Topic-1 Lecture-1

Video Editing:
Background,
Concept, Objective &
Importance
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

-Understand basic idea of video editing and

significance of the technique
-Understanding the evolution of the video editing
 Introduction to Video Editing?

“Video editing is the process of manipulating

and rearranging video shots to create a new
work. Editing is usually considered to be one
part of the post production process — other
post-production tasks include titling, color
correction, sound mixing, etc.”
 Introduction to Video Editing?

Shooting in many single-camera or multi-cam

productions happens in a non-sequential manner.
Scenes are often shot many times and from many
angles. Video editing is about stringing them in
such a manner so as to ‘construct’ a story for the
viewers.
 Introduction to Video Editing?

Almost all programs you see on television have

been edited in same way. Although editing
equipment and techniques change almost from day
to day, the basic editing functions remain the same.

- Video editing is similar to editing and designing a

publication to give it shape and form with good
content.
 Concept of editing

- We write the content (shoot the rushes), edit the

copy (arrange video and audio in comprehendible
manner), and design (add special effects, balance
and sweeten audio, add graphics/titles), and print
the publication (publish it on tape or a CD/DVD).

There is an inextricable relationship between

shooting and editing, which has a vital impact on the
end product and, in turn, on the audience.
 Concept of editing

While live multiple-camera productions involve a

spontaneous and simultaneous selection or
switching between shots, non-live single-camera or
multiple-camera productions involve painfull choice
from the material available which is known as post-
production editing.
 Concept of editing

Video editing has been dramatically democratized

in recent years by editing software available for
personal computers. Video editing includes cutting
segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and
adding transitions and other Special Effects.
 Evolution of Editing

-Video editing is the process of editing segments

of motion video production footage, special
effects and sound recordings in the post-
production process.

-Motion picture film editing is a predecessor to

video editing and, in several ways, video editing
simulates motion picture film editing, in theory
and the use of linear video editing and video
editing software on non-linear editing systems
(NLE).
 Evolution of Editing

1895 – Lumiere Brothers invented

Cinematographe. Cinematographe was a three-in-
one device that recorded, process and projected
motion picture.

Auguste and Louis Lumière

 Evolution of Editing

1898 - British film pioneer Robert W. Paul's Come

Along, Do!, a comedy made in 1898 and one of the
first films to feature more than one shot.

Robert w. Pauls
 Evolution of Editing
The trip to the moon is a 1902 French adventure
short film directed by Georges Melies.
Thanks to an accidentally jammed camera, he
learned that if different scenes were stitched
together your eyes fill in the blanks and experience
the film as one continuous story. Melies combined
this discovery with his knowledge of magical
illusions and created the first generation of
cinematic special effect.
 Evolution of Editing

1903 – The Great Train Robbery, written, produced

and directed by Edwin S. Porter, used a number of
innovative techniques including cross cutting,
double exposure composite editing and camera
movement.

Edwin S. Porter
 Evolution of Editing
1915 - David Wark Griffith, considered to be the
father of narrative cinema, invented some
techniques like parallel editing, pushing them to
higher levels of complexity and depth. His film ‘The
Birth of a Nation’ had spatial continuity, 180 degree
rule, establishing shot and reverse shot.

D. W. Griffith
 Evolution of Editing
1920 - Russian director Lev Kuleshov from Russia
did an experiment that proves this point. He took an
old film clip of a head shot of a noted Russian actor
and intercut the shot with a shot of a bowl of soup,
then with a child playing with a teddy bear, then with
a shot an elderly woman in a casket. Introduced
cross cutting and theory of Montage in editing.

Kuleshov effect
Lev Kuleshov
 Evolution of Editing

1927 - Philo Farnsworth's video camera tube

converts images into electrical signals.

Philo Farnsworth
 Evolution of Editing
1951 – Charles Ginsburg invented the first video
tape recorder captured live images from television
cameras by converting the camera's electrical
impulses and saving the information onto magnetic
video tape.

Charles Ginsburg
 Evolution of Editing

1971 - Sony began selling videocassette recorder

(VCR) decks and tapes into the consumer market.

1985 – UK based Quantel released The “Harry.”

The Harry was the first all-digital video editing
and effects compositing system. Due to technical
limitations, it could record and apply effects to a
maximum of 80 seconds of 8-bit uncompressed
digital video.

1987: American Avid Technology created the

Avid/1 Media Composer. It was designed using
the Apple Macintosh II computer platform, as well
as proprietary Avid hardware and software.
 Evolution of Editing
1989: Avid Technology introduced the Avid/1 Media
Composer at NAB. The codec used for editing on
Avid was the Motion JPEG (M-JPEG) codec, which
became the primary video editing codec of the
early 90’s. It was not very high quality, but it
worked fine for offline editing.

1991: Adobe released Premiere 1.0 for the Mac.

 Evolution of Editing

1992: First feature film, Let’s Kill All the Lawyers,

was digitally edited using the Avid. Up until this
point, only short-form videos and commercials
could be edited because of hard drive capacity
limitations.
 Evolution of Editing

1993: Media 100 entered the market as a low-cost

digital video editing solution. Media 100 offered
steady advancements in compression technology,
and continued to develop higher video resolutions
focusing primarily via software innovation, rather
than hardware. John Molinari was the founder
 Evolution of Editing

1995: The DV codec and IEEE-1394 (FireWire 400)

brought huge advancements to digital video
recording, capturing and editing.

1996: The English Patient was the first digitally

edited film to win an Oscar for Best Editing (edited
by Walter Murch on the Avid).
 Evolution of Editing
1999: Apple released Final Cut Pro, which soon
became a chief competitor to Avid.

2001: The Rules of Attraction, a black comedy

drama was the first feature film edited using Final
Cut Pro.
Topic-1 Lecture-2

Video Editing:
Background,
Concept, Objective &
Importance
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

-Understand basic idea of video editing and

significance of the technique
-Understanding the evolution of the video editing
 CONCEPT OF VIDEO EDITING

Editing is not simply assembling or curtailing, it

also includes addition of graphics, music,
sound effects and special effects to the earlier
shot footages.

Video Editing or Non-Linear Video Editing is the

process of taking video that is raw. It means
untouched or newly recorded, and taking away
clips of that video that are not necessary to your
story.
 CONCEPT OF VIDEO EDITING CONTINUIED…

Tools used in Non-Linear Editing include a recorder

to initially record the video, a digitizer to convert the
video to a digital format that can be used by a Non-
Linear editing program and a computer to run the
program.
CONCEPT OF VIDEO EDITING CONTINUIED…

Editing is shaping the

- movement of the story,
- movement of emotion,
- movement of image and sound.

So when you see a film/program moves well, we

see a good editing. At the fundamental level, it
actually implies combining individual pieces of film
in order to make up scene, sequences, sequence
groups and finally the whole film.
POST PRODUCTION INCLUDES

Import footage
Preview/ Review footage
Optimize Video
Digital Editing
Sound Designing
Motion Graphics
Animation
 POST PRODUCTION CONTINUIED….
We use the word editing to mean any of the
following:
• Rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of
video clips and/or audio clips.
• Applying color correction, filters and other
enhancements.
• Creating transitions between clips.
• Multiple-camera productions involve a
spontaneous and simultaneous
selection. Single camera production involves script
based shot material. There are many reasons to
edit a video and your editing approach will depend
on the desired outcome. Before you begin you
must clearly define your editing goals.
 BASICS OF EDITING

Shot
A single piece of film of any length or duration
which is exposed by the camera being turned on,
then off, a single time only. Both, the type of action
that a shot may depict, or the type of the camera
movement that is performed during the shot,
changes the concept.
 BASICS OF EDITING

Scene
A continuous, self-contained sequence of shots that
identify a particular dramatic and story moment. In
certain cases, a complete scene can be found
within a single shot when it is suitably a long take.
 BASICS OF EDITING

Sequence
A self-contained group of sequential scenes. The
group would combine around a common collection
of emotional and narrative imperatives.
 EDITING GOALS

Editing is simply the method of merging individual

shots in a specific order. There are purposes to it:

To put content together in a sequential fashion.

The order of the shooting could be different from
the running order.
 EDITING GOALS

Shooting Order and Running Order

Where necessary, actions will typically be taken in

the order that is most feasible or realistic during
the production process, and then the takes will be
combined together throughout the editing process
so that they will appear sequential.

The final "running order" may vary considerably

from the sequence the scenes are shot in (the
"shooting order"). Correct the flaws by editing
them out or by using other videos to cover them.
 EDITING GOALS

Shooting Order and Running Order

Creating, enhancing, reconstructing and adding life

to the footage and events that were recorded live.
Tools such as special effects, sfx, and music will
add more emotion to the story and thus have a
greater impact on the viewers.
 Importance of video editing
The Perfect Flow
The video can be really appealing with virtually
no errors or room for improvement up until the
post-production process; however, the flow you
have in mind is entirely dependent on the
editors working with the director and
cinematographer. When an editor receives the
footage, their primary goal is to make it as
smooth and organized as possible. Basically,
they want to contain the flow that you
established. It’s capturing this flow with cuts,
pace, and sound that makes a stunning film.
 Importance of video editing
Cutting Your Way to Success
In video editing, one of the most common and
most effective ways to achieve the perfect flow
is through cuts. Cutting in and of itself is not
difficult: you choose a start and end time and
there you go, it’s gone. But that’s not all that
goes into a cut.
To make your video’s flow ideal, you have to cut
shots at the perfect time. Timing is critical! Cut it
too soon and you end up with a sudden stop
that the audience was not expecting. Cut it too
late and you end up with a shot that seems to
drag on forever.
 Importance of video editing
Switching Gears...or Scenes
Transitions make all the difference to a scene.
Sometimes, without a transition you end up with a
jerky, fast-paced mess that nobody wants to watch.
Video editing makes these transitions smooth and
elegant.
The flow that the editor is trying to preserve is what
makes the video great, and transitions are a way to
keep the pace of the film controlled. With the pace
under control, the editor can focus on equally as
important changes, such as continuity editing,
coloring, layering, and sound editing.
 Importance of video editing
Sound Editing
Everyone thinks of video editing as the visual part.
Although this is true, it’s not the whole story. Editing
a film so that the pictures flow does not necessarily
mean the audio flows as well.
Adjusting volumes levels and synchronizing audio
clips with video clips can be anything but a walk in
the park; however, it can also make the video
exactly as it was intended.
 Importance of video editing

Sound editing is how video can set the mood and

evoke emotions from your audience. Replacing a
sound track with another, unintended one can really
open your eyes to what it is sound editing truly does
for us.

Video editing is important because it is the key to

blending images and sounds to make us feel
emotionally connected and sometimes truly there in
the film we are watching.
 Importance of video editing
Colour
What is shot on one camera may not be colour
aligned or balanced properly to match another
camera or even previously shot footage shot on a
previous day, therefore an editor is need to give it a
professional edge.
Color corrections might be as easy as lightening a
frame or two, or it can be a very time consuming
and expensive colour edit, requiring everything from
colour matching, lightening, balancing the
background, stepping up the image and re-digitizing
after the bump.
Topic-2 Lecture-3

Types of
Editing
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

- Understand the various types of editing

machines and software.
- How editing was done in the past and what
changes has been brought to video editing.
 TYPES OF EDITING

Video editing is a major part of the video post-

production process. Typically in post-production
you capture video from a camera, view your raw
footage, trim the clips for the best parts,
sequence them on a timeline, and add
transitions, titles, music, sound effects,coloring
and special effects.
 Different Editing Techniques

Although most editors opt for digital non-linear

editing for most projects, it makes sense to have
an understanding of how each method works.
a) Film Splicing
It was the first way to edit moving pictures and
conceptually it forms the basis of all video editing.
Traditionally, film is edited by cutting sections of the
film and rearranging or discarding them. The
process is very straightforward and mechanical.
In theory a film could be edited with a pair of
scissors and some splicing tape, although in reality
a splicing machine is the only practical solution.
Different Editing Techniques
 Different Editing Techniques
A film splicer (also called a film joiner, usually in
Europe) is a device which can be used to physically
join together lengths of photographic film. It is
mostly used in film motion pictures. The units are
made in various types depending on the usage:
Single-8, Super 8 film, 16mm,35mm and 70mm.
Used in film editing to make a cut.
 Different Editing Techniques
Cement splicers join films together by using
chemical called film cement which is made of film
base dissolved in a solvent. The Photographic
emulsion is removed from the area to be joined and
the base of the other end is brought into contact
with it.
 Different Editing Techniques
Tape splicers
Here a piece of thin transparent adhesive tape is
used to join the two ends. The tape may be pre-
perforated for the film perforations, or the splicer
may make perforations as the splice is made (this
type of splicer is sometimes referred to as guillotine
splicer).
 Different Editing Techniques
b) Tape to Tape (Linear)
Linear editing was the original method of editing
electronic video tapes, before editing computers
became available in the 1990s. Although it is no
longer the preferred option, it is still used in some
situations.
 Different Editing Techniques

In linear editing, video is selectively copied from

one tape to another. It requires at least two video
machines connected together — one acts as the
source and the other is the recorder.
Place the video to be edited in the source
machine and a blank tape in the recorder. Press
play on the source machine and record on the
recorder. The basic process is to play the original
tape in the source machine and record a new
(edited) version on the record machine.
 Different Editing Techniques
Linear Editing Features and Techniques
Most professional VTRs (Video tape recorders) let
editor switch between two major editing modes.
Assemble Editing
Insert Editing
In the assemble mode, the record VTR erases
everything on its tape (video, audio, control, and
address tracks) just ahead of copying the material
supplied by the source VTR.
Every time a new scene is recorded, it will simply
erase what was there before and replace it with a
new audio and video.
 Different Editing Techniques

Insert Editing
To prepare the edit master tape for insert editing,
you need to record a continuous control track on it.
The simplest way is to record “black”, with the
videos and audio inputs in the off position. VTR
faithfully lays down a control track in the process
and makes the tape ready. The recording of black
happens in real time.
Advantage: It is faster, edits are tear free, new
videos or audios can be inserted anywhere in the
tape, a shot can be inserted without effecting the
audio or the sound track
 Different Editing Techniques

A linear suite at its most basic level is a video

player and a video recorder. The first holds your
original footage, and the second contains the
program you are constructing. To edit, you can
scan through the footage to find the shot you
want, copy it onto the recorder machine, then
move on to the next shot.
If you choose this, you have to work consecutively
- you can't go back and shorten your scene, or cut
out a shot. You have to finish the first scene
before starting work on the second.
 Different Editing Techniques

This method of editing is called ―Linear because it

is done in a linear fashion, i.e. starting with the first
shot and working through to the last shot. It is often
used to mean analog editing, because in digital
editing it is both unnecessary and difficult. It is also
known as assembly editing.

Recorder/ Player Remote

 Different Editing Techniques

Another words it can be said as “dubbing” or

copying the master tape to another tape in a
sequential order. This worked well for editors until
the director or client wanted significant changes to
be made in the middle of a tape. With a linear tape,
that usually meant that the whole project had to be
entirely reedited, which was incredibly time-
consuming and frustrating.
 Different Editing Techniques

Linear editing also did not work well if multiple

generations (copies) of the tape had to be made,
because each generation deteriorated a little more.

Linear systems are generally made up of a “player”

and a “record” VCR along with a control console.
The original footage is placed into the player and
then is edited to the recorder .
Topic-2 Lecture- 4

Types of
Editing
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

- Understand the various types of editing

machines and software.
- How editing was done in the past and what
changes has been brought to video editing.
 Different Editing Techniques
c) Digital/Computer (Non-linear)
A non-linear editing system (NLE) is a video (or
audio editing) digital audio workstation system that
performs non-destructive editing on source
material. Video footage is recorded (captured) onto
a computer hard drive and then edited using
specialized software. Once the editing is complete,
the finished product is recorded back to tape or
optical disk.
 Different Editing Techniques

It is called “non-linear” because there is no need to

edit in a linear fashion: very flexible method which
allows to make changes to any part of the video at
any time. That means, random selection from any
portion can be done in the timeline.
Different Editing Techniques
 Different Editing Techniques

Non-linear editing is the most natural approach

when all assets are available as files on video
servers or hard disks, rather than recordings on
reels or tapes.
Non-linear editing enables direct access to any
video frame in a digital video clip, without needing
to play or scrub/shuttle through adjacent footage to
reach it, as is necessary with video tape linear
editing systems.
 Different Editing Techniques

So instead of going in a set order, you are able to

work on any segment of the project at any time, in
any order you want. In nonlinear video editing, the
original source files are not lost or modified during
editing.
 Different Editing Techniques
d) Live Editing
Multiple cameras and other video sources are
routed through a central mixing console and edited
in real time. Sports events and award functions are
few common examples.
 Different Editing Techniques

The “live production edit” approach involves mixing

all of the camera feeds together (using a video
mixer/selector) and then having a director select
shots/edit, in real time, to produce a complete
sequence at the end of the show.
 Different Editing Techniques
A big advantage of the live event approach is that
it produces an edited sequence of the show very
quickly (it could technically be done at the end of
the show).

Some disadvantages with this approach are that:

it requires special equipment (video
mixer/switchers) to connect and mix/select the
video feeds and special skills to communicate (and
direct) the different cameras to coordinate their
shots and the ability to make split second
decisions to select the right edits in real time as
the show progresses.
Topic-3 Lecture- 5

Rules of
Video Editing
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

- Understand why continuity is important to

be followed in video editing.
- Understand the application of the carious
rules of continuity while shooting and editing.
 Rules for video editing

Continuity in shooting and editing is the practice of

ensuring that details in a shot are consistent from
shot to shot within a video film. When there is
continuity between shots, then audiences have a
greater suspension of disbelief and will be more
engaged in the video film. Doing so you have
followed the editing rules.
 Rules for video editing

The continuity style of editing is distinguished by

the perception of a continuously flowing, flawless
and clearly consistent narrative where we appear
not to note the holes and breaks of shifts in the
scene and cutting. Continuity cutting is a method or
technique for arranging shots with either the goal of
ensuring the spatial and temporal orientation of the
audience.
 Rules for video editing

Continuity editing actually provides the audience

the illusion that spatial and temporal continuity
causes the action to flow. Natural coherence is
accomplished in almost all of the films by cutting to
continuity, which stresses a seamless transition
between time and space.
 Rules for maintaining continuity

The continuity method is a list of rules to help make

sure that the shots unite. This involves framing,
camera placement, size of the image (shot size)
and editing.
 Rules for maintaining continuity
1. Progression of shot sizes
If you are trying to show a location, characters or
activity, it is always better to shoot things of different
shot sizes. Doing so your scene will look more
appealing.

1 2 3

4 5 6
 Rules for maintaining continuity

Do not jump right from, for example, an extreme

wide shot to a big close-up only if you want viewers
to get confused. You need to place between them a
kind of long shot or mid shot, so that the audience
sees the linkage between the shots.

1 2 3
 Rules for maintaining continuity

30 degree rule of changing camera position

While you change shot size then fundamentally you

move the camera around the subject to find an
absolutely different spot. When you do not, then it
will give an impression that the subject is cropped/
scaled forward or backward from the same frame.
 Rules for maintaining continuity

The 30 degree rule means that you should always

be shifting the camera between two shots giving at
least 30 degrees shift from the original position
either in the left or right (as required) . Doing so, the
shots will fit better together.
 Rules for maintaining continuity
Shot reverse shot

Usually you must take shot reverse shot. It helps

you to show the character what they are looking at,
or two people together to use close-ups and make
further effective.
 Rules for maintaining continuity

Even when two characters are shot using one

camera the simple way of shooting the scene is
executing or shooting the scene multiple times, first
with both the actors in frame, then with one actor's
mid shots and close-ups, and with the other
character's mid shots or close-ups. Later cut/edit
between both the character alternatively.
 Rules for maintaining continuity

When you are shooting someone on the move,

take a few shots from the front and some from the
back and later edit the front and back shot
alternatively.
 Rules for maintaining continuity
Rule of 180 degree imaginary line or axis
It is appropriate for subjective shots showing the
scene from the point of view of every actor. But to
be slightly to one side of each character is more
effective for the camera. Here, important thing is
that a camera has to be place on the same side.

Diagram
with 2
person
 Rules for maintaining continuity

Imagine a line is between the two characters. Place

your camera on one side of the divide/line. If the line
is crossed then the shots will not match together.
Your two actors will look like they are facing in the
same direction, instead of facing each other.

Diagram
with 2
person
 Rules for maintaining continuity
If you are recording somebody moving then remain
in the same axis or same side of their moving
direction. And if you don’t, then the person on the
move will look like they have reversed the direction.

Diagram
with 3
person
 Rules for maintaining continuity
Keep space towards looking direction
It is always good to keep a free space towards the
characters looking direction which is also known as
nose room. Doing so, it will be more realistic and it
will apparently clarify that the actors are facing each
other.
 Rules for maintaining continuity

Nose room towards the right Nose room towards the left
of the frame of the frame
 Rules for maintaining continuity

Eyeline Match
The line of viewing must match with the line of the
object where the character is looking which is
opposite to the character.
 Rules for maintaining continuity

Say no for two similar shots of the same thing

together
Editing with two close- up shots of a same person
will definitely have an abrupt jump. It is
unavoidable even when you are editing a
conversation or an interview. Through cutting to a
master shot and then back, you can prevent that.
 Rules for maintaining continuity
Or you can just use a cutaway such as the reaction
shot of the other character when one character is
talking and then cut back to the main character who
is talking. With that one holds shot reverse shot
concept. Another best way is to use cut- ins or
inserts in between the same shot types to
emphasize some thing very important.

Cut away
Cut- in
Topic-3 Lecture- 6

Rules of
Video Editing
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing

Subject: Video Editing

OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

- Understand why continuity is important to

be followed in video editing.
- Understand the application of the carious
rules of continuity while shooting and editing.
 Technical continuity

Any apparent, sudden, or unwanted shift in audio

or video throughout a production is considered a
problem in technical continuity. Many continue to
accept certain problems of technical continuity but
not every time.

News coverage and documentary films are often

shot in vastly different situations, so we prefer to
embrace issues like shifts in the color of video or
the soundscape of audio between scenes.
 Technical continuity

But in such things as dramatic productions we don't

want technical inconsistencies diverting our
attention from the storyline. The television medium
should be completely seamless because you want
your story or the message to be as clear as
possible for the viewers.
 Problems in audio continuity
Continuity problems in audio can happen because
of different factors including shot-to-shot variations
in:

-background sound
-sound ambiance (echo within a room, distance of
the microphone, etc.)
-frequency response of mic or audio equipment
-audio levels
 Problems in audio continuity

In single-camera production many of these

inconsistencies are not easy to detect on location.
Again, it's only when the various shots or takes start
to be assembled during editing that you discover
the problem.
As you cut from one scene to another you may
discover that the talent suddenly seems to move
closer or farther away from the microphone, or
may be your background sound varies because of
traffic sound, fan, AC etc..
 Problems in audio continuity

Some issues can be removed with the experienced

use of sound equalizers or reverberation units.
Changes in background sound can sometimes be
masked by recording a bed of some additional (and
consistent) sound—such as music, street noise, or
even birds or crickets chirping.
As in most of life, it's easier to avoid problems
than to fix them (assuming there even is a way to
fix them).
 Problems in video continuity

There are video continuity problems; for example,

changes in:

- Balance of the color

- Balance of the tone
- Levels of light / exposure
- Sharpness for using camera optics/ lens
- Quality of the recording

Balance of tone

Color balance
 Problems in video continuity

Exposure Levels

Sharpness

Quality of recording
 Problems in video continuity

Inter cutting scenes from cameras with noticeably

different color characteristics (color balance) will
immediately be apparent to viewers.

To eliminate this problem all cameras should be

carefully color-balanced and compared before a
production. That's particularly important when
using multiple cameras.
 Problems in video continuity

The skin tones and color balance of the primary

subject needs attention. Backgrounds are less
critical, since your audience probably doesn't know
what color they are supposed to be anyway. Using
a cut from the close up shot to the two-shot will also
pose a problem due to the change in the person’s
head position.
 Problems in video continuity

Editing systems often make use of a vectorscope

for adjusting colors. A vectorscope (which
graphically displays and measures the color and
saturation level) and a waveform monitor (which
graphically displays and measures the brightness
or luminance level of the video.)
 Problems in video continuity

And a waveform monitor (which graphically

displays and measures the brightness or
luminance level of the video.)
 Problems in background music continuity

Background music must contribute to the

production's overall mood and impact without
drawing attention to it. The chosen music should
suit the mood of the narrative, pace of narrative
flow, and time period. Prevent using music vocals
when there is a natural dialogue happening
between the characters to save clashes.
With today's computer-based editing systems
musical selections can be shortened or lengthened
to accommodate accompanying video.
 Storytelling Continuity

Most narrative videos or films are made with the

intention of creating a simple and logical
framework of events so that the audience can
easily grasp the sequence of events portrayed
therein.
For this reason, filmmakers focus on systematic
procedure to edit the distinct camera shots which
build up a film together. Many of these
mechanisms, such as the cuts, fade-out, fade-in,
or dissolve, are intended to signal a change in
scenes.
 Storytelling Continuity

Continuity editing is essential for managing the

perception of spatiotemporal ellipsis as films never
portray each and every minute events which make
up a larger event.
For example, one shot might show an actor
reaching a building's stairs and then the next shot
could show the actor entering the room. In such
instances, audiences are expected to interpret
such occurrences in space and time as being
approximately continuous. So cut is the only best
option to choose for while portraying the visual
continuity.
Topic-4 Lecture- 7

Role of
Video Editor
Unit-I
Introduction to Video Editing

Subject: Video Editing

OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE

Students would be able to :

- Understand roles and duties of a video

editor.
- What are the challenges of an editor in
improving the quality of the programme.
 Video Editor & editing

Video editing is a major part of the video post-

production process. Typically in post- production
you capture video from a camera, view your raw
footage, trim the clips for the best parts, sequence
them on a timeline, and add transitions, titles,
music, sound effects, and special effects.
 Video Editor

A film and video editor is a highly skilled film

industry employee who edits movies or videos. The
success or ultimate failure of the production lies in
their hands. The final production must be a
coherent project that incorporates the storyline and
personality of the starring actors. Many in the
industry consider film editing to be an art that often
goes unnoticed and unappreciated.
 Roles and Responsibilities of Video Editor
The job duties of film and video editors are
numerous:
An employee might find himself studying scripts to
understand the storyline and collaborating with
directors, producers, and film staff regarding the
script and director's goals. Throughout the filming,
the film editor will examine tapes for editing
purposes, looking for errors, segments that run long
or parts that do not match the story or go with the
storyline.
 Roles and Responsibilities of Video Editor
He / she will work with others adding sounds,
voices and music that match the script and place
them in the appropriate place.
 Roles and Responsibilities of Video Editor

Film and video editors complete these tasks with

digital equipment and computer software to create
high-quality sound effects.

Varying camera angles and shots will be looked at

and the best ones added to the reels. The reels will
be reviewed several times before the editor comes
up with a final version called the director's cut.
During the process he works with other staff
including sound and lighting technicians, costume
designers and makeup artists, actors, directors and
other editors. Making a movie is truly a team effort.
 Roles and Responsibilities of Video Editor

The film and video editor’s job has changed over

the years. When movies were black and white,
editing was simple. With computer and advanced
technology, a film and video editor's job became
increasingly more complex using computer
graphics to aid in editing films and supplying the
necessary elements to create the finished product.
 Video Editor’s Work
-Edit raw footage content for producing film and
video.
-Perform video and audio editing based on story
sequence and continuity.
-Use creativity techniques in designing graphics.
-Work closely with producers and directors during
production.
-Create the voiceover text and other commentary
for the video.
-Cut video sequences effectively to ensure the
scenes are seamless and flow logically.
-Review the script to better understand the video
production requirements.
 Video Editor’s Work
-Perform all editing work including inserting music,
sound effects, storyboarding, etc.
-Prepare a logical storyboard by combination of the
most effective scenes.
-Review all edited tapes to identify any issues and
recommend changes as necessary.
-Discuss with directors and producers about video
layouts and editing styles.
-Organize and assemble video segments to deliver
continuous and sequential story of specified length.
-Organize video screenings for directors and
producers to get their feedback.
 Steps followed by the video editors in
editing process
-Choose the best footage - It is common to shoot
far more footage than you actually need and
choose only the best material for the final edit.
Often you will shoot several versions (takes) of a
shot and choose the best one when editing.

-Create a flow - Most videos serve a purpose such

as telling a story or providing information. Editing
is a crucial step in making sure the video flows in a
way which achieves this goal.

-Give the video a particular "angle“ - Video can be

tailored to support a particular viewpoint, impart a
message or serve an agenda.
 Steps followed by the video editors in
editing process
-Increase or decrease the duration of the film.

-Reveal information in stages.

-Add effects, graphics, music, etc. - This is often

the "wow" part of editing. You can improve most
videos (and have a lot of fun) by adding extra
elements.

-Alter the style, pace or mood of the video - A good

editor will be able to create subtle mood prompts
in a video. Techniques such as mood music and
visual effects can influence how the audience will
react.
 Challenges of video editor
• Editors need to understand and articulate the
inner workings of their specialty- equipment, job
pressures, working methods, theories, and
instincts.
• The solitary nature of the job stresses
organization, discipline, persistence, self-
reliance, and tireless devotion to details. The
ideal relationship between editor and director is a
close familial one, in some cases spanning
decades of trusted collaboration.
 Challenges of video editor

- Unfortunately, film editors (like sound editors, who

are even more constrained by last-minute
demands) face short budgets, short schedules, and
short tempers. Despite these limitations, editors are
uniformly devoted to their primary responsibility: to
make real the directors vision.

- A film editor is looking at the picture with complete

objectivity... they should try very hard to pretend
they're the audience.
 Challenges of video editor

• Get Faster- Speed is an essential quality in a

good editor. By speed, I simply mean the time it
takes to perform the edits. The danger with
opting for being seen as a fast video editor, is
that the time for the thoughtfulness and
consideration required to produce quality
projects can get squeezed out as schedules get
shorter and expectations get raised.
 Some suggestions for video editor
-Set up blank template folders to keep your projects
consistently organized which you can copy and
paste onto your edit drive with every new project.
-Memorize keyboard shortcuts for your NLE of
choice. Print out a cheat sheet and look at it often.
-Tidy as you go. Keeping your edits tidy and
organized is one of the best ways to save
incremental amounts of time.
-Watch More Work - Awareness of emerging
creative trends is just as important as knowing the
latest tech developments.
-Make Time to Learn - The most obvious way to
improve is to make the time to actively learn new
things.
 Significance of the role of video editor

Creating a video project of any kind is a long

process with many important phases, and one of
the most important steps in creating the final cut of
your project is the video editing process
- Reviewing all Footage and Audio
The video editing process allows you to look over
everything you shot during the shoot. During filming
it is easy to overlook certain shots you are creating
because of how fast paced a film set is.

Films
Walter Scott Murch The God father I &III
Apocalypse Now
English Patient
 Significance of the role of video editor

- Improve or degrade the quality of the product

The editing stage is the stage where you can make
or break your video. This is where all the content
you have comes together in a meaningful way. This
is where you bring together disparate clips into a
cohesive story. There sometimes are shots you
never really thought would work, but in the editing
room, they come alive.
 Significance of the role of video editor

- Creative Decisions
Video editing is a lengthy process on its own and
requires a great attention to detail. It is never a bad
idea to hire a video editing service for your project
because you know that you will get professional
results every time. The artistry of editing depends
not only on a knack for creativity, but also an in-
depth knowledge of the capabilities not just of their
own non-linear editing software, but also of
graphics and animation software, camera
operation, and all the techniques available to
expert users of those tools.