536 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

Using Formula 1 and solving for the required integral, we get

y sec x dx − 12 (sec x tan x 1 ln | sec x 1 tan x | ) 1 C

3
n

Integrals such as the one in the preceding example may seem very special but they
occur frequently in applications of integration, as we will see in Chapter 8.
Finally, integrals of the form

y cot m
x cscnx dx

can be found in a similar way by using the identity 1 1 cot 2 x − csc 2 x.

■ Using Product Identities

The following product identities are useful in evaluating certain trigonometric integrals.

2 To evaluate the integrals (a) y sin mx cos nx dx, (b) y sin mx sin nx dx, or
(c) y cos mx cos nx dx, use the corresponding identity:
These product identities are (a) sin A cos B − 12 fsinsA 2 Bd 1 sinsA 1 Bdg
discussed in Appendix D.
(b) sin A sin B − 12 fcossA 2 Bd 2 cossA 1 Bdg

(c) cos A cos B − 12 fcossA 2 Bd 1 cossA 1 Bdg

EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate y sin 4x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but it’s easier to
use the identity in Equation 2(a) as follows:

y sin 4x cos 5x dx − y 12 fsins2xd 1 sin 9xg dx

− 12 y s2sin x 1 sin 9xd dx

− 12 (cos x 2 19 cos 9x) 1 C n

7.2 Exercises
1–56 Evaluate the integral.
y y
!y2 !y2
11. sin 2x cos 2x dx 12. s2 2 sin "d 2 d"
0 0

1. y sin x cos x dx
3 2
2. y cos y sin y dy
6 3

13. y scos " sin " d " 3

14. y (1 1 ssin t ) cos t dt
3 3

y y
!y2 !y4
9 5 5
3. cos x sin x dx 4. sin x dx
0 0

15. y sin x sec x dx 5

16. y csc " cos " d"
5 3

5. y sin5 s2td cos 2 s2td dt 6. y cos3sty2d sin2sty2d dt

7. y
!y2
cos2" d" 8. y
!y4
sin2s2"d d"
17. y cot x cos x dx 2
18. y tan x cos x dx
2 3

0 0

y y y sin x sin 2x dx y sin x cos( 12 x) dx

! !
9. cos 4 s2td dt 10. sin 2 t cos 4 t dt 19. 2
20.
0 0

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 SECTION 7.2 Trigonometric Integrals 537

y tan x sec x dx y tan " sec " d" 61. If y0 tan 6 x sec x dx − I, express the value of
3 2 4 !y4
21. 22.
y0 tan 8 x sec x dx in terms of I.
!y4

23. y tan x dx2

24. y stan x 1 tan xd dx
2 4
62. (a) Prove the reduction formula
tan2n21x
y y y tan 2 y tan2n22x dx
!y4 2n
25. tan4x sec6x dx 26. sec6" tan6" d" x dx −
0 2n 2 1
(b) Use this formula to find y tan8x dx.
27. y tan x sec x dx
3
28. y tan x sec x dx
5 3

63. Find the average value of the function f sxd − sin 2x cos 3x
on the interval f2!, !g.
y tan x sec x dx y
3 6 !y4
29. 30. tan 4 t dt
64. Evaluate y sin x cos x dx by four methods:
0

(a) the substitution u − cos x

31. y tan x dx5
32. y tan x sec x dx
2
(b) the substitution u − sin x
(c) the identity sin 2x − 2 sin x cos x
1 2 tan2x tan x sec2x
33. y sec2x
dx 34. y cos x
dx (d) integration by parts
Explain the different appearances of the answers.
sin3x sin " 1 tan "
y y
!y4
35. dx 36. d" 65–66 Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves.
0 cos x cos3"
65. y − sin 2 x, y − sin3x, 0 < x < !
y y
!y2 2 !y2 3
37. cot x dx 38. cot x dx 66. y − tan x, y − tan 2 x, 0 < x < !y4
!y6 !y4

y y
!y2 !y2
39. cot 5$ csc 3$ d$ 40. csc4 " cot 4 " d" ; 67–68 Use a graph of the integrand to guess the value of the
!y4 !y4
integral. Then use the methods of this section to prove that your
y csc x dx y guess is correct.
!y3
41. 42. csc 3x dx
!y6

y y
2! 2
67. cos 3x dx 68. sin 2! x cos 5! x dx
43. y sin 8x cos 5x dx 44. y sin 2" sin 6" d" 0 0

y y t cos st 69–72 Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded
!y2
45. cos 5t cos 10t dt 46. 5 2
d dt
0 by the curves about the given axis.
sin2s1ytd 69. y − sin x, y − 0, !y2 < x < !; about the x-axis
47. y t2
dt 48. y sec y cos stan yd dy
2 3

70. y − sin 2 x, y − 0, 0 < x < !; about the x-axis

y y
!y6 !y4
49. s1 1 cos 2x dx 50. s1 2 cos 4" d" 71. y − sin x, y − cos x, 0 < x < !y4; about y − 1
0 0
72. y − sec x, y − cos x, 0 < x < !y3; about y − 21
51. y t sin t dt 2
52. y x sec x tan x dx
73. A particle moves on a straight line with velocity function
53. y x tan x dx 2
54. y x sin x dx 3 vstd − sin #t cos 2#t. Find its position function s − f std
if f s0d − 0.
dx 1
55. y cos x 2 1
56. y sec " 1 1
d" 74. Household electricity is supplied in the form of alternating
current that varies from 155 V to 2155 V with a frequency of
60 cycles per second (Hz). The voltage is thus given by the
equation
; 57–60 Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate, and check that
your answer is reasonable, by graphing both the integrand and its Estd − 155 sins120! td
antiderivative (taking C − 0d. where t is the time in seconds. Voltmeters read the RMS
(root-mean-square) voltage, which is the square root of the
57. y x sin sx 2 2
d dx 58. y sin x cos x dx
5 3
average value of fEstdg 2 over one cycle.
(a) Calculate the RMS voltage of household current.
59. y sin 3x sin 6x dx 60. y sec ( 12 x) dx
4 (b) Many electric stoves require an RMS voltage of
220 V. Find the corresponding amplitude A needed
for the voltage Estd − A sins120!td.

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538 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

75–77 Prove the formula, where m and n are positive integers. 78. A finite Fourier series is given by the sum

y
! N
75.
2!
sin mx cos nx dx − 0 f sxd − o a n sin nx
n−1

76. y
2!
!
sin mx sin nx dx − H 0
!
if m ± n
if m − n
− a 1 sin x 1 a 2 sin 2x 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 a N sin Nx
Use the result of Exercise 76 to show that the mth coefficient

H
a m is given by the formula
0 if m ± n
y
!
77. cos mx cos nx dx − 1
! if m − n
y
2! !
am − f sxd sin mx dx
! 2!

7.3 Trigonometric Substitution

In finding the area of a circle or an ellipse, an integral of the form y sa 2 2 x 2 dx arises,
where a . 0. If the integral were y xsa 2 2 x 2 dx, the substitution u − a 2 2 x 2 would
be effective but, as it stands, y sa 2 2 x 2 dx is more difficult. If we change the variable
from x to " by the substitution x − a sin ", then the identity 1 2 sin 2" − cos 2" allows
us to eliminate the root sign because

sa 2 2 x 2 − sa 2 2 a 2 sin 2" − sa 2s1 2 sin 2"d − sa 2 cos 2" − a cos " | |

Notice the difference between the substitution u − a 2 2 x 2 (in which the new variable is
a function of the old one) and the substitution x − a sin " (the old variable is a function
of the new one).
In general, we can make a substitution of the form x − tstd by using the Substitution
Rule in reverse. To make our calculations simpler, we assume that t has an inverse func-
tion; that is, t is one-to-one. In this case, if we replace u by x and x by t in the Substitution
Rule (Equation 4.5.4), we obtain

y f sxd dx − y f ststddt9std dt
This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.
We can make the inverse substitution x − a sin " provided that it defines a one-to-one
function. This can be accomplished by restricting " to lie in the interval f2!y2, !y2g.
In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the
given radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities. In each case
the restriction on " is imposed to ensure that the function that defines the substitution is
one-to-one. (These are the same intervals used in Section 6.6 in defining the inverse
functions.)

Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression Substitution Identity
! !
sa 2 2 x 2 x − a sin ", 2 <"< 1 2 sin 2 " − cos 2 "
2 2
! !
sa 2 1 x 2 x − a tan ", 2 , " , 1 1 tan 2 " − sec 2 "
2 2
! 3!
sx 2 2 a 2 x − a sec ", 0 < " , or ! < " , sec 2 " 2 1 − tan 2 "
2 2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.