UNIVERSAL SCHOOL PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE

I QUARTER 2022-2023
Grade: 10 Lesson File Nº: 3

Subject: Precalculus Unit: 1: Preparing for Pre-Calculus

Teacher: Elián Topics: 1.2 Linear Functions and Equations

Bustamante 1.2.1 Linear Relations and Functions
1.2.2 Slopes and Intercepts
1.2.3 Writing Linear Equations

Value: 100 points Start date: Monday, August 29, 2022

Time: 3 periods Due date: Friday, September 2, 2022 at 11:59pm

Learning Objectives:
Students learn to represent linear relationships and apply the concept of slope to lines.
Lesson Summary:
Linear Relations and Functions
Represent a Relation: A relation is a set of ordered pairs. A relation can be represented by a set of
ordered pairs, a table, a graph, or a mapping. The set of first numbers of the ordered pairs is the domain.
The set of second numbers of the ordered pairs is the range of the relation.
Example 1: Express the relation {(𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟑, −𝟐)} as a table, a graph, and a mapping.

x y
1 1
0 2
3 –2

Identify Functions: Relations in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly one element
of the range are called functions. Note that the value of x cannot be repeated for a relation to be a
function. This is not true for the values of the range.

Example 2: Determine whether the relation {(𝟐, −𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟓, −𝟔), (– 𝟐, 𝟓)} is a function.
Explain.
Since each element of the domain is paired with exactly one element of the range, this relation
is a function.

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Slope
The slope of a line is the ratio of change in the y-coordinates to the change in the x-coordinates as you
move in the positive direction.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Slope of a Line
where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are the coordinates of any two points on a
nonvertical line
Example 3: Find the slope of the line that passes through (−𝟏, 𝟓) and (𝟑, −𝟑).
Let (−1,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (3, −3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ).
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= Slope formula
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
−3−5
𝑚 = 3− (−1) 𝑦2 = −3,𝑦1 = 5, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑥1 = −1
−8
𝑚= Simplify.
4
𝑚 = −2

Intercepts
An 𝑥-coordinate of the point at which a graph of an equation crosses the 𝑥-axis in an 𝒙-intercept. The 𝑥-
intercept is also called the zero, or the root. A 𝑦-coordinate of the point at which a graph crosses the 𝑦-
axis is called a 𝒚-intercept.
To find the 𝑥-intercept, let 𝑦 = 0 and solve for 𝑥. To find the 𝑦-intercept, let 𝑥 = 0 and solve for 𝑦.
Example 4: Graph 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔 by using the 𝒙- and 𝒚-intercepts.
Find the 𝑥-intercept Find the 𝑦-intercept
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Original Equation 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Original Equation
3𝑥 = 6 Let 𝑦 = 0, so 2(0) = 0 2𝑦 = 6 Let 𝑥 = 0, so 3(0) = 0
𝑥=2 Divide each side by 3 𝑦=3 Divide each side by 3

The 𝑥-intercept is 2. The graph The 𝑦-intercept is 3. The graph intersects

intersects the 𝑥-axis at (2,0). the 𝑦-axis at (0,3).

Plot the points (2,0) and (0,3) and draw the line through them.

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Forms of Linear Equations
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
Standard Form of a
where 𝐴 ≥ 0, 𝐴 and 𝐵 are not both zero, and 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are integers
Linear Equation
with a greatest common factor of 1.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Slope-Intercept Form
where 𝑚 is the slope and 𝑏 is the 𝑦-intercept
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Point-Slope Form
where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a given point on a nonvertical line and 𝑚 is the slope.
Example 5: Write an equation of the line that passes through (𝟐, 𝟏𝟏) with a slope of 3.
The line has slope 3. To find the y-intercept, replace 𝑚 with 3 and (𝑥, 𝑦) with (2, 1) in the
slope-intercept form. Then solve for 𝑏.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Slope-intercept form
11 = 3(2) + 𝑏 𝑚 = 3, 𝑦 = 11, and 𝑥 = 2
11 = 6 + 𝑏 Multiply.
5=𝑏 Subtract 6 to each side.
Therefore, the equation is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5.

Example 6: Write an equation of the line that passes through (𝟏, 𝟑) and (𝟓, −𝟏).
Find the slope 𝑚. To find the 𝑦-intercept, replace 𝑚 with its computed value and (𝑥, 𝑦) with
(1,3) in the point-slope form.
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑚 = 𝑥 2− 𝑥1 Slope formula
2 1
−1 −3
𝑚= 𝑦2 = −1, 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑥2 = 5, 𝑥1 = 1
5–1
𝑚 = −1 Simplify.

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point-slope form

𝑦 − 3 = −1(𝑥 − 1) Replace 𝑚 = −1, 𝑦1 = 3, and 𝑥1 = 1.
𝑦 − 3 = −𝑥 + 1 Multiply.
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4 Add 3 to each side.
𝑥+𝑦 =4 Add 𝑥 to each side.

Therefore, the equations for the line are:

Standard Form: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
Slope-intercept Form: 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4
Point-slope Form: 𝑦 − 3 = −(𝑥 − 1)

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In class examples. Write an equation of the line in the three forms for the given conditions:
1. (−2, −1)𝑚 = 2
2
2. (5, −2) 𝑚 = 5
3. (2, −5)𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 4
4. 𝑚 = 3, 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 5
3
5. 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (−2,1), 𝑚 = − 2
Transformations of Linear Functions
A transformation of a linear function moves the graph on the coordinate plane to create a new linear
function. One type of transformation is a translation. A translation moves a graph up, down, left, right,
or in two directions. A dilation stretches or compresses the graph of a function. A reflection flips the
graph of a function across a line.
The graph of the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑘 is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 translated
vertically.
If 𝑘 > 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is translated |𝑘| units up.
If 𝑘 < 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is translated |𝑘| units down.
Translations
The graph of the function 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥– ℎ) is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 translated
horizontally.
If ℎ > 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is translated |ℎ| units right.
If ℎ < 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is translated |ℎ| units left.
The graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 dilated vertically.
If |𝑎| > 1, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is stretched vertically.
If 0 < |𝑎| < 1, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is compressed vertically.

Dilatations
If 𝑎 < 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is also reflected across the 𝑥-axis.
and
The graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎 𝑥) is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 dilated horizontally.
Reflections
If |𝑎| > 1, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is compressed horizontally.
If 0 < |𝑎| < 1, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is stretched horizontally.

If 𝑎 < 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is also reflected across the 𝑦-axis.

Example 7: Describe the transformation in each function as it relates to the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙.
1
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 𝑝(𝑥) = − 3 𝑥
The graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 is a translation of
Because 𝑎 is negative in 𝑝(𝑥) , the graph of
the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 3 units up.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is reflected across the 𝑥-axis. Because
0 < |𝑎| < 1 , the graph is also compressed
vertically.

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Activities:
Exercises:
Determine whether each relation is a function.
1. 2. 3.

4. {(4,2), (2,3), (6,1)} 5. {(−3, −3), (−3,4), (−2,4)}

Determine whether each equation is a linear equation. Write yes or no. Explain your reasoning.
6. 2𝑥 = 4𝑦 9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7
7. 3𝑥𝑦 + 8 = 4𝑦 10. 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 8
8. 3𝑥 − 4 = 12
Find the value of 𝒓 so the line that passes through each pair of points has the given slope.
11. (6,8), (𝑟, −2), 𝑚 = 1 13. (2,8), (𝑟, −4), 𝑚 = −3
3
12. (−1, −3), (7, 𝑟), 𝑚 = 4 14. (7,5), (𝑟, 9), 𝑚 = 6

Write an equation in standard form of the line with the given information.
15. slope: 8, 𝑦-intercept –3 19. (2, 1), 𝑚 = 4
16. slope: –2, 𝑦-intercept –1 20. (−2, −1), (2,11)
3
17. (8,2); slope − 4 21. (10, −1), (4,2)

18. (−1, −3); slope 5 22. (4,0), (0,2)

Describe the translation in each function as it relates to the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙.

1
23. 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 1 24. 𝑔(𝑥) = − 5
Challenge:
a. Bernardo has his life insurance set up to be automatically deducted from his checking account
each month. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 20.2𝑥 models the total amount he pays for insurance, where
𝑥 is the number of months he makes payments. Bernardo can receive a one-time credit of $40
for an excellent healthy condition.
a. Write a function 𝑝(𝑥) to represents the total amount Bernardo pays for life insurance if
he earns the $40 credit.
b. Find the amount Bernardo pays for life insurance for 15 months with the credit.
c. Find the amount Bernardo pays for life insurance for 15 months without the credit.
b. The function 𝑓(𝑝) = 9𝑝 represents the price López’s Pizzeria charges for 𝑝 large specialty pizzas.
The pizzeria is running a promotion for 30% off total orders on Wednesday.

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 a. Write a function 𝑔(𝑝) to represents the total cost of ordering large specialty pizzas on a
Wednesday.
b. Find the cost of ordering four large specialty pizzas on a Monday and on a Wednesday.
How much money would you save if you order the pizzas on Tuesday?
Assessment:
Solve all EVEN-numbered exercises. Solve the challenge to earn up to 20 extra points.
Learning Outcome:
Students graph linear equations; locate intercepts and calculate the slope.

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