Bio136 186unit4

BIO 136/186
Microbiology and Parasitology
Second Semester 2022

Cluster 2
Clinical Instructors
Dr. Cyrille Y. Panimdim
Ms. Jessica S. Simporios
Dr. Deborah G. Gemao
Mrs. Ana Lou B. Navaja
M a y 1 0 , 2 0 2 2
Topic Objectives
1. Define what specimen collection is.

2. Identify the different kinds of specimen for analysis.
3. Enumerate the fundamental requirement to protect
rights of patients in specimen collection and analysis.
4. Articulate appropriate method of handling specimen for
analysis.
M a y 1 0 , 2 0 2 2
Unit IV. Collecting Specimen
Collecting Specimen
Is one way of knowing about the patient's

health status by identifying pathogens and
analyzing urine, blood, sputum, feces, etc.
Nurses often assume the responsibility

of specimen collection, however it can
be performed by a physician at patient’s
bedside.
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
- the collection of the specimen for the purposes of diagnosis,
treatment and recovery.
SPECIMEN - a small quantity of a substance or object which shows

the kind and quality of the whole (sample).
Fundamental requirements to protect the patient’s rights:
- the act of agreeing to allow something to

happen, or to do something, with a full
understanding of all the relevant facts,
including risks, and available alternatives.
- that full knowledge and understanding is the

necessary factor in whether an individual can
give informed consent.
The fundamental requirements to protect the patient’s rights:
• The patient must understand what will

be done during a test, surgery, or any
medical procedure and must
understand the risks and implications
before he or she can legally consent
the test or procedure.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
 Reinforce physician’s explanation of

the procedure.
 Confirm that the patient understands

and verify that a written consent is
NOT necessary for individual test;
informed consent may be adequate.
 Keep the patient adequately informed of
procedural details that could cause
discomfort.
 Assist the patient throughout the procedure

and determine allergies to iodine.
 Prepare the patient for diagnostic exams.
 The nurse must be prepared to answer

questions for which the patient may need
clarification.
 The patient needs to know if:
- Nothing can be taken by mouth (NPO) after midnight

- Breakfast will be held until the exam is complete.
- A special room or piece of equipment is required for
the test.
- Medication is needed before or during the test.
NOTE: All patients admitted to a health care facility have at least

one laboratory specimen collected during hospitalization.
GENERAL PREPARATION OF THE CLIENTS:
· Explain the procedure to the patient. It helps to gain

the client’s trust and cooperation.
· When preparing the client the nurse’s explanation

should be clear, straight forward and complete.
· Be sure that the client has understood clearly and

correctly the information.
GENERAL PREPARATION OF THE CLIENTS:
· In case of collection of urine, instruct the client to

wash the genitalia with soap and water and then rinse it in
water before collecting the specimen.
· Instruct the client not to contaminate the outside of

the bottle.
· Instructions to use gloves and other barriers as

necessary.
TYPES OF CONTAINERS USED FOR SPECIMEN COLLECTION
· All specimens are collected in clean and dry containers.
· Use containers with wide mouth.
· Sterile containers are used for culture.
· Wax lined disposable cups are used for sputum and

stool specimens.
·
TYPES OF CONTAINERS USED FOR SPECIMEN COLLECTION
· Large containers are used for 24 hours urine specimens.
· Sterile test tubes are used to collect fluids.
· Clean slides are used to collect smears.
· No antiseptic solution must be present in the specimen

bottle as they may hamper the growth of micro organism and
thus obscure the results.
• Laboratory Exam of
specimen provides important
information about body
functioning and contributes
to the assessment of health
status.
• Guidelines for Specimen Collection
- Consider the patient’s need and

ability to participate in specimen
collection procedures.
- Recognize that specimen collection

may provoke anxiety, embarrassment
or discomfort.
- Provide support for patients who are

fearful about the results of a
specimen exam.
- Recognize that children require clear
explanation of procedures and that they
need the support of their parents or family
member.
- Obtain specimen in accordance with the

specific prerequisite conditions as required.
- Wear gloves when collecting specimens of

blood or other body fluids.
- Most specimens are transported to the lab
in a separate outer plastic bag.
- Deliver specimens to the laboratory within

the recommended time or ensure that they
are stored properly for later transport.
- Use aseptic technique in all collections to

prevent contamination, which can cause
inaccurate test results.
- Wash hands and other skin surfaces
immediately and thoroughly.
- Collect specimens in appropriate

containers, at the correct time and in the
appropriate amount.
- Properly label all specimens with the

patient’s identification; complete lab
requisition form as necessary.
The four rules when collecting
specimens:
1. Right specimen
2. Right time
3. Right amount
4. Right container.
Data placed on the specimen
label:
1. Client’s name
2. Address
3. Type of specimen
4. Date
5. Time
COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMEN
Collecting Single Urine Specimen:
- Single urine specimen means the amount of urine

voided at a time.
- Usually the morning specimens are collected.
- 100-120 ml of urine will be sufficient for the usual tests.

COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMEN
Collecting Single Urine Specimen:
- Clean the genital
- Let client pass urine into clean urinal or a clean kidney

tray or directly in to specimen bottle
- Tell client not to spill the urine on the outside of the

container.
• Midstream urine specimen
- Urine is collected after voiding is initiated (midstream)

and before voiding is completed.
- This is the cleanest part of the voided specimen.
• Several tests can be ordered on one sample of urine: pH,

protein, glucose, ketones, blood and specific gravity.
COLLECTING 24 HOURS URINE SPECIMEN:
- 24 hours urine specimen means to collect all the urine voided in

24 hours.
- The collection of urine begins at 6AM
- All the subsequent voiding should be measured and collected in
the bottle and labelled.
- Continue to collect till morning.
- Ask the client to void at 6 -AM on the next day and add it to the
previously collected.
24 – Hour Urine Collection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4uQJ05S
Ie0
Methods in urine collection
1. Straight catheter method
Inserting a straight catheter

into the urinary bladder and
remove urine.
2. Foley Bag catheter method
Obtaining a specimen from the

port of an indwelling catheter
using sterile technique.
3. Urine collection of an able client
4. Residual Urine
This is urine left in the bladder after voiding.
The patient voids through the catheter performed

within 10 minutes.
Residual urine is more than 50 ml of urine remaining in the
bladder.
Stool specimens are collected for a
variety of reasons.
• Determine the presence of

infection, bleeding or
hemorrhage.
• Observe the amount, color,

consistency and presence of fats.
• Identify parasites, ova and

bacteria.
Stools to be examined for
parasites must be taken to the
lab immediately while the
parasites are still alive.
Determining the presence of
occult – indication of blood in the
stool
(Guaiac Test) – test to determine

bloody stool
Bright red blood indicates the

blood is fresh and that the site is
in the lower GIT.
Black, tarry feces indicates the
presence of old blood and that the
site of bleeding is higher in the GIT
Occult indicates blood is present in

the stool but cannot be determined
unless examined
Sputum, secretions from the lungs
and contains mucus, cellular debris,
blood, pus and microorganisms.
Sputum must come from deep in the

bronchial tree and best collected
early morning because the patient
has not yet cleared of the
respiratory passages.
Many tests can be performed on sputum.
These are:
* Culture, to note or detect the

presence of microbes.
* Sensitivity, to determine the

effectiveness of antibiotics.
* Cytology, to detect cellular debris
* To determine acid-fast bacillus,

organism which is responsible for
tuberculosis.
An anaerobic bacteria culture is a
method used to grow anaerobes from a
clinical specimen.
- Obligate anaerobes are bacteria that

can live only in the absence of
oxygen.
- Obligate anaerobes are destroyed
when exposed to the atmosphere for
as briefly as 10 minutes.
Veins are a major source of blood for laboratory
testing, as well as routes for IV fluids or blood
replacement.
Blood test can yield information about

nutritional, hematological, metabolic, immune
and biochemical status.
Nurses are often responsible for collecting

blood specimens; however, many institutions
have trained technicians to draw blood.
Assess for any special conditions that must be met before
specimen collection, if patient is to be NPO
Venipuncture involves inserting a hollow-

bore needle into the lumen of a large vein
to obtain a specimen.
The nurse may use a needle and

syringe or a special vacuum tube
that allows the drawing of multiple
blood samples.
Possible risks of venipuncture:
 anticoagulant therapy
 low platelet count
 bleeding disorders
Possible risks of venipuncture:
 presence of shunt or fistula
 after breast or axillary

surgery
Collection Method of Venipuncture: Vacutainer system
The basilic and cephalic veins in the antecubital space are the
most common venipuncture sites.
All for Listening 

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BIO 136/186​

Microbiology and Parasitology​

Second Semester 2022 ​

1. Define what specimen collection is.

Is one way of knowing about the patient's

Nurses often assume the responsibility

SPECIMEN - a small quantity of a substance or object which shows

- the act of agreeing to allow something to

- that full knowledge and understanding is the

• The patient must understand what will

 Reinforce physician’s explanation of

 Confirm that the patient understands

 Assist the patient throughout the procedure

 Prepare the patient for diagnostic exams.

 The nurse must be prepared to answer

- Nothing can be taken by mouth (NPO) after midnight

NOTE: All patients admitted to a health care facility have at least

· Explain the procedure to the patient. It helps to gain

· When preparing the client the nurse’s explanation

· Be sure that the client has understood clearly and

· In case of collection of urine, instruct the client to

· Instruct the client not to contaminate the outside of

· Instructions to use gloves and other barriers as

· All specimens are collected in clean and dry containers.

· Use containers with wide mouth.

· Sterile containers are used for culture.

· Wax lined disposable cups are used for sputum and

· Large containers are used for 24 hours urine specimens.

· Sterile test tubes are used to collect fluids.

· Clean slides are used to collect smears.

· No antiseptic solution must be present in the specimen

- Consider the patient’s need and

- Recognize that specimen collection

- Provide support for patients who are

- Obtain specimen in accordance with the

- Wear gloves when collecting specimens of

- Deliver specimens to the laboratory within

- Use aseptic technique in all collections to

- Collect specimens in appropriate

- Properly label all specimens with the

Collecting Single Urine Specimen:

- Single urine specimen means the amount of urine

- Usually the morning specimens are collected.

- 100-120 ml of urine will be sufficient for the usual tests.

- Clean the genital

- Let client pass urine into clean urinal or a clean kidney

- Tell client not to spill the urine on the outside of the

- Urine is collected after voiding is initiated (midstream)

- This is the cleanest part of the voided specimen.

• Several tests can be ordered on one sample of urine: pH,

- 24 hours urine specimen means to collect all the urine voided in

Inserting a straight catheter

2. Foley Bag catheter method

Obtaining a specimen from the

This is urine left in the bladder after voiding.

The patient voids through the catheter performed

• Determine the presence of

• Observe the amount, color,

• Identify parasites, ova and

BIO 136/186

Microbiology and Parasitology

Second Semester 2022