PRACTICAL RESEARCH I (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH)

Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and

2 Ethics of Research
Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to answer questions. A
good research follows processes that must have certain characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled,
rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers had
obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research .Thus to consider a research writing
ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.
What’s New?

I. Characteristics of Research1

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and
procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher
to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).
Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended
questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities).
Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools
(for quantitative research).
Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative research)
and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors
researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and
supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
  What are these ethics in research1?

1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in your study.
Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-
on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.
2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify
and misrepresent the data.
3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the
work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.
10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your
own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart
others.
12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.
13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and
risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.

IV.Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour
and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties
necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a commercial
value.
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of
the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such
as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process. Essentially,
this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures and risks
involved in research and must give their consent to participate.
5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing
their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known.
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an
individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.
V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more
difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation
of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more
difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation
of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more
difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation
of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
 Lesso Quantitative and Qualitative
n Research
3
Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research.
Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in your
research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best results from
these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the differences between them which
you will study in this lesson.

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.

Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey results.

Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.1

RESEARCH

DESIGN
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

TYPES
Ethnography Experimental Research

Grounded Theory 1. Pre-Experimental

2. True-Experimental
Case Study
3. Quasi-Experimental
Discourse Analysis

Phenomenology
Non-Experimental
Historical Research Research

Narrative Report (Survey Research)

1. Descriptive Research
Biography 2. Comparative
1. Scholarly Chronicle Research
3.Correlational Research
2. Intellectual
Biography Action Research
3. Life History Writing
4. Memoir Biography 5.
Narrative Biography
II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research 2

Qualitative Quantitative
It aims to create new theory based on The purpose is to test a hypothesis
the gathered data. or theory.
Objective
A fact-finding research used to gain Measures problem using rating scale
understanding of individual differences and other research parameters of
in terms of feelings and experiences. group similarities.

-natural setting -measurement setting

Data Description -making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a certain
phenomenon. phenomenon.

-Uses pictures, words, sentences, - Uses numbers, scales, hypotheses,

paragraphs, compositions, narrations calculations, computations and
and short stories statistics tools.

Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) sampling Large sample representatives of
population
Data Gathering Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
(flexible processes)
Uses census, survey questionnaire,
Uses interviews, participant checklist, paper-pencil test and
observation, group discussions. experimentation.
Ex: Case Study, field research
Uses closed ended questions.
Uses open ended questions. This questions can only be answered
It is a freeform survey questions allow by selecting from a limited number of
a participant to answer in open-text options, usually “multiple-choice”,
format, responses are unlimited to a “yes or no”, or a rating scale
set of options.
Example:
Strongly agree to strongly disagree
Example: In quantitative research closed ended
Guide questions for the interviews questions are the basis of all
statistical analysis techniques applied
1. What was your experiences during on questionnaires and surveys.
quarantine period on the COVID-19
pandemic? How did you handle the Sample Question:
situation caused by the pandemic? Do you agree on online modality
2. Was the support of the National and class in transitioning the new normal
Local Government enough for your of education?
basic needs? Did they conduct a. Strongly agree
evaluation for those who were b. Agree
affected? c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree

Inductive Deductive
 The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or already
Activities observations, an open mind without created theory emphasizing the
biases, gathering all exact details of previously researched phenomenon
the topic and generalization or new from different views (tested against
theory is given towards the end of the observations).
research process.

Uses both inductive and deductive

They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.

Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts discussions

Data discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the overall mean.
and Presentation
Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going to the
lowest and highest means, deductive.
Opinions are based on experience or Opinions are based on laws, rules, or
observation. There are no criteria other recognized principles.
used in data discussions.

Synthesize data, interpret, thematic. Statistical

Subjective
Objective
Data analysis is influenced by the
Data Analysis
personal experiences and views.
The researcher employs standard
criteria in analyzing data.

Cultivates understanding with high Endorse a development.

validity. Has high output replicability.
Outcome
There are no conclusions formulated.
Conclusion is formulated towards the
end of the research process.

___________________
1
For more information on these Designs of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research
[PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

2
For more information on “Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Research”, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1:
Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.

2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to our
problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

Assessment in Lesson 3-Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Direction: In a separate sheet of paper, determine whether each word or group of words
indicates Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research.

___________________1.Naturalistic
___________________2.To validate the already constructed theory
___________________3.Hypothesis
 ___________________4.Multiple Methods
___________________5.No criteria
___________________6.Pure words, phrases, sentences,
compositions and stories are used in data
analysis
___________________7.Open-Ended Questions
___________________8.Highly-structured Research
___________________9. Objective
___________________10.Subjective
Lesson 4 The Kinds of Research Across Fields
What’s New?

I. Kinds of Research across Fields

Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies

Arts-Based Research Personal expression in various art 1.The Role of Arts in Student
forms is use as a primary mode of Achievement in Reading
inquiry
2.How Classroom Artistic Structure
Motivates Learning

Research in Deals with human culture such as

Humanities 1 Values Education in the Public
philosophy, religion, literature,
Schools: Practices and Challenges
linguistics and history

2. Children In-Conflict with the Law: A

It includes ancient and modern
Resolution and Intervention
languages, human geography, laws,
politics and other social sciences.

Sports Research Intended for athletes to endure their 1. Student Involvement in Athletics and
health and wellness goals through their Academic Performance
proven high quality products.
2.Sports and Fitness Support on
It helps the coaches and athletes to Students in Public Schools
access information and apply it to
develop programs and techniques in
sports.

Science Research Discover laws, postulates theories that 1.Utilization of Garbage and other Waste
can explain natural or social Resources as Cleaning Materials
phenomena.
2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out of Heat
Applies systematic and constructed Transfer
scientific method to obtain, analyze and
interpret data.

A strong and testable hypothesis is the

fundamental part of the scientific
research.

Provides mathematics mastery topics 1.Student Difficulties in General

and helps develops confidence and Mathematics: Remediation and
Mathematics interest to solve more mathematical Interventions
Research problems.

It may also assist to find new methods

 to simplify calculations.
2.A Systemic Approach to Changing
Classroom Practices for Enhancing
Mathematics Outcomes

Agriculture Research Improves productivity and quality of 1.Green Space in School: Social and
crops irrigation, storage methods, Environment Perspective
effective farm management and
marketing of agricultural resources. 2. Is Urban Gardening as a Source of
Well-Being?
Agriculture is the backbone of the
economic system providing food, raw
material and employment opportunities.

Fisheries research Increase the productivity and 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining Inland
management of fishery resources to Fishery
provide food: protect and maintain
different bodies of water for sustainable
supply of aquatic resources. 2.Fishing for Change: Fishery Policy in
the Philippines

Information and Aim to adapt current technology 1.The Role of ICT in the New Normal
Communication advancement which enhances Education
Technology (ICT) development of resources.
Research 2.Exploring the Interactive Computer
Simulation in Public Schools

Business Research Acquire information in business to 1.Developing a Framework for Small

maximize the sales and profit. It aids Scale Business
business companies regulates which
product or service is most profitable or 2.Business Practices and Strategies of
in demand. Small Enterprises at Limketkai Mall

Finds solutions for human behavior 1.The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on

Social Science
gathering information about people and Employment Opportunities
Research
societies.
2. Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low Risk
Area of Misamis.Oriental.

Assessment in Lesson 4- The Kinds of Research Across the Fields

Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by choosing
your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on your paper.

A. Science Research
B. Fisheries research
C. Information & Communication Technology Research
D. Arts Based Research
E. Business Research
F. Humanities Research
G. Agriculture Research
H. Sports Research
I. Mathematics Research
J. Social Science Research

_______1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring

_______2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_______3.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
_______4.Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals
_______5.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_______6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_______7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_______8. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_______9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_______10.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics