CLASS 11 ”CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM” IMPORTANT

QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

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1. Mention the factors that affect equilibrium constant.

Ans: Temperature, pressure, catalyst and molar concentration of reactants and products.

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2. Why gas fizzes out when soda water bottle is opened?
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Ans: When a soda water bottle kept at room temperature is opened to air, the partial pressure of CO2 above the solution decreases
suddenly (as per Henry’s law). This results into a decrease in solubility of carbon-dioxide, hence CO2 bubbles come out of the bottle with
a fizz.

3. At equilibrium the mass of each reactant and product remain constant. Does it mean
that the reaction has stopped?

Ans: The reaction does not stopped. At equilibrium the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction.

4. Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the value of
equilibrium constants.

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Ans: For a pure substance (both solids and liquids),
[Pure substance]=Number of moles/Volume

=Mass/(molecular mass x Volume)

=Mass/Volume×Molecular mass=Density/Molecular mass

Now, the molecular mass and density (at a particular temperature) of a pure substance is always fixed and is accounted for in the
equilibrium constant. Therefore, the values of pure substances are not mentioned in the equilibrium constant expression and so they
are disregarded and kept at 1.

5.Is the rate of exothermic reaction increase with temperature: justify the statement and
explain.
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Ans: The rate of exothermic reaction decreases with increasing temperature as in case of exothermic reaction heat is evolved; so to
maintain equilibrium rate of backward reaction increases.

6. Which of the following reactions will get affected by increase in pressure ? Also
mention whether the change will cause the reaction to go to the right or left direction.

Ans: Only those reactions will be affected by increasing the pressure where the number of moles of the gaseous reactants and products
are different (np ≠ nr) (gaseous) [np means number of moles of product and nr means number of moles of reactant]. With the exception
of the reaction (1); all the remaining five reactions will get affected by increasing the pressure. In general,

The reaction will go to the left if np> nr.

The reaction will go to the right if nr > np .
Keeping this in mind,

(i) Increase in pressure will not affect equilibrium because np = nr = 3.

(ii) Increase in pressure will favour backward reaction because np (2) > nr (1)

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(iii) Increase in pressure will favour backward reaction because np (10) > nr (9)
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(iv) Increase in pressure will favour forward reaction because np (1) < nr (2)
(v) Increase in pressure will favour backward reaction because np (2) > nr(1)
(vi) Increase in pressure will favour backward reaction because np (1) > nr (0).

7. What is common ion effect?

Ans: The common ion effect refers to the decrease in solubility of an ionic precipitate by the addition to the solution of a soluble
compound with an ion in common with the precipitate. This behaviour is a consequence of Le Chatelier’s principle for the equilibrium
reaction of the ionic association/dissociation.Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if an equilibrium becomes unbalanced, the reaction will
shift to restore the balance. If a common ion is added to a weak acid or weak base equilibrium, then the equilibrium will shift towards
the reactants, in this case the weak acid or base.

8. What is the difference between alkali and bases?

Difference between Alkali and Base

Base Alkali
 Bases do not dissolve in water Bases that dissolve in water are alkali

All bases are not alkali All alkali are bases

It neutralizes acids It releases OH– ions, accepts a proton

Example: Zinc hydroxide, copper oxide Example: KOH, NaOH

9.What is the effect of:

(i) addition of H2 (ii) addition of CH3OH
(iii) removal of CO (iv) removal of CH3OH

Ans: (i) Equilibrium will be shifted in the forward direction.

(ii) Equilibrium will be shifted in the backward direction.
(iii) Equilibrium will be shifted in the backward direction.
(iv) Equilibrium will be shifted in the forward direction

10. Define dynamic equilibrium.

Ans:The dynamic equilibrium in a reversible process will be found when the forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate. This
will result in no observable change in the overall system.

Example: In the gaseous phase, it can be observed in the dimerization of nitrogen dioxide. Reaction: 2NO2 ⇌ N2O4.

11. What is the difference between static and dynamic equilibrium?

Dynamic Equilibrium Static Equilibrium

This type of equilibrium is reversible in nature. This type of equilibrium is irreversible in nature.

This equilibrium implies that the reactants and the products are still
There is no further chemical reaction in the system.
participating in chemical reactions.

In dynamic equilibrium, the forward and the backward reaction rates are In static equilibrium, the forward and backward
equal reaction rates are zero

It can only occur in closed systems It can occur in both open and closed systems

12. What is physical equilibrium?

Ans:Physical equilibrium is defined as the equilibrium which develops between different phases or physical properties. In these
processes, there is no change in chemical composition. It represents the existence of the same substance in two different physical
states.

13. Define reaction quotient? How is the reaction quotient differ from the equilibrium constant?

The reaction quotient (Q) measures the relative amounts of products and reactants present during a reaction at a particular point in
time.

The main difference between equilibrium constant (K) and reaction quotient (Q) is that K describes a reaction that is at equilibrium,
whereas Q describes a reaction that is not at equilibrium. To determine Q, the concentrations of the reactants and products must be
known. For a given general chemical equation:aA+bB⇌cC+dD

Q=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b

If Q>K, then the reaction favors the reactants. This means that in the Q equation, the ratio of the numerator (the
concentration or pressure of the products) to the denominator (the concentration or pressure of the reactants) is larger
than that for K, indicating that more products are present than there would be at equilibrium. Because reactions always
tend toward equilibrium according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the reaction produces more reactants from the excess
products, therefore causing the system to shift to the LEFT. This allows the system to reach equilibrium.

If Q<K, then the reaction favors the products. The ratio of products to reactants is less than that for the system at
equilibrium—the concentration or the pressure of the reactants is greater than the concentration or pressure of the
products. Because the reaction tends toward reach equilibrium, the system shifts to the RIGHT to make more products.

If Q=K, then the reaction is already at equilibrium. There is no tendency to form more reactants or more products at this point.
No side is favored and no shift occurs.

13. What happens to a reversible reaction if a catalyst is added to it?

Ans: The state of equilibrium will not disturbed but it reaches to equilibrium so fast as due to presence of catalyst the forward as well as
backward reaction happens at same rate.

14. Under what conditions, a reversible process becomes irreversible?

Ans: If one of the products (gaseous) is allowed to escape out (i.e., in the open vessel).

15. How does dilution with water affect the pH of a buffer solution?

Ans: Rate of dilution shows no effect on the pH of buffer solution as pH depends upon the ratio of salt, acid or salt, base and dilution will
not affect this ratio.

16. What happens to the boiling point of water at high altitude?

Ans: Boiling point generally depends upon the depth of the substance and at high altitude boiling point of water goes on decreasing.

17. On which factor does the concentration of solute in a saturated solution depends?
Ans: Concentration of solute in a saturated solution generally depends upon the temperature of that solution. If the temperature is high
then the solute dissolves easily.

18. Write the expression for equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction

3Fe(s)+4H2O(g)⇌Fe3O4(s)+4H2(g)

Ans: The equilibrium constant for the given equation can be written as follows:

Kp=(PH2)4/(PH2O)4

19. Write the relation between Kc and Kp for the reaction PCl5 (g) ⇌ PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)

Answer:Δn (g) = 2 – 1 = 1
Hence Kp = Kc × (RT)Δn = K × RT.

20. Write the important features of equilibrium constants .

Ans: The important features of equilibrium constants as follows:

1) Expression for equilibrium constant is applicable only when concentrations of the reactants and products have attained constant
value at equilibrium state.

2) The value of equilibrium constant is independent of initial concentrations of the reactants and products.

3) Equilibrium constant is temperature dependent having one unique value for a particular reaction represented by a balanced equation
at a given temperature.

4) The equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction is equal to the inverse of the equilibrium constant for the forward reaction.

5) The equilibrium constant K for a reaction is related to the equilibrium constant of the corresponding reaction, whose equation is
obtained by multiplying or dividing the equation for the original reaction by a small integer.

21. Explain the relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and
Gibbs energy G.

Ans:

∆G = ∆Gø  + RT lnQ

where, Gø  is standard Gibbs energy. At equilibrium, when ∆G = 0 and Q = Kc , the equation  becomes,

∆G = Gø  + RTlnK = 0

∆Gø = – RT lnK

lnK = – ∆Gø  / RT

Taking antilog of both sides, we get,

 K = e–∆G0/RT

Hence, using the equation , the reaction spontaneity can be interpreted in terms of the value of ∆ Gø .

If ∆ Gø < 0, then –∆Gø /RT is positive, and >1, making K >1, which implies a spontaneous reaction or the reaction which proceeds in the
forward direction to such an extent that the products are present predominantly.
If ∆Gø > 0, then –∆Gø /RT is negative, and < 1, that is , K < 1, which implies a non-spontaneous reaction or a reaction which proceeds in
the forward direction in such a way where very little amount of product is formed.

22.What qualitative information can be obtained from the magnitude of the equilibrium
constant?

Ans:

1. Large values of equilibrium constant (> 103) show that the forward direction is favored i.e. concentration of products is much
larger than that of the reactants of equilibrium.
2. Intermediate values of K (10-3 to 103) show that the concentrations of the reactants and products are comparable.
3. The low value of K (< 10-3) shows that the backward reaction is favored, i.e., the concentration of reactants is much large than that
of products.

23. Hydrogen gas is obtained from the natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per
the following endothermic reaction:

Write the expression for Kp for the above reaction

How will the value of Kp and composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by:
(i) increasing the pressure, (ii) increasing the temperature, (iii) using a catalyst?

Ans: The expression for Kp for the reaction is:

(i) By increasing the pressure, the number of moles per unit volume will increase. In order to decrease the same, the equilibrium gets
shifted to the left or in the backward direction. As a result, more of reactants will be formed and the value of Kp will decrease.
(ii) If the temperature is increased, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the forward reaction will be favoured as it is endothermic.
Therefore, the equilibrium gets shifted to the right and the value of Kp will increase.
(iii) The addition of catalyst will not change the equilibrium since it influences both the forward and the backward reactions to the same
extent. But it will be attained more quickly.

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