of the deviatoric
    stresses

    We know that,
    If a material element is deforming in a plane stress, proportional process, then above eqn can be integrated
    and expressed in terms of the true strains,

    Relation between the stress and strain ratios

    From the above, we get relations between stress ratio and strain ratio.

    NOTE:
    • It may be seen that while the flow rule gives the relation between the stress and strain ratios, it does not
    indicate the magnitude of the strains.

    • If the element deforms under a given stress state (i.e. α is known) the ratio of the strains can be found from
    above equations.
    strain increment components for different stress states around the
    von Mises yield locus
    EXAMPLE:

    The current flow stress of a material element is 300 MPa. In a deformation process, the principal strain
    increments are 0.012 and 0.007 in the 1 and 2 directions respectively. Determine the principal stresses
    associated with this in a plane stress process.
    Work of plastic deformation

    Work done in deforming the unit element is,

    principal element of unit side showing the force


    acting on a face and its displacement during a
    For a plane stress process, this becomes small deformation.

    Plastic work done on a unit volume of material deformed in the tensile test to a true strain of ε1 (where σ2 = σ3 = 0)
    will be,
    Work hardening hypothesis

    WE KNOW THAT,

    • At a particular instant in a plane stress process where the flow stress, σf, was known, the stresses and the ratio
    of the strain increments for a small deformation could be determined.

    • To model a process we need to be able to follow the deformation along the given loading path as the flow
    stress changes.

    • Clearly we would need to know the strain hardening characteristic of the material as determined by the true
    stress–strain curve in the tensile test.

    It has been found by experiment that the flow stress increases in any process according to the
    amount of plastic work done during this process; i.e. in two different processes, if the work done
    in each is the same, the flow stress at the end of each process will be the same regardless of the
    stress path. This statement is only true for monotonic processes.
    σ

    W.D in uniaxial
    tensile test

    ε Stress–strain curves for the principal


    Element deforming in uniaxial mode of directions 1 and 2 for an element
    deformation deforming in a plane stress
    procedure in which σ2 = ασ1.

    According to work hardening hypothesis, the flow stress at the end of the process is given by the
    tensile test curve (above fig) when an equal amount of work has been done – when the sum of the
    areas in above figure is equal to the area under the tensile test curve

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