0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views18 pages

Lecture 23partial Derivatives - Total Differential and Derivatives of Composite Functions

1. The document discusses partial derivatives, total differentials, and derivatives of composite functions. 2. It provides examples of using partial derivatives to prove identities and find total differentials. 3. It also shows how to take derivatives of composite functions where the variables are functions of another variable using the chain rule.

Uploaded by

James Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views18 pages

Lecture 23partial Derivatives - Total Differential and Derivatives of Composite Functions

1. The document discusses partial derivatives, total differentials, and derivatives of composite functions. 2. It provides examples of using partial derivatives to prove identities and find total differentials. 3. It also shows how to take derivatives of composite functions where the variables are functions of another variable using the chain rule.

Uploaded by

James Prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

MTH165

Lecture-23

Partial Derivatives, Total Differential


And
Derivatives of composite Functions
Unit 4: Multivariate Functions

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics By Jain and Iyengar, Chapter-2)

Learning Outcomes:

1. To use partial derivatives to prove some identities .

2. Total Differentials

3. Derivatives of composite functions using chain rule.


𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 1. If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 , then show that 𝑏 −𝑎 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution. Here 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
⟹ = 𝑓′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑓′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
and = 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑏 𝜕𝑦

Comparing (1) and (2), we get:


1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= ⟹ 𝑏 = 𝑎
𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⟹ 𝑏 − 𝑎 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Hence proved.
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 2. If 𝑧 = log , then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution. Here 𝑧 = log 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2


𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 4𝑥𝑦 2
⟹ = − = =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

𝜕𝑧 −2𝑦 2𝑦 −2𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −4𝑦𝑥 2


and = − 2 2 = =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 4𝑥𝑦 2 −4𝑦𝑥 2
L.H.S. 𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −4𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= = 0 R.H.S.
𝑥 4 −𝑦 4

Hence proved.
Problem 3. If 𝑤 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣,
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢
then show that 𝑢 − 𝑣 =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1+𝑣 2

Solution. Here 𝑤 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

⟹𝑤= 𝑢 cos 𝑣 2 + 𝑢 sin 𝑣 2 + 𝑢𝑣 2

= 𝑢2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣) + 𝑢2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢 1 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣
= 1 + 𝑣 2 and =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1+𝑣 2

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣 𝑢
L.H.S. 𝑢 − 𝑣 =𝑢 1 + 𝑣2 −𝑣 = R.H.S.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1+𝑣 2 1+𝑣 2
𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 4. If 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑢 , 𝑢 = , then show that 𝑢 + = 1.
𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥
Solution. Here 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑓
𝑦

𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝑥 1 ′ 𝑥 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = 𝑦 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝑥 −𝑥 ′ 𝑥 𝑦2 𝜕𝑧
=1 +𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = 1 − (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Comparing (1) and (2), we get:


𝜕𝑧 𝑦2 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = 1− ⟹ + =1
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⟹ 𝑢 + =1 Hence proved.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Polling Quiz
The value of 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 for the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) at (0,0) is:
(A) (2,2)
(B) (3,2)
(C) (2,3)
(D) (3,3)
𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Problem 5. If 𝑧 = 𝑓 , then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0.
𝑏𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥
Solution. Here 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑓
𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓′ ⟹ 𝑓′ = (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥 −𝑏𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ⟹ 𝑓 = (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Comparing (1) and (2), we get:


𝑏𝑦 𝜕𝑧 −𝑏𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
=
𝑎 𝜕𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0 Hence proved.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Differentiability of 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
A function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) in
domain 𝐷, if 𝑓 has continuous first order partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 .
Total Differential
For a function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), total differential is written as:
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−1 𝑥
Problem 1. Find the total differential of the function 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
−1 𝑥
Solution. Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
1 1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
=
1+ 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 𝑥 −𝑥
and 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 2
− 2 =
1+ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

So, total differential is given by:


𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 − 2 2 (𝑑𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 +𝑦
1
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦) Answer.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Problem 2. Find the total differential of the function 𝑧 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Solution. Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝑥
⟹ 𝑓𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2𝑦
and 𝑓𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

So, total differential is given by:


𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑦

2𝑥 2𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑑𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 2

2
⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) Answer.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Derivatives of composite functions

Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function of two independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Let variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 themselves are the functions of a variable 𝑡.


𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑡 2 −1 𝑡
Problem 1. Find if 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = at 𝑡 = 1.
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 2 +1

𝜕𝑧 𝑡 2 −1
Solution. 𝑧𝑥 = = 2𝑥 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑡

𝜕𝑧 𝑡
𝑧𝑦 = = 2𝑦 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑡 2 +1

𝑑𝑥 𝑡 2𝑡 −(𝑡 2 −1)(1) 𝑡 2 +1
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡2

𝑑𝑦 𝑡 2 +1 1 −𝑡(2𝑡) 1−𝑡 2
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 2 +1 2 𝑡 2 +1 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑧 𝑡 2 −1 𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 1−𝑡 2
⟹ =2 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 2 +1 2

𝑑𝑧 𝑡 4 −1 𝑡−𝑡 3
⟹ =2 +2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡3 𝑡 2 +1 3

At 𝑡 = 1,

𝑑𝑧 1−1 1−1
ቃ =2 +2 =0 Answer.
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=1) 1 2 3
𝑑𝑓
Problem 2. Find if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

𝜕𝑓
Solution. 𝑓𝑥 = = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑦 = = −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑡 2 + 1
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0

𝑓𝑥 = 1 cos 0 + 𝑒 1 sin 0 = 1 , 𝑓𝑦 = −1 sin 0 + 𝑒 1 cos 0 = 𝑒

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑡 = 0, = 3𝑡 2 + 1 = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
So, = 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑧
ቃ =1 0 +𝑒 1 =𝑒 Answer.
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡=1)
Polling Quiz
If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡), then which of the following is correct:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(A) = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(B) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(C) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

(D) None of these.

You might also like