B.S.
Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
2 Hours
Gain Attention
Imagine walking to school, just another beautiful day, when you find yourself in the
middle of a road accident. 3 injured victims lying down, two are crying for help, while
the other is unconscious. Blood is streaming from their injured body part. As a first-
time first-aider, how will you react and respond to this kind of emergency?
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
Learners’ objectives
.
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
discuss and apply the emergency action principles in times of emergency,
demonstrate how the patient should be handled when experiencing lack of
oxygen,
recognize and advantage of working together to complete tasks (facilitate
and promote teamwork) in executing the skills in giving CPR to the victim,
and
execute the basic skills needed in applying CPR in various emergency
scenario.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO)
In order to achieve the outcomes of this course, learners will go through this
learning plan:
1. Memorize the emergency action principles under different emergency context.
2. Recognize key factors and hierarchy of actions during emergency.
3. Evaluate the significance of arrangement of the emergency action principles.
INTRODUCTION
I. Emergency Action Principles
Emergency action principles are the guiding rules to be employed by the first
person, or persons, on the scene of an emergency. The nature of emergencies
is such that it is impossible to prescribe a specific list of actions to be completed
before the event happens, so principles form a framework on which to base
forward actions.
An emergency is a situation where someone needs help quickly. That person
may have been badly hurt in an accident, or they might be ill or unresponsive.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
First aid is often not nearly as complicated as most people think. Regardless,
for all emergencies you should always follow these emergency action principles
(EAPs).
1. Safety
Survey the emergency scene to make sure there are no dangers. If you
won't be able to help anyone if you end up getting hurt too.
If it is dangerous call for help, make the area safer, or move the person
from danger.
2. Wake the Person
Gently try to see if the injured person can respond. You can do this by
calling out to him and gently tapping his shoulders.
3. 9-1-1/EMS:
If the person doesn't wake up (or if he is injured) you or someone else
must call the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) immediately
Check for the following:
a. Airway:
Place the person on his back, carefully so as to not cause further injury.
Open the person's airway by tilting his head back and lifting his chin
upwards. This will remove the tongue from blocking the airway. Keep the
airway open.
b. Breathing:
Check for breathing by looking, listening, and feeling for air (10 seconds).
If the person is not breathing give him 2 breaths, allowing the air to come out
in between.
If the air goes in then go to step “C”.
If the air does not go in, re-position the head-tilt/chin-lift and try blowing again.
If the air still does not go in then; Do chest compressions (just like CPR) to
force the object out.
Then check the mouth to see if the object came out, take it out if you see it
Do the head-tilt/chin-lift and try blowing in, even if you didn't get anything out.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
If the air doesn't go in, reposition the head-tilt/chin-lift and try blowing in again.
If the air goes in then check for circulation, step C.
If the air still does not go in then do chest compressions, check the mouth, try
blowing in ~ repeat this entire process until you get air in.
c. Circulation
This step should only be done once you have an open airway and you are
able to get air into the casualty’s lungs.
Check for circulation by feeling for a pulse and by looking at the person's
skin color,
feeling the skin temperature, and by noticing any movement (10 seconds).
Start CPR if needed (compressions and breaths)
If there is circulation but no breathing then just do rescue breathing.
If there is circulation and breathing, then monitor and put the person in the
recovery position until the paramedics arrive.
II. GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
Getting Started
1. Planning of Action
2. Gathering of needed materials
3. Remember the initial response as follows:
A-Ask for help
I- Intervene
D- Do no further harm
4. Instruction to helper/s
These actions done in order to ensure your safety and that of the victim's
chance of survival.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
a. Scene Survey
Once you recognize that an emergency has occurred and decided to act,
you must make sure that emergency scene is safe for you and any
bystanders. Take time to survey the scene and answer these questions:
Is the scene safe?
What happened?
How many people are injured?
Are their bystanders who can help?
Identify yourself as a trained CPR Provider.
Get consent to give care.
Check for Responsiveness.
When you survey the scene, look for anything that may threaten your safety
and that of the victim and bystanders. Example of dangers that may be present
are fallen power lines, falling rocks, traffic, fire, smoke, dangerous fumes, extreme
weather and deep or swift-moving water. /f any of these or other dangers are
threatening, do not approach the victim. Call emergency personnel immediately
for help. Nothing is gained by risking your own safety. An emergency that begins
with one victim could end up with two if you are hurt. Leave dangerous situations
for emergency professionals who have the training and proper equipment to
handle them. If you suspect the scene is unsafe, wait and watch until emergency
personnel arrive. If conditions change, you may then be able to approach the
victim.
Find out what happened. Look around for clues about what caused the
emergency and the type and extent of the victim's injuries. By looking around, you
may discover a situation that requires your immediate action. As you approach the
victim, take in the whole picture.
Nearby objects, such as shattered glass, a fallen ladder or a spilled bottle
of medicine, might tell you what happened. If the victim is unconscious, your survey
of the scene may be the only way to tell what happened. Look carefully for more
than one victim because you may not spot everyone at first. For example, in a car
crash, an open door may be a clue that a victim is bleeding or screaming loudly,
you may overlook another victim who is silent and unconscious. It is easy to
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
overlook an infant or small child. Ask anyone present how many people may be
involved. If you find more than one victim, ask bystanders for help.
Look for bystanders who can help or who can help or who may be able to
tell you what happened or help in other ways. A bystander who knows the victim
may know of any relevant medical problems or allergies. Bystanders may call
emergency professionals for help, meet and direct the ambulance to your location,
keep the area free of unnecessary traffic or help you provide care. If there is no
one nearby, shout for help to summon someone who can help you.
b. Activation of Medical Assistance
Depending on the situation:
Call First and Care First.
A bystander should make the telephone/cell phone call for help (if
available).
Somebody will ask to arrange for transfer facility.
Information to remembered in activating medical assistance:
What happened?
Location?
Numbered of persons injured?
Extent of injury and first aid given?
The telephone/cell phone number from where you are calling?
Person who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself and drop
the phone last.
c. Primary Survey
In every emergency situation, you must first look for conditions that are an
immediate threat to the victim's life. This is called the primary survey. In the
primary survey, you check each of the following:
Check for ABC
A – Airway (Look)
B- Breathing (Listen)
C- Circulation (Feel)
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
Emergency Action Principles
Ways in opening the airway
Head Tilt-Chin Lift Maneuver
Jaw Thrust Maneuver
d. Secondary Survey
If you find any life-threatening conditions during the primary survey, do not
waste time with the secondary survey. Check the airway, breathing,
circulation at regular intervals, and provide care only for the life- threatening
conditions. Once you are certain that there is no life- threatening conditions
needing attention, you can begin the secondary survey. The secondary
survey is a systematic method of finding other injuries or conditions that
may need care. These are injuries or conditions that are not immediately
life- threatening but could become so if not attended to. To establish a
complete picture, you need to obtain the history of the incident, the
symptoms described by the victim and any additional signs that you may
observe. For example, you might find possible broken bones, minor
bleeding, or a specific medical condition such as epilepsy
Interview the victim
Ask the victim’s name.
Ask what happened
Assess the SAMPLE (Signs and Symptoms, Allergies, Medication, Past
Medical History, Last Oral Intake, Event prior to Incident) history.
Check for vital sign- (pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, blood
pressure).
Perform head-to-toe examination (looking for DCAP-BTLS
(Deformity, Contusion, Abrasion, Puncture, Burn, Tenderness, Laceration,
Swelling).
