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    Question 2

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    Sum Ming Wong
    This document contains 10 questions about DNA damage caused by radiation. It discusses the direct and indirect actions of X-rays on DNA, with the indirect action being dominant for X-rays. This indirect action involves hydroxyl radicals produced in two steps from ionized water molecules. About 2/3 of DNA damage from X-rays is caused by these hydroxyl radicals. Single strand breaks are also discussed as being readily repaired, unlike other more harmful types of DNA damage.

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    Question 2

    Uploaded by

    Sum Ming Wong
    24 views11 pages
    This document contains 10 questions about DNA damage caused by radiation. It discusses the direct and indirect actions of X-rays on DNA, with the indirect action being dominant for X-rays. This indirect action involves hydroxyl radicals produced in two steps from ionized water molecules. About 2/3 of DNA damage from X-rays is caused by these hydroxyl radicals. Single strand breaks are also discussed as being readily repaired, unlike other more harmful types of DNA damage.

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    This document contains 10 questions about DNA damage caused by radiation. It discusses the direct and indirect actions of X-rays on DNA, with the indirect action being dominant for X-rays. This indirect action involves hydroxyl radicals produced in two steps from ionized water molecules. About 2/3 of DNA damage from X-rays is caused by these hydroxyl radicals. Single strand breaks are also discussed as being readily repaired, unlike other more harmful types of DNA damage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views11 pages

    Question 2

    Uploaded by

    Sum Ming Wong
    This document contains 10 questions about DNA damage caused by radiation. It discusses the direct and indirect actions of X-rays on DNA, with the indirect action being dominant for X-rays. This indirect action involves hydroxyl radicals produced in two steps from ionized water molecules. About 2/3 of DNA damage from X-rays is caused by these hydroxyl radicals. Single strand breaks are also discussed as being readily repaired, unlike other more harmful types of DNA damage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Questions for

    Lecture 2: DNA Damages by Radiation

    DAI, Liang
    Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong
    [email protected]

    1
    PHY4274 Radiation Biophysics 2019/2020 Semester B
    Question 1
     The following diagram shows two types of actions of X-ray on
    DNA. Which is the direct action, and which one is the indirect
    action?
     Which action is dominate for X-ray?

    Indirect action (dominate for X-Ray)

    direct action

    2
    Question 2
     X-ray induced DNA damages are mostly caused by hydroxyl
    radicals. Write out the two reaction steps that produce hydroxyl
    radicals.

    1st Step: radiation  ion radical


    radiation
    +¿ + � −

    �2 � → �2 �
    ¿

    Ion radical

    2nd Step: ion radical  free radical


    + ¿ + �� ∙
    +¿ + � 2 � → � �
    ¿
    3
    � 2 �
    ¿

    Ion radical free radical


    hydroxyl radical

    3
    Question 3
     X-ray induced DNA damages depends on the diffusion distance of a
    hydroxyl radical over its lifetime. The lifetime of hydroxyl is on the
    order of seconds. What is the typical diffusion distance of a
    hydroxyl radical?
    The diffusion distance of a hydroxyl radical is about 1 nm.

    4
    Question 4
     What are free radical scavengers?

    • Free radical scavengers prevent free radicals from being formed, or


    remove them before they can damage DNA (or cells)

    5
    Question 5
     X-ray induced DNA damages can be caused by direct and indirect
    actions. What’s the fraction of DNA damages caused by indirect
    action out of all DNA damages by X-ray? How do experiments
    determine this fraction.

    • Free radical scavengers can only eliminate the indirect


    action of radiation
    • Experiments show that free radical scavengers can reduce
    the biological effects of x-rays by a factor of close to 3.
    • As a result, about 2/3 of the x-ray damage to DNA in cells is
    caused by the hydroxyl radical (indirect action).

    6
    Question 6
     Whether direct or indirect action is dominate in radiation-induced
    DNA damages depends on the radiation type. What are the
    dominate action mode for X-ray, neutrons and alpha-particles,
    respectively?

    • The dominate action mode for X-ray is the indirect action.


    • The dominate action modes for neutron and alpha-particles
    are X-ray are the direct action.

    7
    Question 7
     Why is single-strand breaks (SSB) not very harmful?

    • Single-strand breaks can be repaired readily


    using the opposite strand as a template.

    8
    Question 8
     Is the energy from radiation deposited uniformly in the absorbing
    medium? What are the three terms used to describe the
    distribution of radiation energy deposition?

    No, energy deposition of radiation is along particle tracks. The


    three terms are spur, blob, and short track

    9
    Question 9
     For X-ray radiation, which is the most common type of energy
    deposition events? Spur, blob or short track?

    For X-ray, 95% energy deposition events are spurs.

    10
    Question 10
     Why is DNA in cells more radiation resistant than free DNA?

    • because
    1. Some free radical scavengers exist in cells
    2. Proteins (histones) around DNA provide physical
    protection to DNA

    11

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