ORAL COMMUNICATION – QUARTER 2

LESSON 1

 Effective communicators make great friends . They are open to many things and are able to
translate their thoughts into meaningful words and actions.
- Patrick Cogen
 Talking more than is necessary is a barrier to effective communication and effective listening.
- Clodagh Marien Swanson

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

- must be used to start and maintain a conversation (Cohen, 1990)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

1. NOMINATION
2. RESTRICTION
3. TURN-TAKING
4. TOPIC CONTROL
5. TOPIC SHIFTING
6. REPAIR
7. TERMINATION
NOMINATION

 STRATEGY IS EMPLOYED TO OPEN A TOPIC WITH THE PEOPLE YOU ARE TALKING TO.
 BEGGINING A TOPIC DOES NOT ARISE FROM PREVIOUS TOPIC, YOU MAY START WITH NEWS
INQUIRIES AND NEWS ANNOUNCEMENTS AS THE ASURE EXTENDED TALKS

EXAMPLE:

- HAVE YOU HEARD THE NEWS ABOUT THE NEW VARIANT OF COVID-19 IN U.K.?

(NEWS INQUIRY)

- HEY, HOW ARE YOU? I MISSED YOU A LOT.

(YOU WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE PAST OR CURRENT SITUATION)

RESTRICTION

 REFERS TO ANY LIMITATION A SPEAKER MAY HAVE JUST LIKE BY SETTING INSTRUCTIONS.
  THIS CONSTRAINS THE REPONSE OR REACTION OF THE LISTENER AT A SET OF CATEGORIES

EXAMPLE:

- DO YOU THINK I SHOULD BUY THIS SHOES OR NOT?

- YOU NOT HIT HIM JUST BECAUSE HE SAYS BAD THINGS TO YOU. YOU DON'T WANT TO GET
SUSPENDED, RIGHT?

TURN-TAKING

 THIS PERTAINS TO PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE DECIDE WHO TAKES THE COVERSATIONAL
FLOOR OR THE CHANCE TO TALK.
 IT DEPENDS ON WATCHING OUT FOR VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL SIGNAL THAT CAN EITHER
( JUST JUMP IN AND START TALKING OR FORMAL APPROACH ( YOU ASK FOR PERMISSION FIRST.)

EXAMPLE:

- GO ON WITH YOUR IDEAS. I'LL LET YOU FINISH FIRST BEFORE I SAY SOMETHING.
- DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO SAY?

TOPIC CONTROL

 THIS IS USED TO CONTROL AND PREVENT UNNECESSARY INTERUPTIONS AND TOPIC SHIFTS IN A
CERTAIN CONVERSATION.
 THIS IS SIMPLY A QUESTION-ANSWER FORMULA THAT MOVES THE CONVERSATION OR
DISCUSSION FORWARD

EXAMPLE:

- LET'S GO BACK TO THE TOPIC

- WE ARE TALKING ABOUT COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES,RIGHT?

TOPIC SHIFTING

 THIS IS THE CONVERSATION MOVEMENT FROM ONE TOPIC TO ANOTHER AND IS DONE
EFFECTIVELY WHEN THERE IS FOLLOWTHROUGH.
 BEFORE SHIFTING, ENSURE THAT THE PREVIOUS TOPIC IS NURTURED ENOUGH AND USE
CONVERSTATIONAL TRANSITIONS LIKE "IN ADDITION", "BY THE WAY" AND THE LIKES.

EXAMPLE:
 - YOU HAVE A POINT WITH THAT ISSUE BUT AREN'T WE GOING TO TALK ABOUT YOUR LOVE
SUITOR?
- IN ADDITION TO WHAT YOU HAVE SAID ABOUT THAT HANDSOME TRANSFEREE, IS THAT HE
ALSO HAS A GOOD SINGING VOICE?

REPAIR

 THIS REFERS TO HOW SPEAKERS ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS IN SPEAKING, LISTENING, AND
COMPREHENDING THAT THEY MAY ENCOUNTER IN A CONVERSATION.
 THIS CAN BE EITHER SELF-RIGHTING OR OTHERINITIATED REPAIR MECHANISM USED TO SOLVE
ERRORS OR PROBLEMS.

EXAMPLE:

- DID YOU JUST SAY COMMENT DOWN BELOW? THAT'S REDUNDANCY. IT SHOULD BE
COMMENT DOWN.
- YOU TURN YOUR OTHER CHEEK AND PUT YOUR HAND CLOSE TO YOUR EAR TO MEAN WORDS
ARE UNCLEAR.

TERMINATION

 THIS IS THE CLOSE-INITIATING EXPRESSIONS OF THE SPEAKERS THAT END THE CONVERSATION
USUALLY DONE BY THE TOPIC INITIATOR.
 THIS MAY BE A QUICK AND SHORT SOMETIMES IT IS PROLONGED BY CLARIFICATIONS, FURTHER
QUESTIONS OR SUMMARY OF THE DISCUSSION AND IS SIGNAKED BY BOTH VERBAL AND NON-
VERBAL CUES.

EXAMPLE:

- THAT WOULD BE ALL FOR TODAY. I'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.
- TO END MY PRESENTATION, LET ME GIVE YOU THIS FAMOUS QUOTATION "THE BEST BRAINS
OF THE NATION MAY BE FOUND IN THE LAST BENCHES OF THE CLASSROOM. "

LESSON 2: Communication Shift in a variety of Speech Situations

1.Language Form

 Shift in communication affect the form of language being used.

 This does not concern the variety of languages but may take the forms that reflect the types of
sentences. ( Landers, 2016)

 Language Form
- It refers to the intent of group words or types of sentences.

 Types of sentences

1. Declarative ( making statement )

2. Interrogative ( asking question )
3. Imperative ( command )
4. Exclamatory ( expressing strong emotion )

 LANGUAGE FORM IN SPEECH CONTEXT

INTERPERSONAL AND INTRAPERSONAL

- BLEND OF LANGUAGE FORMS CAN BE BOTH OBSERVED ( CAN USE FORMAL OR INFROMAL
LANGUAGE )

PUBLIC AND MASS COMMUNICATION

- DECLARTIVE LANGUAGES ARE OFTEN USED

- MOSTLY FORMAL LANGUAGE

 LANGUAGE FORM IN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

NOMINATION, TURN-TAKING AND TOPIC SHIFTING

- MIXED FORMS OF INTERROGATIVE AND IMPERATIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES

TOPIC CONTROL, REPAIR & TERMNATION

- MOSTLY REQUIRE THE USE OF DECLARITVE AND EXCLAMTORY TYPE OF SENTENCES

2. DURATION OF INTERACTION

 length of communication, that could be shortened or lengthen depending on how the

conversation is going on between the sender and receiver.
 DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH CONTEXT

 The duration of interaction as to shifts in speech context depends on the intent of

communication.

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

- SOMEONE CAN SPEAK TO HIMSELF/HERSELF OVERNIGHT TO REFLECT AND REMINISCE

DECISIONS AND EXPERIENCES (LENGHTY SPEECH)

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

- DO NOT REQUIRE LENGTHY SPEECH CONSIDERING THE AUDIENC

 DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH STYLE

CASUAL CONVERSATION

- TAKES THE SHORTEST DURATION OF INTERACTION ( YOU DO NOT SPEND MUCH TIME TALKING
TO A STRANGER)

CONSULTATIVE, INTIMATE & FORMAL

- MAY TAKE AN AVERAGE TIME OF ONE TO TWO HOURS.

FROZEN

- IN RECITING A PLEDGE OR OATH (MOSTYLY SHORT IN DURATION)

- RECITATION OF SERIES OF SCRIPTS (E.G. HOLY WEEK CELEBRATION) IS QUITE LENGHTY

 DURATION OF TIME IN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

NOMINATION, TURN-TAKING, TOPIC SHIFTING, REPAIR

- DO NOT REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT TIME.

TOPIC CONTROL

- TOO LENGHTY TO CONTROL THE TOPIC

 GENERAL CONCEPT
 THE SPEAKER MUST ENSURE THAT DURING THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION, THE
DISCUSSION OF TOPIC DOES NOT GO BEYOND THE INIDCATED AGENDUM.
 3. RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER

 Bond between the speaker and receiver which may depend on how the discussions relate to
receiver's interest and knowledge.

 THE SPEAKER IS EXPECTED TO CREATE A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP AMONG HIS/HER LISTENERS.

 POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP MEANS CREATING AN ACCEPTABLE, DESIRABLE , ROCOGNIZABLE,
REPUTABLE, RESPECTFUL IMAGE.

SIMPLE WAYS TO CREATE POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP

 SMILING
 GREETING SOMEONE

 RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER

- HAVING POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP IS APPLICABLE AND ADVISABLE ACROSS SPEECH ACTS,

CONTEXT, STYLES AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

4. ROLE AND RESPONSIBLITIES OF THE SPEAKER

 The speaker's foremost role is to clearly send the message to the intended receiver.
 EXCPET IN INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND FROZEN STYLE, THE SPEAKER CAN
INTERCHANGE ROLES AS BOTH THE SPEAKER AND THE RECEIVER BUT NOT AT THE SAME
TIME.
 THE SPEAKER CAN USE VARIOUS COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES TO RELAY HIS/HER
INTENDED MESSAGE AND RECEIVE FEEDBACK.

 PUBLIC SPEAKING AND MASS COMMUNICATION

 RESPONSIBLITY OF THE THE SPEAKER SHOULD BE CREDIBLE, PRESENTABLE SPEAKER

 SHOULD RELAY ACURATE FACTS
 SPEAKER SHOULD RELAY TO THE LISTNER'S SITUATIONS, FEELINGS AND PROPERLY
OBSERVE ETHICS.

5. MESSAGE

 CORE CONCEPT OF THE INTERACTION.

 MESSAGE IN SPEECH CONTEXT

 INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- IN A FORM OF REFLECTIONS, DECISION-MAKING, SELF-FULFILLMENT AND EXPERIENCES.

PUBLIC AND MASS COMMUNICATION

- REFLECT ON NATIONAL AND GENERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE COMMUNITY.

DYAD AND SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION

- REFLECT SOCIALIZATION TOPICS AND MESSAGES.

 MESSAGE IN SPEECH STYLES

FORMAL AND CONSULTATIVE

- PRESENT ACADEMIC, POLITICAL, EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC MESSAGES.

FROZEN
- MOSTLY OBSERVES TRADITIONAL AND RITUALISTIC MESSAGE.

INTIMATE & CASUAL

- SPEAK OF SOCIAL, FAMILIAL AND GENERAL TOPICS.
-

6. DELIVERY

 REFERS TO THE MANNER OF HOW THE SPEECH/ MESSAGE IS PRESENTED.

 IMPROMPTU
 EXTEMPORANEOUS
 MEMORIZED
 MANUSCRIPT

 DELIVERY IN SPEECH CONTEXT

INTRAPERSONAL & INTERPERSONAL (DYAD)

- IMPROMPTU MESSAGES

SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION

- EXTEMPORANEOUS

MASS AND PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

- MANUSCRIPT DELIVERY

 DELIVERY IN SPEECH STYLES

 FROZEN
- MOSTLY MEMORIZED DELIVERY

FORMAL AND CONSULTATIVE STYLES

- MAY BE GUIDED BY NOTES AND EXTEMPORANEOUS BY NATURE
-
INTIMATE AND CASUAL
- IMPROMPTU

LESSON 3:

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

AUDIENCE PROFILE
- This refers to the analysis of your target audience. This is important for you to tailor-fit the
content of your speech and be relatable to the audience. The needed information are the
following;

DEMOGRAPHY

 AGE RANGE
 MALE-FEMALE RATIO
 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDS AND AFFILIATIONS
 NATIONALITY
 ECONOMIC STATUS

PSYCHOLOGY

 VALUES
 BELIEFS
 ATTITUDES
 PREFERENCES
 CULUTURAL AND RACIAL IDEOLOGIES

REMINDERS

 Who is the audience?

 How many?
 What does the audience know about the subject?
 Why should they be interested?
 LOGICAL ORGANIZATION
- The logical organization or arrangement of thoughts when it comes to speech writing can be
defined as all aspects of your writing that help the reader move smoothly from one sentence to
the next, and from one paragraph to another. Thus, carefully planning the content of your
speech is also necessary.

 THREE MAJOR PARTS OF SPEECH

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BODY
3. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

 The theme is introduced.

 Reason for writing the speech is stated. Must be able to catch the attention of your audience
 Establish credibility

BODY

 Main topics are presented.

 Supporting ideas are presented using the methods of organization.
 Other supporting details such figures and other data may be also included.

METHODS OF ORGANIZATION:

1. Problem-Solution Order
 It explains the problem and suggests a possible solution.
Example: Cleaning up Laguna de Bay

2. Categorical/Topical Order
 It divides the topic into subtopics based on the importance or interest value or simply
because the topic requires it.
Example: Importance of promoting the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle program

3. Chronological Order
 A historical or time approach which is from the past to the present. It presents idea in
time order.
Example: The significant development of the province of Nueva Ecija from Spanish period to
present.

4. Comparison and Contrast Order

 It presents comparison and contrast of two or three points.
Example: Comparison between living in the city and life in the province.
 5. Spatial/Geographical Order
 Going from one place to another, from one direction to another Example: Traveling
around the wonders of Boracay islands

6. Causal Order
 It involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue.
Example: The Fish Kill in Laguna de Bay

TRANSITIONAL WORDS

CONCLUSION

 Summary statement or review. No New information is presented, refer back to the points from
the introduction and the body. Must include something that will make your audience remember
your speech.

HOW TO END WITH AN IMPACT?

 Thought-provoking questions
 Humor
 Quotation
 A call for action
 A connection to a larger context
 DURATION:
- No matter how long the speech is, always divide it into five parts: an introduction, the body
(paragraph 2, paragraph 3, and paragraph 4) and a conclusion. This format is adaptable to a
speech of almost any length. By doing this, you can actually monitor the time and length of your
speech or the so-called Duration. Most experts say that the ideal length of speech is up to 20
minutes. (Gray-Grant, 2017).

WORD COUNT BREAKDOWN

 Introduction: 2 minutes (250 words)

 Body: Point 1: 5 minutes (625 words)
Point 2: 5 minutes (625 words)
Point 3: 5 minutes (625 words)
 Conclusion: 3 minutes (375 words)

Total word count: 2,500 words (20 minutes)

WORD CHOICE
- There are a lot of vocabularies available to describe one's idea. However, the speaker should
carefully use the correct word in writing the speech. The use of conversational language helps
put the audience feel at ease and creates a special bond between the speaker and the audience.

WORD SHOULD BE AVOIDED IN WRITTEN SPEECH

 Jargons or technical terms specific only for a group of people

 Redundancy or excessive repetition of words
 Language inappropriate for the audience
 Language inappropriate for the occasion.

GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS
- Using correct grammar when you give a speech is important to prevent misunderstanding and
misinterpretation between you and the audience. Good command of the language helps
listeners understand you quickly.

WRAP UP

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING:

 AUDIENCE PROFILE
 LOGICAL ORGANIZATION
 DURATION
 WORD CHOICE
 GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS

LESSON 4