M2 Lesson 1: Analyzing Primary Sources | While-task 1

The speech by Jose P. Laurel, President of the Republic of the Philippines, delivered
on February 29, 1944, is an essential historical document that provides insight into
the political and social landscape of the Philippines during a critical time in its history.
During World War II, the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces, and
President Laurel led the country under the Japanese-sponsored Philippine
government.
President Laurel addressed the Filipino youth in his speech and emphasized the
importance of national unity, education, discipline, and patriotism. In the face of
hardship and uncertainty, he urged the young people of the Philippines to work for
unity and a more promising future for the nation. He also stressed the importance of
education and informed citizenship, urging the youth to study hard and be well-
informed so that they could play an active role in shaping the future of the
Philippines.
The speech also reflects President Laurel's commitment to discipline and hard work.
He encouraged the youth to be diligent in their studies and disciplined in their
personal and professional lives. By doing so, he believed they could overcome their
challenges and create a better future for themselves and their country.
Finally, President Laurel emphasized the importance of patriotism, encouraging the
youth to put the country's needs above their interests. He called on them to be
selfless and to work together to create a better future for the Philippines.
In conclusion, the speech by President Laurel provides a valuable perspective on the
political and social landscape of the Philippines during World War II. Today's young
Filipinos are inspired and motivated by its message of nationalism, education,
discipline, and solidarity. The speech serves as a reminder of the value of
cooperating to achieve a common objective, and the part young people may play in
determining the country's future.

M2 Lesson 2: Types of Sources | While-task 2

What sources can be both primary and secondary? Give at least three
examples and explain.
Primary and secondary sources are sources used to gather information and provide
evidence to support an argument or research. Some sources can serve as both
primary and secondary sources, depending on the context in which they are used.
Three examples of primary and secondary sources are books, letters, and
photographs.
A book can be a primary source if it is an original work written by an individual who
was directly involved in an event, such as a historical figure's memoir. However, a
book can also be a secondary source if it analyzes or interprets primary sources,
such as a history book.
Letters could be primary sources if they were written by someone directly involved in
an event and provided first-hand accounts. However, letters can also be secondary
sources if someone else analyzes or interprets them, such as letters in an edited
collection.
Photographs could be primary sources if they were taken by someone directly
involved in an event, such as a news photographer covering a war. However,
photographs can also be secondary sources if used as evidence to support an
argument or research, such as in a history book.
In conclusion, the same source can be considered both a primary and secondary
source depending on the context in which it is used. When evaluating sources, it's
essential to consider the origin and purpose of the source and how it is used in your
research.

How can one determine if the source is primary or secondary? Explain your
answer.
Determining if a source is primary or secondary involves examining its origin and
purpose. The key factors to consider in selecting a source are origin, purpose, and
time.
Primary sources are original documents or artifacts created by someone directly
involved in an event. Secondary sources are based on primary sources and provide
analysis or interpretation of those sources.
The purpose of the source is also essential in determining if it is primary or
secondary. Primary sources are typically created for a specific purpose, such as
documenting events or personal experiences. On the other hand, secondary sources
are made to provide an analysis or interpretation of primary sources.
The time frame in which a source is created can also be a factor in determining if it is
primary or secondary. For example, a source made soon after an event is
considered a primary source, while a source created years or decades later is likely
a secondary source. Viewing the source's origin, purpose, and time frame can
determine whether it is a primary or secondary source.
Which is better to use in historical research, primary or secondary sources?
Explain your answer.
Both primary and secondary sources have unique benefits and limitations and are
valuable in different ways. In historical research, it is crucial to use both primary and
secondary sources to understand the past comprehensively.
Primary sources, such as letters, government documents, and photographs, provide
a first-hand account of events and insight into the perspectives and experiences of
those who lived during the study time.
Secondary sources, such as history books and research articles, provide a broader
understanding of the context and significance of events. They often synthesize and
analyze multiple primary sources, providing a more comprehensive and nuanced
understanding of the past.
In conclusion, both primary and secondary sources have strengths and limitations
and are essential in providing a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of
historical events. Historians need to use both types of sources in their research.

Is a movie a primary or secondary source? Explain your answer.

A movie is generally considered a secondary source in historical research. While the
film may depict historical events or periods, they are often based on interpretations
of historical events rather than being direct, first-hand accounts. Movies are typically
created for entertainment purposes, and filmmakers may take artistic liberties in their
representation of historical events, making it essential to consider the accuracy and
bias of the movie in evaluating its usefulness as a historical source.
Documentaries or historical films based on primary sources produced for educational
purposes may be considered primary sources. However, even in these cases, it is
vital to consider the filmmakers' interpretations and biases when evaluating the
accuracy of the information presented in the movie.
In conclusion, while movies can be educational and provide a visual representation
of historical events, they should be evaluated carefully and used with primary
sources to build a comprehensive understanding of the past.

Is a newspaper article a primary or secondary source? Explain your answer.

A newspaper article can be either a primary or secondary source, depending on the
context and content of the article.
If the article is written at the time of the event being studied and provides a first-hand
account, it is considered a primary source. For example, an article reporting on a
historical event, or a political speech delivered by a government leader would be
regarded as a primary source.
On the other hand, if the article was written after the event and provided an analysis,
interpretation, or summary of the event, it is considered a secondary source. For
example, an article that provides a historical analysis of an event or background
information on a historical figure would be viewed as a secondary source.
In conclusion, it is crucial to consider the context and content of a newspaper article
to determine if it is a primary or secondary source. Both types of sources can be
valuable in historical research, but it is essential to understand the differences and
limitations of each to use them effectively.
M2 Post-task: Appraising sources at home

Personal Journal (Primary)

Personal journals are classified as primary
sources because they are firsthand accounts of
personal experiences and observations. They are
often written by individuals directly involved in or
witnessed historical events or conditions and
provide a unique perspective on the past. Personal
journals may include details about daily life,
personal thoughts and feelings, and events and
situations that were significant to the writer.

Textbooks (Secondary)
Textbooks are considered secondary
sources because they are based on and
interpret primary sources rather than being
original, firsthand accounts of events or
conditions. Books are typically written by
historians or scholars who have studied
and analyzed primary sources to provide
an overview and interpretation of historical
events, periods, or themes.

Original Photographs (Primary)

Original photographs could be classified as primary
sources if they are taken during the study time and
capture events, people, or conditions as they occurred.
Photography provides a visual record of history, allowing
us to see the world as it was at a specific moment.
Video Recordings (Primary)
Video recordings can
be classified as
primary sources if
they are original and
contemporaneous
recordings of events
or conditions. For
example, news
footage of historical
events or interviews
with individuals
present during the
event would be
considered primary sources. Video recordings of speeches or events as they happen
can provide valuable, firsthand information about the event, the individuals involved,
and the reactions of those in attendance.

Emails (Primary)
Emails can be
classified as primary
sources if they are
original and
contemporaneous
personal or
organizational
communication
records. Emails can
provide valuable
insights into
individuals' thoughts, opinions, and experiences during a specific time period, as well
as the inner workings of organizations and institutions.

References:
Academy, E. (2023, January 19). Primary Vs. Secondary Sources — Understanding the

difference to avoid incorrect citations. Enago Academy.

https://www.enago.com/academy/should-you-use-primary-sources-secondary-

sources-or-citation-references/
Getting Started with Primary Sources | Teachers | Programs | Library of Congress. (n.d.).

The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/programs/teachers/getting-started-

with-primary-sources/

Laurel, J. P. (1944). Speech of President Laurel Addressed to the Filipino Youth.

PDFCOFFEE. https://pdfcoffee.com/speech-of-president-laurel-addressed-to-the-

filipino-youth-pdf-free.html

Libretexts. (2022, June 30). 11.1: How do I Research for my Speech? Social Sci LibreTexts.

https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Southwest_Tennessee_Community_College/C

ompetent_Communication/11:_Research/11.01:_How_do_I_Research_for_my_Speec

National Archives and Records Administration. (2018). Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Sources. https://www.archives.gov/research/learn/prim-sec-tert.html.

Oxford University Press. (2019). Primary and Secondary Sources in Historical Research.

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History,.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.39

Research Guides: Using the Library of Congress Online: A Guide for Middle and High

School Students: Primary Sources. (n.d.). https://guides.loc.gov/student-

resources/primary-sources

Science History Institute Homepage. (n.d.). Science History Institute.

https://sciencehistory.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA85efBhBbEiwAD7oLQCKUNhSXfcjk3

hauAxmT8FvAJkIDkBmoxga5sLLRD4AWv6qWG9Ql3BoCXJUQAvD_BwE

Streefkerk, R. (2023, January 23). Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples.

Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/primary-and-secondary-

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