Islamiat Notes

Compiled by Rahima Safdar
Life in Madina
First Year after Hijra
• On the day the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H) arrived at Madina, the people had just gone
back into their houses. The first person to see him was a Jew, thus fulfilling the prophecy
contained in the Torah. In Madinah, the people greeted the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H)
enthusiastically. Children were singing as he arrived. Everyone was eager that he should stay
with him. The grabbed the halter of his camel, but the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “Let it go its
own way, it is under orders.” Eventually the camel stopped at the home of Banu Malik Ibn
al-Najjar. By herself, she knelt at a place, which today marks the door of the Prophet’s
mosque. It belonged to two orphan boys, Sahil and Suhail, of the Banu Najjar. The Prophet
(P.B.U.H) paid them the price of the land and built the mosque of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
(Masjid-al-nabvi). While the mosque was being built, he stayed at the house of Abu Ayub al
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Ansari.
• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself worked hard with the companions to complete the
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building. This mosque was known as the “Mosque of the Prophet” or Masjid-e-Nabawi. It is
referred to in the Quran in the following words:
“There is a mosque whose foundation was laid from the first day on piety; it is more worthy
of thy standing forth (for prayer) therein. In it are men who love to be purified, and Allah
loveth those who make themselves pure.” (9:108)
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• After the construction of Masjid e Nabwi Muslims felt the need to find a way to inform
people to come to congregational prayer. The Prophet (pbuh) asked his companions for
their advice. Some suggested that the Muslims, like the Jews, should blow a horn to
announce the time for the prayer. Others said, the Muslims might ring bells as the Christians
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do in their churches. A few proposed that the Muslims, like the fire-worshippers, kindle a
fire to call people to pray. Yet other suggested the beating of drums but the Prophet (pbuh)
did not approve any of these because it resembled the unbelievers. Hazrat Umar suggested
that people should be called to prayer in human voice. The Prophet (pbuh) waited to hear a
better idea or to receive guidance from Allah.
One day, a companion, 'Abdullah ibn Zaid , came and said, "O Messenager of Allah! I had a
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beautiful dream last night." The Prophet(pbuh) asked , "What was the dream you saw?".
Zaid answered, "I have seen that a man wearing green garments taught me the words of
the 'Adhan and advised me to call people to prayer with these words." He then recited the
words for the 'Adhan. The words were beautiful and full of meaning. The Prophet (pbuh)
recognized that the dream of 'Abdullah bin Zaid was true. He asked 'Abdullah to teach the
words of the 'Adhan to Bilal, who had a loud and beautiful voice. Thus he was appointed as
the Muezzin.
• The Muslims in Madinah belonged to two categories. Those who had migrated to
Madinah from Makkah were known as Muhajirin or emigrants. Those who belonged to
Madinah and had given shelter to the emigrants and helped them were known as Ansar or
the Helpers. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) established brotherhood between these two groups
of Muslims. He told the Ansar that the Muhajirin were in need of help, and so he wanted to
create brotherhood between them. The Ansar willingly agreed to this. The Holy Quran
mentioned this in these words: “Those who believed and adopted exile, and fought for the
faith, with their property and their persons, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave
(them) asylum and aid, these are (all) friends and protector, one of another.”(8:72)
• Even the enmity between the two tribes of Madinah, Aus and Khazraj was forgotten, as
mentioned in the Holly Quran; “....And remember with gratitude Allah’s favour on you; for
he were enemies and He joined yours heart in love, so that by His grace, ye became
brethren...”(3:103)
• There were three main tribes of Jews; Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza,
settled in the suburbs of Madinah in their own strong fortresses. As soon as the Holly
Prophet (P.B.U.H) was settled in Madinah, he called together the Muslims and the Jewish
tribes for consultation. After an exchange of views, an agreement was reached which
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granted o equal rights to the Jews with full liberty to follow their own faith without any
interference by the Holly Prophet (P.B.U.H) or his followers.
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.It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and would help each other,
.that neither party would commit aggression against the other,
. and that in case of an attack on Madinah, both Muslims and Jews would defend it.
. It also guaranteed protection of their life and property
.the Treaty also established the Holy Prophet (P.B.U,.H) as the leader and the head of the
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State of Madinah. The name of the town was changes from Yathrib to Madina tul Nabi i.e
City of the Prophet.
5(b) How can Muslims apply this model of brotherhood to help their communities? or
(b) What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madina? [4]
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• Islam establishes human brotherhood on the basis of faith. Allah describes the believers
as being brother. “The believers are but brothers” [49:10]
• Brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansar reminds the Muslims that the feeling of
brotherhood is an essential prerequisite for unity. It guarantees the safety and the well-
being of the society at large.
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• Muslims can help by looking to see what they can offer others. Help can be in any form,
e.g., financial assistance to poor, youth services, challenging social injustice etc.
• Muslims may live in areas where people from another country have come to settle,
whether it be because they are fleeing from persecution for example Kashmir, Palestine etc
or to seek work. Muslims can help them by finding out about them, asking if they need any
help, providing food/clothing/information and /or by helping them to integrate
Battle of Badr
• The Battle of Badr was the first battle between Muslims of Madinah and Quraish of Mecca
that took place in 624 A.D. / 2nd A.H. After the migration of Madinah, the relations between
them were not good as the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had captured their trade routes. The
Muslims had heard of a Meccan caravan passing near Madinah, and they waited for it near
the wells of Badr. As Abu Sufyan, who was leading the caravan feared that Muslims might
intercept it, he sent a messenger to Makkah with an urgent plea for help.
• The Meccans immediately raised an army of about 1300 men under Abu Jahl to escort the
caravan safely back to Mecca. Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan reached Makkah safely from another
route and asked the army to return. However, some of the leaders like Abu Jahl insisted on
attacking the Muslims. some of the Makkans left and the strength came down to 1000.
• When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) heard about the Meccan army advancing, he consulted his
companions and decided to fight against the Makan army. He immediately raised an army of
Muslims. Quraish reached Badr first and encamped there. Muslims though encamped later
were able to occupy the wells. Both armies were badly mismatched. There were 313
Muslims who had to fight over 1000 Quraish. In addition to this, the Muslim army was ill-
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equipped having 2 horses and 70 camels . On the other hand, the Quraish army was well-
equipped having 200 horses and 700 camels.
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• The Prophet (S.A.W) spend the night, praying to Allah for the victory; he prayed, “O
Allah! if this small band of men perish, there will be no one alive to worship you. And your
faith will be destroyed forever.” (Sahih Bukhari) Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s prayer for the
Muslims was accepted by Allah that is mentioned in the Holy Quran which says, “When you
sought aid from your Lord, He answered you: I will surely assist you with a thousand of the
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angels ranks on ranks.” [8:9]
• It rained the night before the battle. The ground on which Muslims stood was sandy so
rain proved to be a mercy as it made the ground smooth and the sand firm. The Quran says,
“He sent down Water for you from heavens to confirm your feet.”
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• The battle took place on 17th of Ramadan, 2AH /624AD. Both the armies arranged
themselves in ranks on the Friday morning. Al Aswad bin Abu Asad was the first non
believers to step forward after the war of words but he was killed by Hamza. Then the duels
took place in which Hamza killed Utba, Ali Killed waleed bin Utba. Then they both assisted
Ubaida bin Haris to Kill his opponent Shaiba. Ubaida was the first Martyr at this battle.
• After this the general battle began. According to the Prophet’s (PBUH) instructions,
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Muslims first shot arrows at the Makkans men threw stones and lastly fought with swords in
their hands. During the battle, Ali killed Abu Sufiyan’s Son Hanzala,Hazrat Bilal killed his
former master Umayya bin Khalaf. When the battle was heated, Prophet (PBUH) took a
handful of dust and threw it at the faces of the pagans saying,” May your faces be
disfigured.” It caused a sandstorm, the Quran says, “ It was not you who slew then ; It was
Allah: when you thrust ( handful of dust) was not your act but Allah’s… “ ( CH 8:V17)
• The Makkans had to face heavy losses and they fled in confusion leaving behind 70dead
and 70 prisoners. Their leader Abu Jahl was injured by two Muslim brothers Ma’uz and
Mu’az and then was killed by Abdullah bin Masood. Abu Bakr, Abdur Rehman bin Auf, Talha
etc had formed a defensive ring around The Prophet (PBUH) A large amount of spoils of war
was also captured that was distributed among the Muslims. Among the to prisoners were
Prophet’s uncle Abbas, Hazrat Ali’s brother Aqeel and Prophet’s son in law Abul Aas. Only 14
Muslims got Martyred , 6 Muhajirin and 8 Ansar. • The Holy Prophet (PBUH) surprised
everyone by treating the captured Meccans honourably. He freed most of the prisoners on
simple terms and conditions. The ones who could pay were freed after they paid their
ransom. The literate ones were freed after a certain period in which each one of them was
required to teach 10 Muslim children. The poor and the old captives were freed without
ransom.
3(b) Can the Prophet’s conduct during this battle (Badr) contain lessons for military
leaders today? Give reasons for your answer.
• Bravery and courage
• Depending upon God for victory and not numeric strength and material resources.
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• Consultation about war strategies.
• Leading from the front.
• Not taking initiative in fighting.
• Kind treatment of prisoners afd
Battle of Uhad
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• After the battle of Badr, Islam gained a firm footing at Madinah and the importance of
the city began to increase. The Quraish considered the rise of Madinah as a threat to their
political and commercial interest. Moreover, they could not forget their defeat in the battle
of Badr. Several of their important leaders were killed in the battle, and they wanted to
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avenge their deaths. Abu Sufyan, the commander of the Quraish army, went to meet the
Jews of Banu Nazir, who promised help. He also hired their poet Kaab bin Ashraf to write
ridiculing poetry against the Prophet. He and other Jewish poets wrote poems to instigate
the Quraish to fight against the Muslims. Another immediate reason of the battle was the
capture of one of their trade caravans by the Prophet’s adopted son, Zaid bin Harith.
Meetings were held where it was decided to collect funds and raise a strong army for
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attacking Madinah and wiping out the Muslims. Some other tribes also invited to join in this
war.
• Finally, a fully armed force of three thousand men left Makkah for Madinah with 200
horses and 3000 camels. The Prophet was the news of Makkan army through one of his
uncle Abbas bin Abdul Mutlaib.
• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) consulted his companions about the best way to meet the
enemy. The consensus of opinion was that the Muslims should go out of Madinah to meet
the enemy. Although the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had a different opinion, yet when the
majority insisted on meeting the enemy outside Madinah, he agreed.
• Three miles to the north of Madinah, the Quraish camped near the hill of Uhad. On the
way, Abdullah bin Ubbay, the leader of the hypocrites, deserted with three hundred of his
men on the excuse that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) had turned down his suggestion of
fighting the enemy from inside the city. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) with the remaining
seven hundred men, reached Uhad and also set up camp.
• He posted fifty archers under Abdullah bin Jubair to protect the pass in the Uhad
mountain and defend the Muslims from any possible attack by the enemy from behind.
They were given strict instructions not to leave their post under any circumstances.
• Several Quraish women accompanied the army of the pagans including Hinda, the
daughter of Utba,; Umm-e-Hakeem, the granddaughter of Abu Jahl, Muslim women also
took part for the first time. Among them were Aisha, Umm Salama and Umm Ammara.
• When the two armies came face to face, Abu Sufyan asked the Ansar to leave for he said
his fight was not with them. The Muslims, however, stayed united and firm. When the two
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armies clashed, the Muslim archers fired a volley of arrows into the cavalry of the Makkans
led by Khalid ibn al-Waleed, causing chaos in the ranks. Talha ibn Abi Talha, who was the
standard-bearer of the Makkans, came forward and shouted for a man to meet him in single
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combat. Hazrat Ali R.A stepped forward and killed him with a blow. The Makkan standard
was taken by Talha’s brother who was struck down by Hazrat Hamza R.A.
• The battle was fiercely fought and the Makkans were being pushed back and killed. Abu
Sufyan narrowly escaped an attack. The Muslim advance continued until the enemy lines
were broken altogether and the way to their camp was thus laid open. Khalid bin Walid tried
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to break the Muslims from behind three times but the archers held him off. Muslims got an
advantage and the Makkans started to flee from the battlefield in all directions.
• The archers posted to guard the rear of the Muslim army took his as signal to come down
and collect the spoils of war. Khalid ibn al-Waleed, noticing this fatal error on the part of the
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archers, attacked the unprotected Muslims. panic now set in and despite the Prophet
(P.B.U.H) calls, many of the Muslim warriors, who had fought bravely, rushed for safety to
the upper slopes of Uhad. Many, however, stayed and fought; a group of nine Muslims
made a protective shield around Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• The enemy tried to reach the spot where the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was. He was
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wounded in the head and face and lost his teeth. They killed the Muslim flag bearer Musab
bin Umair who resembled the Prophet. The enemy raised the cry that the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) was killed and the confusion increased.
• The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), however, stood firmly and called out to his companions to
come back. Ka'ab bin Malik announced that the Prophet was still alive. When the Muslims
saw their leader, they rejoined the battle. Soon, more support came to the Prophet
(P.B.U.H) and a group of his companions moved him to a well-protected area at the foot of
the mountain.
• Now the fighting was less one-sided. The Muslims who had rallied put up a determined
fight. Both parties were, however, extremely exhausted. Soon the fighting died down and
each army prepared to leave. Before leaving Abu Sufyan challenged for a battle next year at
Badr and the Prophet accepted his challenge.
• In this encounter 63(70) Muslims were killed and forty injured; while the enemy lost only
22 of their men. Wahshi al Harb killed HazratHamzah with a spear. Hinda mutilated the
corpse and chewed his liver in order to avenge the death of her father, Utba, killed in the
Battle of Badr at the hands of Hamza. The Holy Quran mentions this battle in these words:
“Allah did indeed fulfill His promise to you, when ye, with His permission, were about to
annihilate your enemy, until ye flinched and fell to disputing about the order and disobeyed
it after He brought in sight ( of the booty) which ye covet. Among you are some that hanker
after this world and some that desire the Hereafter---.” (3:152) “Those of you who turned
back on the day the two hosts met, --- it was Satan who caused them to fail,--.” ( 3:155)
(b) ‘Success for Muslims depends on their obedience to the Prophet.’ Discuss this
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statement in relation to Muslims today. (4)
• The defeat at Uhud occurred due to the fact that the archers did not obey the Prophet’s
command, therefore, Muslims should obey the Prophet.
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• The rules and guidance of Islam is based on the Qur’an and also the sunna and so to truly
practise Islam the way of the Prophet has to be followed.
• In battle, Muslims should stick to the rules that the Prophet gave, like not harming the
environment or women and children, and this can give Muslims success as they are
following the commands of God, which they will be rewarded for.
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• In their everyday lives Muslims can obey the Prophet’s commands as to how to live their
lives, in terms of prayer, being good to people, etc., and this will make them successful in
their lives as the guidance given is all for their betterment.
Battle of Trench: 5A.H/627AD

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• After the punishment and exile from Madinah by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), the Jews
wanted to take revenge from Muslims. A delegation of Jewish leaders therefore went to
Quraish to incite them against the Muslims and promised them their full support. They gave
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the same promise to the tribe of Banu Ghatafan and Banu Sulaiyam. The upper hand of
Quraish in the battle of Uhad motivated the Makkans and all other enemies.
• This time they assembled a large force of 10,000 soldiers under the command of Abu
Sufyan. Amongst the Army:4,000 well-armed foot-soldiers,3,000 horsemen in full
armour,1,500 camels loaded with provision,1000 camel-riding soldiers and several hundred
well-armed soldiers of other tribes.
• At the same time horsemen from the Banu Khuza'a left to warn the Prophet of the
invading army.
• As usual the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) consulted this companions, In the counsel, he
appreciated the opinion of Hazrat Salman Farsi (RA) who suggested digging a trench around
the city of Madinah in order to fortify it.
• On three sides of the city, there were rows of houses, orchards and oasis which served as
fortification only one side was unprotected. A trench, five yards deep and five yards broad
was dug. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) himself demarcated the site and worked like a
labourer.3,000 Muslims completed the trench in 20 days. In winter nights, the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) and his companions worked sometimes without food for days.
• The Allied forces were confident of an easy and quick victory. They advanced determinedly
upon the city. But they came to an abrupt halt when they found a deep and long trench
between them and the city. The trench warfare was quite unfamiliar to the Makkans and
their allies. The Muslims compelled them to stay at an adequate distance from the trench by
hurling stone and arrows at them. Thus, began the siege of Madinah, which lasted for about
27 days. The Quraysh tried to cross the trench, a couple of riders managed to cross a part
that was narrower; ‘Ali fought them off; On this occasion , Amr bin Abd Wad, an undefeated
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warrior of Quraish , challenged the Muslims for a duel. Hazrat Ali accepted his challenged
and killed him.
• At the first Banu Quraiza had refused to support the unbelievers. But later they also came
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out against the Muslims and broke their treaty with the holy Prophet. Thus there was a
mighty attack on Muslims from all sides. For this reason, the battle is also called Battle of
Ahzab or the battle of Allies. The Quran says, “Behold! They came on you from above you
and from below you, and behold! The eyes became dim and the hearts gaped up to the
throats, and ye imagined various thoughts about Allah! In that situation were the
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Believers tried: they were shaken as by a tremendous shaking.” (33:10-11).
• The hypocrites in the Muslim army, finding the situation dangerous, asked permission
from the Holy Prophet to return to their homes on the excuse that their homes were not
safe in this connection the Quran says, " Behold! A party among them said: "Ye men of
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Yathrib! ye cannot stand (the attack)! therefore go back!" And a band of them ask for
leave of Muhammad, saying, "Truly our houses are bare and exposed," though they were
not exposed they intended nothing but to run away.”[33:13]
• There was little food and water; Jabir invited the Prophet (pbuh) to eat after slaughtering
a sheep, and the prophet fed the whole army with this one animal; • A month had passed
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since the siege began. The Arabs were not a accustomed to such a long drawn war. Their
supplies began to run short. Moreover, it was winter with rain and icy cold winds. Because
of the shortage of food, forage and bad weather, a large number of their camels and horses
died. ALLAH sent a severe windstorm to the confederate forces, as well as His angels on a
very cold day. The wind blew down their tents and their cooking gear and the angels threw
fear and terror into their hearts.
They hurriedly left, leaving behind all their possessions. - This encounter known as Battle of
Tribes (ahzab) / Battle of Trench (khandaq) ended in disgrace for the Meccans and their
strength was broken forever. - This is referred in the Holy Quran that says, “… Remember
Allah’s blessing on you when hosts came down on you (to overwhelm you) : but we sent
against them a hurricane and forces ye saw not, but Allah sees all that you do” [33:9]
• Finally, BanuQuraiza, the last major tribe left in Madinah, showed treachery in the Battle
of Ditch in 627 AD. They broke the treaty with the Muslims, conspired with the Quraish and
planned to attack the Muslims from rear
. A siege was laid on their fortresses that lasted for 25 days. After this siege, as a punishment
of their treachery decided by Saad bin Muaaz, around 600 – 700 men from BanuQuraiza
were executed and their wives and children were sold as slaves. The Quran refers to this
incident in these words, “And those of the people of the book who aided them- Allah did
take them down from their strongholds and cast terror into their hearts, (so that) some ye
slew, and some you made prisoners . And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses and
their goods----”[33:26-27]
4(b) What can Muslims learn from the Prophet’s involvement in the digging of the trench?
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• The Prophet (pbuh) was the leader of the army and yet he took part in digging the
trench, despite his severe hunger.
• This teaches Muslims that no matter what their position, whether heads of state or
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community leaders, they should take part in hard work required for the benefit of the
community or others.
• It also provides a lesson in patience and perseverance, and that God will help if you
don’t give up.
• It also teaches humility, that you do not think yourself above certain types of work.
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Treaty of Hudaibiya 6A.H/628 A.D
Background:
• The Prophet saw a dream to visit Kaabah and decided to perform Umra. The Quran says,
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“Truly did Allah fulfil the vision for His Messenger: ye shall enter the Sacred Mosque, if
Allah wills, with minds secure, and without fear.” (48:27) About 1400 unarmed Muslims,
clad in two sheets of unsewn cloth, departed for Mecca in February, 628 A.D. / 6 A.H.
• The Muslim had left Madina in a State of ihram, so were prohibited from fighting. As the
Meccans refused to allow them to enter, they stayed at Hudabiyah close to Mecca.
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• For negotiations with Quraish 2 messengers were sent one after the other but they were
detained and finally Hazrat Usman was sent. When he did not return , a rumour broke out
that he was killed.
• After hearing this, the Prophet called his companions to take a pledge on his hand to lay
down their lives for the sake of Islam and avenge the blood of Hazrat Usman. The Quran
says, “Allah indeed was pleased with the believers, when the swore allegiance to you
under the tree and He knew what was in their hearts, so he sent down peace on them and
rewarded them with clear victory.” [48:18]
As this oath was taken for God’s pleasure under a tree, it is known as ‘Bait-e-Rizwan’.
Apprehended by this, the Quraish sent the messengers including Hazrat Usman back.
It also influenced the Quraish into negotiating a treaty. They sent Sohail bin Amr to
negotiate a peace treaty.
(TERMS/CLAUSES)
1. -Muslims would return to Madinah that year without performing Umrah.
2. -They would be permitted to come for Pilgrimage next year but would stay only for three
days in Makkah.
3. -If a Quraish from Makkah should join the Muslims without permission from his
guardians, he would be sent back to Makkah. But if a Muslim from Madinah went to
Makkah he would not be sent back.
4. -There would be no fighting for ten years.
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5. Muslims would be allowed to visit Makkah and Makkans would be allowed to go to Syria
through Muslim area and their trade caravans would not be attacked by the Muslims.
6. -Any of the Arab tribes might enter into treaty or alliance with either Muslims or Quraish.
After:
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7. It was also decided that they would not fight against the allies of each other.
• Apparently, the terms of the treaty were against the interest of the Muslims, and many
Muslims including Hazrat Umar were unhappy with these terms. Umar asked why the
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Muslims were demeaning their religion and was reassured by Abu Bakr and the Prophet.
•Ali was chosen to write the treaty. When the Prophet asked him to write in the name of
Allah, the merciful, the compassionate or that the Prophet was the Messenger of Allah.
Suhail objected and instead the Prophet erased it and had Ali write in your name O God and
Muhammad son of Abdullah to which the Muslims protested.
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• At that point Suhail bin Amr’s sons Abu Jandal came to the Prophet asking to be freed. But
the Prophet kept to the terms of the treaty and told him to be patient. Once they completed
the document the Prophet asked the Muslims to sacrifice their animals and shaves their
heads.
• The Prophet said that Muslims had been victorious and was supported in this by new
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revelation “Verily we have granted thee a manifest victory”(48:1)

• The Khuza’a tribe made a pact with the Muslims and the Banu Bakr made a pact with the
Quraish.
After:
(b) From this event, what can Muslims learn about the importance of keeping their word?
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• The Prophet kept his word to the Quraysh for the duration of the treaty. Even before the
treaty was finished being written, he sent Abu Jandal back to the Quraysh, on account of an
agreement having been made verbally.
• This shows the importance of promising to do something, then fulfilling that action, even if
it has not been put into writing.

• As all actions and agreements are recorded by angels, God knows what has been promised
and by fulfilling promises, no matter how hard it is, then God will reward you accordingly.
• So, e.g. politicians should not go back on the things they promise when they want to be
elected, or people should not take back something that they have promised to give a friend.
7th Year after Hijrah

The Expedition of Khyber:
• Some ten weeks after the treaty of Hudaibiya, the malice of the Jews increased to a
greater intensity. The treaty of Hudaibiya led them to think that the Muslims were weak.
They imagined that their acceptance of such humiliating terms could be due to nothing but
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weakness. They, therefore, got in touch with all those who had agreed to help them in their
fight against the Muslims, asking them to prepare to march toward Madinah.
• When the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) came to know about the proposed plot of the Jews to
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attack Madinah, he launched into prompt and immediate action. This time, the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) considered it more proper to go to Khyber swiftly, lest the Jews should
seize the chance of advancing on Madinah. Thus, he set out with 1600 believers from
Madinah in the month of Muharram of 7 A.H/628AD and reached Khyber, the strongest and
most fortified settlement of the Jews, in three days.
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• The Jews were surprised when they saw the Muslims marching on toward Khyber, they
immediately rushed to their fortresses. There were several fortified quarters and 7 big forts
in Khyber. Qamus, (An-Nizar) was the strongest fort whose ruler was the all-Arab famous
warrior Marhab, He was stronger than 1000 horsemen.
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• According to historians, there was a force of about 20,000 Jews in the forts. When the
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) realized that the Jews were prepared to fight, he ordered an attack.
The first battle took place on the fort called Na’im. A fierce battle took place and the fort
was conquered. The Muslims captured other small fortresses as well, without much
difficulty, but when they reached the famous and impregnable fort of Qamus they found it
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very difficult to conquer. The fight prolonged to 20 days. Each day they had to return
without success.
• When the Muslims complained to the prophet about their successive failures, he
consoled them and told them that next day he give the flag and command to the person
who was dear to Allah, and to whom Allah was dearer ,and that person would succeed in
taking Al-Qamus. Next morning ,when all were assembled the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
beckoned ‘Ali (R.A) and with his own hands put the amour on him, handed him the sword
and stuff ,and sent him forth as the commander of the Muslim troops for that day.
• Seeing Muslims under the command of Hazrat ‘Ali (R.A) , Marhab came out of the fort and
invited Hazrat ‘Ali (R.A) for a combat. The fight took place between Marhab and Hazrat’ Ali
(R.A) in which Hazrat , Ali (R.A) killed him in the first attack. Then a fierce battle started, and
the Jews were forced to give in and the fort was captured by the Muslims. Ali is said to have
moved a door by himself which would have taken many men to move.
• With the fall of Qamus, the gardens of Khaybar now came under the control of the
Muslims and they allowed their Jewish owners to continue working the land in exchange for
an annual rent of half their harvest. The Jews realized that the end must come. They
requested the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) to grant them peace on the condition that they would
pay him half the produce of their lands. Their lives, property women and children were left
untouched. Abdullah Ibn Umar reported “The Prophet (P.B.U.H) made a deal with people
of Khaybar that they would have half the fruits and vegetation of the land they
cultivated.” Spoils of war fell into the hands of the Muslims. Besides vast stores of dates, oil,
honey and barley, flocks of sheep and herds of camels, the spoils in treasure and jewels was
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very large
(b) Explain why it was important for the Muslims of Madina to fight in it? [4]
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• As peaceful settlements were not accepted, the Prophet had to carry out a military
campaign to prevent further disruptions upon the Muslims from these parts, as they did not
want to be continually fighting in minor skirmishes.
• It was therefore a matter of survival for the Muslim community.
• Had they not fought, it could have led to insecurity as they would not have known when
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the next attack would come from there.
• It was also important as God had promised them abundant spoils from this campaign
(sura 48.20). The Quran says, “Allah has promised you abundant spoils which you shall
acquire. He has instantly granted you this (victory) and has restrained the hands of people
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from you that it may be a Sign for the believers and He may guide you to a Straight Way.”
Battle of Mu'tah
• This battle took place in Jumada Al-Ula 8 A.H. / September 629 A.D. Mu'tah is a village
that lies on the borders of geographical Syria. The Prophet (pbuh) had sent Al-Harith bin
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'Umair Al-Azdi to carry a letter to the ruler of Basra. On his way, he was killed by
Sharhabeel bin'Amr Al-Ghassani, the governor of Al-Balqa' and a close ally to Caesar, the
Byzantine Emperor. The Prophet (pbuh) was shocked on hearing the news and ordered
that a large army of 3000 men be mobilized and dispatched to the north to discipline the
transgressors.
• Zaid bin Haritha was appointed to lead the army. Ja'far bin Abi Talib would replace him
if he was killed, and 'Abdullah bin Rawaha would succeed Ja'far in case the latter fell. A
white banner was raised and handed over to Zaid. The Muslim army then marched
northward to Syria. Heraclius had mobilized a hundred thousand troops together with
another hundred thousand men from Arabian tribes allied to the Byzantines.
• Zaid bin Haritha assumed leadership and began to fight tenaciously and in matchless
spirit of bravery until he fell, fatally stabbed. Ja'far bin Abi Talib then took the banner and
did a miraculous job. In the thick of the battle, he kept on fighting until his right hand was
cut off. He seized the banner with his left hand until this too was gone. He then clasped
the banner with both arms until a Byzantine soldier struck and cut him into two parts.
'Abdullah bin Rawaha then proceeded to hold up the banner and fight bravely until he too
was killed.
• The honour was unanimously granted to Khalid bin Al-Waleed. He reshuffled the right
and left flanks of the Muslim army and introduced forward a division from the rear in
order to cast fear into the hearts of the Byzantine by deluding them that fresh
reinforcements had arrived. The Muslims engaged with the enemies in sporadic
skirmishes but gradually and judiciously retreating in a fully organized and well-planned
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withdrawal.
• The Byzantines, seeing this new strategy, believed that they were being entrapped and
drawn in the heart of the desert. They stopped the pursuit, and consequently the Muslims
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managed to retreat to Madinah with the slightest losses. The Muslims sustained twelve
martyrs, Even though the battle did not satisfy the Muslims' objective, namely avenging
Al-Harith's murder, it resulted in a far-ranging impact and attached to the Muslims a great
reputation in the battlefields.
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Conquest of Makkah (630AD)
• After the treaty of Hudaibiyah, Banu Bakr entered into an alliance with the Quraish, while
Banu Khuza,a made a pact with the Messenger of Allah. Two year after Treaty of
Hudaibiyah, Banu Bakr, the allies of the Quraish attacked the Banu Khuza,a, the allies of
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Muslims. Quraish helped the Banu Bakr by providing them weapons. Some Quraish leader
also fought alongside Banu Bakr secretly at night. Banu Bakr Killed several men of Banu
Khuza,a. The Chief of Banu Khuza,ah with a party of forty men came to Madinah to seek
help and protection. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) demanded from Quraish to accept any of the
three alternatives:
i.To pay Blood money to the families of the murdered men of Banu Khuza,ah
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ii.To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr

iii.To dissolve the treaty of Hudaibiyah
The Quraish opted for the third alternative but soon realized that they were no match for
the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and sent Abu Sufyan to settle the affairs.
• Abu Sufyan the visited his daughter Umm-Habiba, one of the wives of the Prophet
(p.b.u.h) but she refused to do anything for him. He then went to Abu Bakr, Umer, Uthman
and Ali (R.A) one after another, but they too refused to mediate on his behalf. Then he went
to the Mosque of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and announced that the Quraish would guarantee
peace and protection to all, but
the Prophet (p.b.u.h) rejected his offer.
• The Prophet (p.b.u.h) prepared an army of ten thousands Men: he maintained complete
secrecy, to Prevent Quraish from making alliance with their neighbouring tribes. The
Prophet (p.b.u.h) set out for Makkah on 10th Ramadan 8th A.H/630AD. The Muslims
camped outside Makkah. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) ordered his followers to light up torches
outside their tents. The sight of fires magnified the size of the Muslims army, the Quraish
were demoralized. Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to spy and was captured and brought to Allah’s
Apostle (p.b.u.h.At the point, HazraT Umar suggesred to kill him,but he embraced islam.
• Before entering Makkah the Prophet (p.b.u.h) proclaimed that whosever remained in his
own house would be safe, whoever was in Ka,bah would be safe even those who entered
the house of Abu Sufyan would be safe. Thus, safely was guaranteed even to the worst
enemy of islam. On entering Makkah, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) told his army not to use arms
against any one, unless they met with resistance or were attacked. He ordered them to
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avoid bloodshed: and commanded them not to harm the old, the women and the children.
• He divided his army into four columns; each column was assigned a specific part of
Makkah to capture. The Muslims entered peacefully. The column of Khalid Bin Waleed was
two Muslims embraced martyrdom.

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showered with arrows and fought back; thirteen men from the Quraish were killed while
• The Prophet (p.b.u.h)) went to Ka,bah and performed Tawaf. He went inside and prayed.
Then he purified it, there were about 360 idols in Ka,bah, he destroyed them, while doing he
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recited, ‘’And say the truth has come and falsehood has banished. Surely falsehood is
bound to parish’’ (Al-Isra 17:81)
• A general amnesty was proclaimed throughout Makkah. The Prophet (p.b.u.h) then
assembled the Quraish near mount Safa and delivered a sermon. At the end of the sermon,
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he asked them, ‘’ O people of Quraish what do you think i will do with you?’’ They
replied,(we think you will treat us) well, noble brother, son of noble brother, He said “I
shall speak to you as Yusuf [Joseph] spoke to his brothers, “there is no reproach against you
today; God will forgive. He is the most merciful and the most Compassionate.” (Yusuf
12:92) And he added , “no more responsibility burdens you today, Go, for you a free”
• The Quraish were greatly impressed by the mercy and forgiveness of the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
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and accepted Islam. The Quran says regarded the Conquest of Makkah, ‘’When comes the
help of Allah and victory and see people entering the religion of Allah in throngs’’ (Al-Nasr
110:1-2). The Prophet (p.b.u.h) stayed at Makkah for about nineteen days during which is
made arrangement for the administration of Makkah.
(b) Can Muslims today learn from the Prophet’s treatment of his former enemies? Give
reasons for your answer. [4]
• Yes, they can learn from his treatment of his former enemies because the Prophet (pbuh)
forgave those who had shown a lot of enmity towards him, such as Abu Sufyan.
• In following this example, Muslims can forgive those in their life who call them names,
abuse them, or try to stop them from doing good, especially if they are sorry for what they
have done. A grudge should not be held against them.
• In Makka the Prophet (pbuh) forgave everyone except including those who had killed his
family members such as Wahshi and Hind.
• Muslims should realise that forgiveness is always a better option than revenge. They
should not take revenge despite having the power to do so.
The Battle of Hunain
• The victory of Makkah which came forth as a consequence of a swift blow astonished
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both the Arabs and other tribes. The ruling of Ta’if, Banu Saqif and warrior tribes of Banu
Hawazin were still enemies of Islam.
• Malik bin Awf the general leader decided to march and fight the Muslims. Alliance forceof
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20000 men was prepared and they camped in the hills of Awtas to the south east of
Makkah. The Banu Hawazain and Banu Saqif encamped in the valley of Hunain and posted
theirs archers covering the pass in the valley which the Holy Prophet and his forces must
cross before they could reach the other side.
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• The Muslim army was twelve thousand in number, including two thousand newly
converted Makkans.Seeing how great number the Muslims set out on this expedition with
extreme confidence that mounted to over confidence. Some of them said, “ We shall not be
defeated.” This statement was not liked by Allah. It is said in the Holy Qur’an, “Truly Allah
has given you victory on many battle fields, and on the Day of Hunain (battle) when you
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rejoiced at your great number, but it availed you naught and the earth, vast as it is, was
straitened for you, then you turned back in fight. Then Allah did send down His calmness
and reassurance on the Messenger ( Muhammad), and on the believers, and sent down
forces (angels) which you saw not, and punished the disbelievers. Such is the recompense
of disbelievers.” (Surah-Al-Tauba 09 : Verses:25-26)
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• As the Muslims advanced, they were met with showers of arrows from all sides, while the
main portion of Hawazain’s army attacked them from the front. The Muslims could not
stand the fierce attack so they fell back. It caused a terrible disorder among the Muslim
army. They fled from the battle field and a small band of followers firmly stuck up with the
Holy Prophet.
• At that moment, the Holy Prophet said at the top of his voice,
“Truly saying, I am the Prophet; I am the (grand) son of Abdul-Muttalib.” (Al-Tabari) These
words had desired effects. Hazrat Abbas was also asked to call the people back because of
his resonant voice,Muslims uttered “Labbaik! Labbaik!” (Here we are at your service. Here
we are). They threw jumped off their camels ad horses and attacked the enemy in all fury.
Both of the armies stood fast and fought fiercely. The Holy Prophet threw a handful of dust
at the face of enemy saying, “May your faces be disfigured.” Their eyes were thick with dust
and the enemy began to retreat in utter confusion.
• They fled and left their women, children and cattle. because their leader Malik bin ‘Awf
had told everyone to take their families and belongings with them, the Muslims captured
huge spoils of war which consisted of 24000 camels, 40000 sheep and 40000 Oqias (ounces)
of silver. About seventy men of Banu Saqif were killed and six thousand were prisoners. The
prisoners were sent to the valley of Jiranah and the Prophet chased the granted by
Allah.fleeing enemy.
• After this event the Prophet(pbuh) laid siege to Taif and after some time people of Taif
embraced Islam. Consequently the Prophet(pbuh) freed the prisoners and returned the
spoils. Thus, his prayer for the people of Taif was granted by allah.
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Tabuk Expedition
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• The Relationship between the Muslims and Christians were strained since the battle of
Mutah. The Byzantines were afraid of the growing power of Arabia and the spread of Islam.
The emperor Heraclius collected a large force to attack Madina. When the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
learned about the preparation, he gave a call for jihad.
• The time of the expedition was unfavourable as there was drought and famine in Arabia.
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The summer was extremely hot. The date crop was ready to be harvested. The Arabs tribes
were hesitant to fight the Byzantines whom they considered very powerful and it was a long
journey through a barren desert.
• Besides, the Hypocrites, under the leadership of Abdullah bin Ubay spread
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discontentment and fear amongst the Muslims. They made excuses not to accompany the
Messenger of Allah and said that they feared the enemy and the intense heat. Allah said of
them, "Those who were left behind rejoiced in staying behind the Messenger of Allah and
were against struggling with their possessions and their selves in the way of Allah. They said
go not forth in the heat, say the fire of hell is hotter, did they but understand"(9:81).
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• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) asked for donations and charity for the preparation of the
expedition. The Muslims made great contribution, Abu Bakr R.A gave all his possessions,
Umar gave half his property, while Uthman gave 900 camels and 100 horses, and a 1000
gold dinars. Women donated their ornaments. On this occasion, the Prophet (pbuh)
appointed Hazrat Ali as his deputy in Madina and said, “You are to me as Haroon was to
Musa(A.S) except there will be no Prophet after me.”
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) gathered an army of 30000 and marched to Tabuk in Rajab 9 A.H.
After 7 days of journey, the Muslims reached Tabuk. When the Romans heard of Muslims
advanced with such a huge force, they withdrew from border towns, and dispersed. the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) did not pursue them in their own territory.
• He sent small expedition against various Christians and Jew Rulers in the neighbourhood.
Many Christians tribes entered into alliance with the Muslim and came under their
protections and agreed to pay Jizyah. In return, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) guaranteed them the
security of their boarders and territories as well as safety of their caravans and their ships
traveling by land and see. He returned to Madinah after staying in Tabuk for 20 days.
• The Conspiracy to kill Messenger (saw) by the hypocrites was always there, even on the
way back from Tabuk.
Abu Qatadah was there to protect him. There was a group of hypocrites ready to kill the
Messenger (saw), they said let us kill him (saw). Twelve of them gathered and conspired to
hit the Messenger’s mule, near the valley, so that he would fall down and be killed.
Hudaifah bin Yaman and Abu Qatadah saw that the Messenger (saw) was close to edge.
Hudaifa went and held the reins of the Messenger’s mule. The hypocrites went to make
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noise and unsettle the mule while the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was passing through the mountain
road, Allah said, regarding this "They swear by Allah that they said nothing (evil) but
indeed they uttered disrespect and they did it after accepting Islam and they meditated a
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plot which they were unable to carry out."(9:74)
• This was the last military expedition the prophet(pbuh) took part.
3(b) The Battle of Tabuk became a mission of peace instead of war. What can Muslims
learn from this? [4]
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• The Prophet (pbuh) had set off to fight the Byzantines. They did not show, and so there
was no war. The Prophet (pbuh) made treaties with people along the border. Some lessons
Muslims can learn could be:
• Muslims should favour peace over fighting and should not indulge in warfare
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unnecessarily.
• Muslims should fight in self defence just as the Prophet (pbuh) did, preferring to make
peace with those in neighbouring regions. For example, a peace treaty between India and
Pakistan can contribute to the prosperity of both the Nations.
• Showing unity could help remove the need to fight.
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Letters to Kings and Emperors

Late in the six year A.H., on his return from Hudaibiyah, the Prophet Muhammad , decided
to send messages to the kings beyond Arabia calling them to Islam. In order to authenticate
the credentials of his envoys, a silver seal was made in which were graven the words:
"Muhammad the Messenger of Allâh"
1. Heraclius, the Emperor of Byzantine

The Prophet (p.b.u.h) sent his envoy Dahyah Kalbi to Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor,
inviting him to Islam. Heraclius wanted to know more about the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and
sent his people to find out all they could. Abu Sufyan happened to be in Ghazzah on a
business trip and he was brought to the court. Heraclius asked him many questions about
Prophet (p.b.u.h). Abu Sufyan testified to the morals and the character of the Prophet
(p.b.u.h). When Heraclius heard Abu Sufyan’s answers, he was certain that Muhammad
(p.b.u.h) was a prophet of Allah; however, he did not accept Islam under the influence of
his court. He was nevertheless courteous to the envoy and paid him due respect.
2. Muqawqis of Egypt
Hatib bin abi Baitah (r.a) was sent to Egypt. Muqawqis the king of Egypt was a Coptic
Christian. When the king read the letter, he said that he knew that a prophet was to appear,
but according to his knowledge that prophet would come in Syria. Muqawqis did not accept
Islam, however he was courteous to the envoy, and sent gifts to the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
among them were two Coptic Christian ladies named Mariyah and Sirin and a mare. The
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Prophet (p.b.u.h) gave Sirin to Hassan ibn Thabit and he took Mariyah as his wife, she was
mother of his son Ibrahim.
3. Chosroes,
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Emperor of Persia Abdullah bin Abi Hudaifah was sent to Chosroes (Khusrau Pervez), the
Emperor of Persia. When Chosroes saw the name of Allah and Muhammad (p.b.u.h) at the
top of the letter, he was furious and tore the letter into pieces. When the messenger of
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Allah heard about the Chosroes’ reaction, he predicted that soon his empire would be torn
up. The Persian Empire was spread as far as Yemen, hence Chosroes commanded the
governor of Yemen to arrest the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and bring him to his court. When his men
came to arrest the Prophet (p.b.u.h), he told them that their king was already dead. They
were so impressed by the prophecy that they accepted Islam.
him
4. Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia Negus,

The Emperor of Abyssinia was a Christian ruler. He had earlier given shelter to the Muslims
when they migrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution at the hand of Quraish. Umro bin
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Ummayyah was sent to Abyssinia to invite Negus to Islam. He accepted Islam and he
showed great respect to the envoy. He also sent presents to the Prophet (p.b.u.h). Negus
died during the lifetime of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and he offered funeral prayers for Negus
when he heard of his death.
5. Abd and Jaifar,

the rulers of Oman Abd and Jaifar, were joint Kings of Oman at that time. The letter was
sent through ‘Amr Ibn al-‘Aas. This letter was sent asking the people of Oman to convert to
Islam.” So in response to the letter, Oman was the first country to convert to Islam without
any war. It is said that the Prophet (peace be upon him) made a prayer for the Omani
people that they will never have enemies from outside.”
6. Munzir ibn Sawa,

Governor of Bahrain The Prophet , despatched ‘Al-‘Ala’ bin Al-Hadrami to the governor of
Bahrain, carrying a letter inviting him to embrace Islam. In reply, Munzir bin Sawa accepted
Islam and wrote the following letter: "Allâh’s Messenger ! I received your injunctions. Prior
to this, I read your letter, which you wrote to the people of Bahrain extending to them an
invitation to Islam. Islam appealed to some of them and they entered the fold of Islam,
while others did not find it appealing."
7. Harith Ghassani ,
King of Damascus Hazrat Shuja bin Wahab was sent to Harith Ghassani, the king of
Damascus was very angry at reading the letter. He ordered his armies to attack the Holy
Prophet. Muslims were awaiting his onslaught, but the armies never appeared.
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Final Year of Prophet’s(pbuh)
Life The Holy Prophet (pbuh) performed his farewell pilgrimage in 10 A.H/631
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A.D. The news was sent to the desert tribes, and multitudes flocked to the
oasis from all directions, eager to accompany Allah’s Prophet (P.B.U.H) at every
step of this event. The actions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) during this
farewell pilgrimage, established the rituals of the Hajj forever. He delivered
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his last sermon at the plain of Arafat on Jabal-alRahma (The Mount of Mercy)
on 9th of zilhajj. He addressed about 1,14,000 companions. The subjects dealt
with in this Farewell Sermon lay down the essence of what the holy Prophet
(pbuh) had communicated and taught during his lifetime. It explains the basic
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duties of Islam and one of the most important teachings is that the Holy
Prophet (pbuh) says he leaves the Quran and his Ahadith as the foundation
upon which Muslims should lead their lives.
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The Holy Prophet (pbuh) told about his impending death and asked everyone
to listen attentively. He warned the Muslim Ummah against the evil practices
of pagan hood, declaring Satan as the open enemy of the believers. He told
about the sanctity of life and property. “O people! Just as you regard this
month, this day and this city as sacred, so regard the life and property of
every Muslim as a sacred trust.” The Holy Prophet (pbuh) emphasized upon
fulfilling the rights of Allah by worshipping Him alone and by performing the
pillars of Islam. “ Behold, worship your Lord; after praying 5 times a day;
observe fast in the month of Ramadan; pay Zakat on your property; and
perform pilgrimage to the House of Allah.” The Holy Prophet (pbuh) taught
about the equality of all mankind. He said,
“All mankind is from Adam and an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab,
nor has a non-Arab over the Arab. Similarly, no white has superiority over
the black; nor have a black over white; except by piety and good
action…..you are all the children of Adam, and Adam was made of mud.”
Prophet (pbuh) also said that every Muslim is a brother to another Muslim and
that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood. “Learn that every Muslim is a
brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood.”
Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belongs to a fellow
Muslimunless it was given freely and willingly. He declared that the taking of
interest (riba) was completely forbidden. He emphasized on the rights of
women especially as wives and also introduced the rights of the slaves. He laid
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special emphasis on their good treatment. “O people! You have rights over
your wives and your wives have rights over you. Treat your wives with
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kindness. Verily, you have taken them on the security of Allah and made
them lawful unto you by the words of Allah. And feed your slaves as you feed
yourselves and cloth them as you cloth yourselves. If they commit a fault
which you are unwilling to forgive, then sell them.”
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The holy Prophet (pbuh) also reminded the Muslims about their obligation of
transmitting his teachings to future generations “Let him who is present tell it
to him who is absent.” The religion and his prophet hood were completed after
the last sermon as he said “O people! No prophet or apostle will come after
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me and no new faith will be born. Reason well, therefore, O people!

Understand my words, I convey to you.”
• On this occasion, he received the last revelation, “This day have I perfected
your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have chosen for you
Islam as your religion.” (5:3) He concluded his sermon with an earnest
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question: “O people, have I faithfully delivered unto you my message?” The

words ‘Allah humman’am reverberated throughout the valley. The Prophet
(P.B.U.H) raised his right hand and said: “O Allah, bear witness!”
• On his return to Madinah, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) organized the provinces and
tribal communities. He appointed officers to collect Zakat from the newly
converted tribes and people of the Peninsula. Meanwhile many more
deputations arrived at Madina to accept Islam. the Prophet (P.B.U.H) also
ordered Usama ibn Zaid ibn Haritha to lead an expedition to Syria.
• Two month after his return to Madina the Prophet (P.B.U.H) fell ill with
headache and fever. He remained sick for about two weeks. At first, he
performed all his duties as usual and led the prayers. On the fifth day of his
illness, he retired to the apartment of Hazrat Aisha with the consent of his
other wives.. When he became two weak, he appointed Hazrat Abu Bakr to
lead the prayers.
• On the last day of his life the Prophet (P.B.U.H) came in the mosque
supported by his attendants, and joined the congregational prayer behind
Hazrat Abu Bakr when Abu Bakr heard him coming , he tried to retreat but
Allah’ Apostle asked him to carry on. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) sat on his left side.
After the prayer, He begged forgiveness from his hearers, and exhorted them
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to follow the path of Allah, he said, “There is a slave amongst the slaves of
Allah unto whom Allah has offered the choice between this world and that
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which is with Him, and the slave has chosen that which is with Allah.” Hazrat
Abu Bakr R.A wept because he knew that the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was
speaking himself and his imminent death.
• Then he advised the Muslims to be careful about the rights of Ansar and to
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treat them well. He ordered to shut all the doors that opened to the mosque
accept door of Abu Bakr House he said “be watchful about your five daily
prayers and rights of your women and servants.”. He warned the Muslims not
to worship his grave. He had some cash with Hazrat Aisha which he gave away
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as alms. Aisha said, “His last act was cleanings of his mouth with a brush
made of a soft branch of a tree and his last words were, “now, none but he
the companions on high is needed.”the Prophet (P.B.U.H) died on Monday
June 8th 632AD, 12th Rabi ul Awal 11 AH. Everyone was stunned with grief.
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) was buried in the same place where he had died; in the
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house of Aisha, his funeral prayer was performed in batches his family
members including Hazrat Ali and Abbas bin Abdul Mutlib lowered him in his
grave.
(OPTIONAL)Hazrat Umar was so shocked that he drew out his sword and
declared that he would kill anyone who said the Prophet had died. When Abu
Bakr learned about the death of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) after ascertaining the
fact, he said, “O People! Lo as for him who worshipped Mohammad,
Muhammad is died but as for him who worshiped Allah, Allah is alive and dies
not. Then he recited the following words of Quran, “ Muhammad is no more
than an apostle.. Many were the apostle that passed away before him. If he
died or were slain will you then turn back on your heels? A –Imran(3:144)”
Qualities (Model of Excellence):

Intro:
Intro: The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is an excellent model for the Muslims to follow in all walks of
life. He had an ideal character and conduct. Allah testified to his character. “And you stand
on an exalted standard of character “ (Al Quran 68:4).Again Allah says “you have indeed in
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the Apostle of Allah a beautiful pattern of conduct. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) manners were
ideal, he said, “Allah sent me to complete the excellent virtues and to perfect the good
manners.” Aisha R.A was asked about the habits of Prophet (P.B.U.H) she replied, “His
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habits were in accordance with teachings of Quran.” Muslims should take the life of
Prophet (P.B.U.H) as a model for themselves in every sphere of life and should mould their
character and personality according to it.
1. Patience and perseverance

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Prophet (P.B.U.H) passed through a period of great distress and hardships at Makkah. He
bore all the difficulties with patience and never complained about them. Inspite of the ill
treatment of his enemies, he always treated them kindly and never cursed them. He
endured the persecutions of the Quraish until he was forced to leave Makkah,
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• When the Prophet’s opponents greatly increased their persecution, his companions asked
him to curse them. At this the Prophet replied:“I have not been sent to lay a curse upon
men but to be a blessing to them” His opponents continued to treat him and his
companions unjustly and cruelly, but he always prayed for them.
• In the early Makkan period when the enemies of the new religion far exceeded the
Prophet’s companions in number, it often happened that when the Prophet would stand to
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pray, his foes would come near him and whistle and clap in order to disturb him, but the
Prophet would not even once show his anger at such acts. He always opted for the policy of
tolerance and avoidance of confrontation.
• In one instance when the Prophet was praying at the Ka’bah while his enemies were
watching his every move and action, one of his adversaries put on his back the intestine of a
slaughtered camel during his prostration. The Prophet did not react and stayed in that
position. His daughter, Fatimah, rushed to take the filth off his back and cleaned him up.
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) went to Taif to invite them to Islam, but Banu Saqeef refused to
listen to him, they abused him and pelted him with stones. He took shelter in the shade of a
wall of a garden outside Taif and prayed to Allah, at that time the angel Jibrail said, “Allah
has heard the way your people have responded. He has, therefore, sent this angel in charge
of the mountains. You may command him as you please. Then the angel of the mountains
greeted and submitted, If u like I would overturn the mountains from either side upon these
people. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) replied, “no but I expect that Allah will create from their
children those will worship none but Allah, the one.” later, they attacked Madinah, and
fought many battles with him but he bore all their aggression with patience. His conduct
was exemplary which finally made him victorious.
2. Honesty and Trustworthiness :

Prophet (P.B.U.H) was honest and truthful. He was a poor orphan who started trade with his
uncle, but in short period; he became well known and respected. He was known as Al-Sadiq
(the truthful) and Al-Amin (the trust worthy)
• When the dispute arose among the various tribes of Makkah as to who should lay the
Black Stone, they decided the one who entered Ka’bah the next morning would place it.
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They were very pleased when Muhammad (P.B.U.H) happened to enter the Ka’bah the next
morning as they trusted him for his honesty.
• When Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was elevated to Prophet Hood the Quraish abused him,
right.” (Ibn Ishaque)

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called him mad, bewitched etc, but never called him a liar. Abu Jahl his bitterest enemy
often said, “Muhammad, I do not say that you are a liar, but what you say I do not think
• When Allah commanded the Prophet (P.B.U.H) to invite his people to Islam. He called the
Quraish at the mount Safa and said, “If I were to tell you that any enemy was advancing to
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attack you from the back of the hill, would you believe me?” They said, yes, we have
always known you to be truthful. However, when he invited them to Islam, they turned
away.
Khadijah married him because of his high morals and honesty. Khadijah was a wealthy
widow, who used to send her merchandise to other countries. When she heard about
him
Muhammad’s (P.B.U.H) truthfulness and trustworthiness, she sent for him and proposed
that he should take her goods. He came back with double the profits that she normally used
to get. She was so impressed by his high character that she proposed marriage to him.
• People of Makkah used to keep their belongings with him for safe keeping. At the time of
migration, though his life was in danger he entrusted the belongings of people to Ali (R.A.)
before leaving Makkah.
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3. Humility and Simplicity:

Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was a simple man. He was unceremonious and informal his
habits. He ate whatever was available, wore coarse cloths. His bed consisted of a blanket
and a pillow of date fiber covered with leather. He ate bread made from coarse flour, and
spent days on dates only. He sat on floor, bare ground or a mat, without any hesitation even
when he was the ruler of Madinah. It is reported “Allah’s messenger Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
used to patch his sandals, sew his garment and conduct himself at home as anyone of you
does in his house.”
• His companions used to stand up to show respect to him when he appeared in their midst
but he forbade them saying, “Don’t stand up for me as the unbelievers do to show respect
to others.” He lived humbly all his life and never boasted of his social or political status even
after his success at Madina. There are many incidents of his humility reported by his
companions and recorded in history books. Anas said that Allah’s messenger used to visit
the sick, accompany funeral and accept the invitation of slaves.
• It is reported by Anas that when Allah’s messenger performed pilgrimage he kept on
reporting. “O Allah! make this pilgrimage, a pilgrimage without pretence and fame.” His
companions had a great deal of love and respect for him. However they did not stand up
when he entered a room, as he disliked it. He did not wish to be treated as a ruler.
• Someone asked Hazrat Aisha about the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) life at home. She replied
that he did household work. He mended clothes and shoes, milked the goats and swept the
house. He shared and ate his meals with the slaves and the poor. He sat with the needy and
the destitute in such a way that no one could tell the difference between him and poor
people. When he went to an assembly, he sat wherever he found place.
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• When he was entering Makkah as a conqueror, he was not proud or boastful like a worldly
conqueror. An expression of humility and gentleness was on his face and he lowered his
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head in such a way that it touched the saddle of his camel.
• It is reported by Hazrat Umar the he heard the holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) say: “Do not praise
me as the Christians praise the son of Mary. I am a servant of God, call me a servant and
messenger of God.” Another one of his companions reported him as saying, “Allah has
revealed to me that you must be humble, so that no one boasts that he is better than
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other.” The Prophet (P.B.U.H) always lived in a humble way and taught his followers to do
the same. He lived the life of an ordinary human being and showed by his own example,
how to live humbly, even in greatness
4. Justice and equality:

him
Prophet (P.B.U.H) was a just man; he never considered himself above anyone. He sat among
people like ordinary man; worked liked that ordinary labourer with his companions in the
construction of Mosque of Madinah. He also participated in digging the trench around
Madinah with other Muslims at the time of battle of Allies.
• Once the Muslims were on journey everyone took charge of doing a certain duty. The
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Prophet (P.B.U.H) took charge of collecting wood from jungle.

• Abbas the Prophet (P.B.U.H) uncle and Aaszainab’s husband were taken prisoners during
the battle of Badr. They were treated the same way, the other prisoners were treated. The
companions asked the holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) to free them without taking ransom, but he
refused to treat them differently.
• The Prophet (P.B.U.H) treated people with fairness and never discriminated between
Muslims and nonMuslims in matter of justice. The Jews used to come to him to have their
disputes settled,. A Muslim went to Khyber and was killed by the Jews his son complained to
the Prophet (P.B.U.H) he said, “If you swear as to who has committed the murder, you will
have the right to take your right from the murderer. They said, How should we swear if we
did not witness the murder or see the murderer?” The Jews were the only people who lived
in Khyber and there was no doubt to the fact that they had killed the man, but since there
was no eyewitness, the Prophet (P.B.U.H)did not ask them anything; and paid the blood
money from the state treasury.
• Once a woman from an influential tribe of Makkah stole; the Prophet (P.B.U.H) order her
hand to be cut. Usama bin Zaid approached the Prophet (P.B.U.H) on behalf of the woman.
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “the people before you were destroyed because they used to
inflict the legal punishments on the poor and forgive the rich. By God! if my daughter
Fatimah did that , I would cut off her hand”.
• In administering justice, he made no distinction between believers and nonbelievers,
friends and foes, high and low. Once a Muslim and a Jew had a business dispute, when the
matter was brought to the Prophet (pbuh) he decided in favour of the jew.
5. Generosity
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Generosity means giving freely without expecting anything in return. The Holy Prophet
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) liked generosity as one of the quality of believers and has encouraged
Muslims to show a generous attitude towards every needy person. The generosity and
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kindness of the heart of the holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was a household world.
• During the month of Ramzan, he would give away so lavishly as to leave hardly anything
for himself. He never kept money with him overnight. If he had anything left, before
nightfall he would give it to the needy and destitute. If he came across someone who was
starving, he would give him hi meal and remain hungry himself.
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• Once a man who had embraced Islam asked the Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) for
some goats and sheep. It so happened that at this time the holy Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) had recently being given great abundance of these animals. He gave the man so
many that they filled the space between to hills.
him
• The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was once given 70,000 dirhams, which he began
to distribute among the beggars soon the whole amount was exhausted. After all the
beggars had departed and old man came and asked for alms. The Holy Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) had nothing left to give but he did not want to send the man away empty-handed.
He therefore, borrowed something from another and gave it to him.
• When Prophet (pbuh) returned a debt he gave more than he owed.When a Jewish man
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came to demand back the money the Prophet owed him, he grabbed the Prophet by the
collar. ‘Umar got angry at the Jew, but the Prophet smiled. He asked for the debt to be
repaid and extra given due to the harsh treatment by ‘Umar. Even when he asked for water
from a woman to drink, he gave the water skins back with more water in them as well as
some food.
• He was also generous with his prayers, praying for those who hurt him rather than asking
for their destruction, e.g. at Ta’if and Uhud.
6. Mercy and Forgiveness

• Forgiveness is to not have anger, or to show kindness to someone who has wronged you.
Prophet (P.B.U.H) never took revenge from anyone and always forgave even his bitterest
enemies. Hazrat Aisha said that Prophet (P.B.U.H) never returned evil for evil, but would
always forgive and pardon. The Quraish rebuked him, taunted and mocked at him, beat him
and abused him. They even tried to kill him. When the persecution and aggression of the
Quraish became unbearable, his companions requested him to curse them but the Prophet
(P.B.U.H) said, “O Allah! Forgive my people for they know not.”
• After the Holy Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) migration to Madinah the Quraish waged many wars
against him. In the Battle of Uhad, when his head and face were injured his companion
asked him to curse them, but he said that he was not sent to curse people but to invite
them to path of Allah.
• When Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) conquered Makkah, he did not take revenge, but forgave
everyone. Even Abu Sufyan was forgiven and anyone who took refuge in his house was also
forgiven, Similarly, the Abyssinian slaveWahshi al Harb who had killed Hazrat Hamza in the
Battle of Uhad, Hinda, who had torn out his liver and Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl were forgiven.
• The people of Taif, who threw stones at the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) when he visited that
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town in order to invite them to Islam, and the Jews of Madinah who were always engaged in
hostile activities against the Muslims, were also forgiven by him.
• Abdullah bin Ubbay, the leader of hypocrites, worked all his life against the Holy Prophet
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(P.B.U.H) and Islam. He was continuously involved in intrigues with the chiefs of Makkah to
wage war against the Muslim. In the Battle of Uhad, he deserted with three hundred of his
supporters, thus weakening the Muslim army. Yet, after his death, the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) prayed to Allah to forgive him. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) was an example of
forgiveness and kindness, as mentioned in the Holy Quran: “Hold to forgiveness; command
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what is right (7:199)”
7. Fulfilment of Promises
The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) fulfilled his promises. He was always held in such trust that
him
people left their valuable with him for safe keeping.

• When the king of Rome received a letter from the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) inviting him to
Islam, he called the Arab traders who were than visiting his country. He asked some
questions about the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) from their leader Abu Sufyan, who was at that
time, one of the bitterest enemies of Islam. One of the questions was whether the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) had ever broken his promise. Abu Sufyan replied that he had never
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broken his promise.

• One of the conditions of the Treaty of Hudaibiya was that if any Muslim from Makkah
went to Madina, he would be returned. When the Treaty of Hudaibiya was being written.
Abu Jandal, bound in chains, escaped from Makkah and came to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
asking for refuge. The Muslims were shocked to see him in this condition, but the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) said to him “O Abu Jandal! be patient, we cannot break the Treaty. Allah
will very soon find a way for you”. He was returned to people of Makkah.
• Two companions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) while coming from Makkah were caught by
the unbelievers. They were released on the condition that they would not fight on the side
of the Muslims in the battle of Badr. They came to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and informed
him about the incident. The Muslims were very few in number and needed more men to
fight against the unbelievers; but the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said “Both of you must go back;
we will keep the promise under all circumstances.” By always keeping his promises and
contracts the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) set an example for all mankind.
Relations with Non – Muslims
When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) migrated to Madinah in 622AD, he treated all parts of the
Madinan society equally. After the construction of the Mosque, Masjid-e-Nabvi, he devised
the covenant of Madinah as an agreement with three Jewish tribes in which privileges and
responsibilities were given.
• The agreement stated that the law of Allah would be the law of land and granted
complete religious freedom. Madinah would be a city of peace for both parties and both
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would enjoy the same security and equal rights. It further stated that the Muslims and the
Jews would be allies and would not fight against each other. Moreover, in case of an attack
on Madinah, both would assist each other to defend it. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) will decide
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all the disputes and his decision would be final.
• The Prophet (pbuh) engaged in commercial dealings with them and gave and received
help from them. He sometimes borrowed money from Jews and also arranged for loans
from them for some of his companions: one day a Jew caught hold of the cloth the
Prophet(pbuh) was wearing and demanded that he repay the loan he had taken from him.
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‘Umar, got angry with the Jew and scolded him. The Prophet (pbuh) then ordered that the
loan be repaid to the Jew, and because ‘Umar had scolded him the Prophet (pbuh) insisted
that he be given more money than what he had actually been owed. However, the Jews
gradually distanced themselves from the Holy Prophet (PBUH). They persistently mocked
him
the revelations he received from God, and doubted his claim to Prophethood. They openly
made fun of him especially when the Qibla was changed and tried to humiliate him in
different ways.
• The relationship between the Jews and the Muslims deteriorated when a Muslim woman
was subjected to public humiliation by a Jew of Banu Qainuqa who pinned her skirt in a
public place. He was killed by a Muslim and other Jews killed that Muslim. When this news
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reached to the Holy Prophet (PBUH), he laid a siege to their fortress. This siege continued
for 15 days after which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) expelled them from Madinah in 624 A.D.
• Another setback to the relationships between the two was when Kaab bin Ashraf was
executed for violating the charter of Madinah. In 4 A.H Banu Nadir attempted to kill the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) by throwing a huge mill stone on him when he went to take from the blood
money for some purpose according to the treaty. They were asked to leave within 10 days.
However, they left after the siege of 14 days with as much as they could carry in 626 AD.
• Finally, Banu Quraiza, the last major tribe left in Madinah, showed treachery in the Battle
of Ditch in 627 AD. They broke the treaty with the Muslims, conspired with the Quraish and
planned to attack the Muslims from rear. A siege was laid on their fortresses that lasted for
25 days. After this siege, as a punishment of their treachery decided by Saad bin Muaaz,
around 600 – 700 men from Banu Quraiza were executed and their wives and children were
sold as slaves. The Quran refers to this incident in these words, “And those of the people of
the book who aided them- Allah did take them down from their strongholds and cast
terror into their hearts, (so that) some ye slew, and some you made prisoners . And He
made you heirs of their lands, their houses and their goods----”[33:26-27]
• Apart from the Jews remained the Madinans who did not become sincere believers.
Quran says, “when it is said to rhem, come to what Allah has revealed and the messenger,
you see that the Hypocrites avert their faces from you disgust.”[4:61]They were the
hypocrites whose leader was Abdullah Bin Ubbay. They showed their disloyalty most
strongly by withdrawing when the Quraish’s attack led to Battle of Uhad in 625 AD. Abdullah
Bin Ubbay withdrew with 300 of his men saying that he did this as the Prophet rejected his
advice of fighting from inside the city. They deserted their posts in the Battle of Trench
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in627 AD saying their homes were not safe. In addition to this, they provided secret
information of the Muslims to the Makkans and the Jews. They did not make any financial
contribution in Tabuk expedition 631 AD. After Abbdullah bin Ubbay’s death in 631 AD many
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of the hypocrites repented and became true Muslims.
• the Prophet (pbuh) sent letters to various non-Muslim rulers inviting them to Islam. The
Christians of Najran visited the Prophet (pbuh) in Madina to talk to him and ask questions.
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They then signed a peace treaty. The Prophet (pbuh) allowed them to pray their prayers in
the mosque.
• The relations between the Muslims and the Makkans were strained after migration and
the Prohet decided to block the trade routes to Syria which led to the battle of Badr. After
him
Badr ,Uhad and trech were fought. Treaty of hudaibiya ended hostilities but the Makkans
violated the treaty in 630 AD, which led to the conquest of Makkah. At that time the
prophet treated his non Muslim enemies with kindness, mercy and forgiveness and did not
take revenge despite having the power to do so.
3 (b) How can Muslims now apply the lessons learnt from the Prophet’s interaction with
non-Muslims? [4]
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• Non-Muslims were respected by the Prophet (pbuh) and invited to Islam. If they did not
accept it they were left to live their lives freely under their own faith.
• Muslims now can learn from this by inviting non-Muslims to Islam by teaching them about
the essentials of faith. If they do not want to accept Islam then they should not be harassed
or hurt, but rather respected and looked after.
• Muslims who kill people from other faiths because they do not believe in Islam, are going
against the example of the Prophet (pbuh).
• Muslims should also enter into agreements with non-Muslims to ensure both sides live
amicably and do not have their freedoms taken away by the other side. This allows both
parties to know where they stand and do not have to live in fear.
Ansaars and Muhajireen

1.When the Muslims of Makkah first arrived
in Madinahthey werewithout belongings.2 . T h e y h a d l e f t
t h e i r w e a l t h , t r a d e , h o m e s a n d p r o p e r t y i n M e c c a . 3.The Muslims
of Madinah were happy to welcome the migratingMuslims.4 . T o u n i t e
the two groups, the Prophet (pbuh) made
thembrothers.5.He paired each of theAnsar (helpers)with
theMuhajireen.6.This was to help
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e a c h o t h e r f i n a n c i a l l y a n d s p i r i t u a l l y . 7.He told them: “Be brothers
for the sake of God.”8.The Ansar were ready to provide muhajireen
with accommodationand
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food.9 . T h e P r o p h e t ( p b u h ) g a t h e r e d t w o g r o u p s . 10.He then started
calling out the name of one Ansarand one Muhajir.11.Ali had complained
that he had been left out of thepairings.12.Prophet replied, “you are
my brother in this worldas well as the Hereafter.”1 3 . S a ’ d b i n a r -
RabiandAbdur Rahman bin Awfwere madebrothers.
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14.Sa’d was willing to sharehalf his property.
15.He said, “
I am the richest of all Muslims of medinain terms of money. I saved half
of mywealth for you.”
him
16.He also offered todivorceone of his wives for AbdurRahman to

marry.
17.
Abdur Rahman refusedand said ‘
direct me to the nearestmarketplace so that I may make myfortune with my
own hands.’
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18.The Ansar wanted to share theirdate palmswith theMuhajireen but

the Muhajireen refused.
19.They did not want to become a burden on Ansar’s.
20.So, the Ansar offered themto work in their orchards
.2 1 . I n r e t u r n t h e y w e r e g i v e n d a t e s .
22.Theyworked hard to earn moneyfor themselves andas theyhad self-
respect
.2 3 . M a d i n a n s g a v e p r o t e c t i o n a n d f i n a n c i a l h e l p t o t h e i r M a k k a n
brothers.
24.In return, Muhajireen preached Islam in Madinah.
25.The relationship between them shows that Ansar’s wereselfless

and wanted to helpmuhajireen.1
First Year of Hijrah:

Why Madinah was Chosen:
 Close to Makkah
 As they were leaving all their friends and family behind, this was
important
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 They had already offered him leadership during the time of the
second pledge
 People were of mild nature




They had already accepted Islam
No priest class
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There would be no pre-fixed beliefs and religious practices
A safe haven for the Prophet
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 Due to the Second Pledge of Aqabah, it had been vowed to protect
him from the Quraish
 Allah ordered the Prophet to do so
him
Arrival:
 When he reached Madinah, there was a huge welcome

 Everyone pled to him to stay with them
 In order to avoid conflict, he left the choice of his home to where the
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camel stopped – an empty plot belonging to Sahar and Sohail in

front of Abu Ayyub Ansari’s house
 Despite their inclination to give it for free, it was bought from them
 He changed the name of Yasrab (City of Diseases) to Madinatun-
Nabi (The Enlightened City)
Construction of Masjid e Nabvi:
 After arriving in Madinah, the Prophet and his companions built a

modest mosque
 It measured 98*115 feet

 It was built from unbaked bricks; the roof was made of mud, date
palm leaves, and stones while the pillars were made of palm trunks
 At the side, a platform (suffah) was made to provide shelter for poor
Muslims
 The Mosque was built for the Prophet’s camel (Qaswa) had
stopped
 7The land belonged to two orphan brothers (Sahar and Sohail).
 Even though they offered it for free, Abu Bakr insisted on paying for
it
 There were living quarters at the side of it
 The Prophet and his companions lived there
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 At first, all the doors were kept open. However, when the Prophet
became older, he ordered it closed for privacy
One of the quarters was reserved for Bibi Aisha. The Prophet died


occasion
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there and a green dome was built over it to commemorate the
“This shall be my home, my place of worship, and my resting place”

Prophet Muhammad
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Importance of Mosques:

him
 Place where Muslims worship

 Home where Muslims offer prayer in congregation
 Brotherhood
 Place to get together for enlightened religious discussions
 Centre of the community
Important events occur there
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
 Iftari, marriages, funerals,
 Islamic education offered here
 Shelter for poor Muslims and travellers
Importance of Masjid e Nabvi:
 First place where the Muslims of Madinah could gather for prayer
 The Prophet lived and died there
 “This shall be my home, my place of worship, and my resting
place.” Prophet Muhammad
 The army made decisions there

 Every political decision was taken there
 Place to gather and receive delegations
 First learning institution for Muslims
 The students in suffah were sent as missionaries to preach Islam
 It was a symbol of the Muslims’ newfound freedom
 It showed Islam’s humbleness, as the mosque was very modest
and humble
Azan:
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 After the construction of Masjid e Nabvi, people started gathering
for prayer without being called
 Due to this, the Prophet felt the need that a specific time for prayer

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when everyone gathered and worshipped be allotted
Many different methods were suggested to gather people; however,
as they were used by other religions, they were not accepted.
This is because Islam was different from all other religions
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 The next day, Abdullah ibn Zaid and Hazrat Umar reported to the
Prophet that they had dreamt the verses of the Azan
 The Prophet confirmed that this was a true vision of Allah and told
Hazrat Billal to become the first Muaddin
him
Importance:
 Equality and brotherhood- a black slave was given this duty

 Reminder of time for prayer
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 Revision of Muslim beliefs

 Invitation to offer prayer in congregation
 Azaan is the identity of a Muslim state
 It shows the uniqueness of Islam
 Its verses were dictated by Allah
 As it is recited by voice alone, it shows Islam’s humbleness
Mawakhat:
 After the construction of Masjid e Nabvi, the Prophet wanted to

solidify the connection between the Muslims of Madinah (Ansaar)
and the Muhajireen.
 The Muhajireen were poorer as they had left all their belongings in
Madinah while the Ansaar were much richer
 He wanted them to unite to remove any ill-will. They needed to be
equal in wealth
 He called a meeting in the house of Anas bin Malik. 90 people
came (45 Ansar, 45 Muhajireen)
 They were paired up as brothers in faith- when one died, the other
inherited their property, making them equal. This was in following
with the Prophet’s saying: “A Muslim is a brother of another
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Muslim”
 The Ansaar also had to give provisions to the Muhajireen
This connection was stronger and more distinct than actual




brotherhood
Some notable brothers:
The Holy Prophet and Hazrat Ali
Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Kharja
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 Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Usman Ibn Malik
 Hazrat Usman bin Afwan and Hazrat Aws
 Some notable incidents:
 The Muhajireen refused to take anything for free
Saad bin ar-Rabin was ready to give one of his wives. His brother,
him

Abdur Rehman, did not accept this
 Once, some Ansar approached the Prophet with the request that
their orchards be distributed equally, but the Prophet instead
decided that the yield would be divided equally and the Muhajir
would work alongside the Ansar in them
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 Two Muhajireen were placed in every family so that they could

bestow their knowledge to the Ansaar
 It was reversed in the Battle of Badr when the following Verse was
revealed:
 “But kindred by blood are nearer to one another regarding
inheritance”
Importance:
 Spirit of selflessness and eternal reward

 Brought the Muhajireen and Ansaar on the same level as no one

believed that they were better than the other
 Provided Ansaar the opportunity to make sacrifices and be
rewarded by Allah
 Provided financial support to Muslims without hurting their ego
 Unity between the two groups
 Motivated the Muhajireen to stand up on their own feet as soon as
possible
Charter of Madinah:
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 There were three Jewish tribes: Banu Quraiza, Banu Qunaiqa, and
Banu Nadir. To avoid civil war, rules were needed where everyone
was on the same page. Due to this, the Charter of Madinah was


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created. These are 12 of its terms:
All religious matters and customs (like Qisas) should be respected
Every clan should treat its prisoners with justice and kindness (no
matter which religion they practiced)
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 Every believer should be accountable for themselves. Even if one is
Muslim, or a chief’s child, that does not exempt them from
punishment
 No believer should slay a believer for the sake of an unbeliever or
assist an unbeliever against a believer
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 A poor Muslim should have the right to protection as a rich Muslim

 Jews and Muslims have the same rights and should help each other
when in need
 In a military expedition, Jews have to support Muslims and not
support their enemies. Muslims will do the same
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 The only way to avoid the Charter was with permission from the
Prophet
 No one is allowed to shelter an evil-doer. This will result in anger
from Allah on the Day of Judgement
 If Muslims make peace with someone, the Jews have to take part in
the pact, too
 To be convicted of murder, there needs to be a witness. You shall
have to face retaliation or pay blood money
 All further disputes between those who accept this charter shall be
referred, under Allah, to the Holy Prophet
 The three main things ensured because of this charter
 Freedom of business
 Freedom of religion
 Freedom of justice
 to be ensured by the government
Importance:
 It helped the Prophet to make an alliance of the residents of

Makkah regardless of their religion
 It allowed for an alliance with the stakeholder of the city (important)
 Established Islam as diplomatic
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 Ensured peace in the region
 The treaty made sure that Madinah is protected by its citizens
 It established the Holy Prophet as the leader of Makkah

Second Year of Hijrah

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Showed the importance of blood money
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Quraish Hostility:
 As the Quraish were jealous of the growing power of Islam, they

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kept a strict watch on the Muslims left over in Makkah and

persecuted them at every opportunity
 They forged a secret alliance with Abdullah bin Ubai, the chief of
polythiests in Madinah, who had outwardly accepted Islam but was
actually working against Muslims
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 They also sent a message to the Muslims of Madinah threatening to

kill them.
 Due to this, strict vigilance was kept and security guards were
posted at the house of the Prophet
 This continued until Allah revealed the following verse in the
Quran: ”Allah will protect you from Mankind” After this, the
Prophet (PBUH) told the guards to go away, making it clear that
Allah would protect him.
Change of Qiblah:
 As the Holy Prophet wanted the Kaabah to be the Qiblah for

Muslims, Allah ordered the Qiblah be changed from Masjid Al Aqsa
to Masjid Al Haram
 This is partly because the Jews used to tease them as they prayed
facing the direction of their monument despite claiming that Islam
was unique
 Due to this, Allah sent the following verse:
 “…Surely, we shall turn you to a Qiblah that shall please you,
so turn your face in the direction of the Kaaba…” (Al Baqarah
V:144)
 In the month of Rajab, when the Holy Prophet was offering Zuhr
with his Companions, Allah commanded him to change the Qiblah
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towards the Kaabah. The Holy Prophet turned towards the Kaabah
mid-prayer and performed the remaining two Rakaat facing the
Kaabah. The Mosque where this incident took place is called
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Masjid-e-Qiblatain (a Masjid having two Qiblahs)
Obligation of Fasting:
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 In this year, it was made obligatory on Muslims to fast during the
month of Ramadan in the following verse:
 “O you who believe! Observing As-Sawm is prescribed for you
as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may
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become the pious” (Al Baqarah V:183)
Obligation of Zakat:
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 Zakat was made obligatory on well-off Muslims to financially help

their poorer Muslim brothers in the following verse:
 “And spend in the cause of Allah…” (Al Baqarah V:195)
Jihad:
 Jihad was made obligatory on Muslims in the following verse during

the second year of Hijrah:
 “Fight in the Cause of Allah, those who fight you, but do not
transgress limits; for Allah loves not transgressors” (Al
Baqarah V:190)
 At first, they were only allowed to fight the Quraish and pagan tribes
who oppressed them.
 Later, they were allowed to fight Jews or Christians who persecuted
or harassed them.
 However, they were only allowed to defend, not to instigate. If the
enemy surrendered and agreed to pay Jizya, they were not allowed
to continue fighting.
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Bait ul Maal:
 A public treasury was set up in Madinah for welfare and relief



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People contributed their Zakat and taxes to it
This fund, set up in 2AH, was kept at Bait ul Maal
The Battle of Badr

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Reasons:
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Permission for Jihad:
 “Permission is given against those whom war is made.

Because they were wronged, verily Allah is able to help them”
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The Quraish:
 Jealousy:
 The Quraish used to trade with Madina for raw goods. However, not
that Muslisms (some of whom were incredibly proficient traders)
had migrated there, there was no longer any need for them as the
Muslims would trade with Madniites instead of them.
 Due to this, the Quraish took control of Muslim properties in Makkah
to try to put Muslims down
 They did not retaliate then as Allah had not yet given them
permission to.
 Disturbances in the outer tribes:
 Karz bin Jabar, a Quraishi, used to raid and set fire to pastures in
the outer tribes of Madinah.
 The Holy Prophet (PBUH) set out with 70 companions after him but
could not catch up
 The Quraish sent the Madniites a letter demanding that they return
the Holy Prophet to Makkah
 The hypocrites of Madinah secretly helped them
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The Incident of Nakhla:
 During the holy month of Safar, the Prophet decided to put pressure
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on the Quraish by posting people at Nakhla to monitor the caravans
coming in and out of Makkah.
2 people were sent with a sealed letter containing information to
watch over Nakhla (it was sealed for 2 days so that it would not be
leaked).
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 They were not given permission to fight or kill, however.
 At Nakhla, during the sacred month of Rajab where no fighting was
permitted, Abdullah bin Jahash met a group of people heading
towards Madinah.
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 He tried to stop them, which initiated combat during which Omro bin
Al Hazrami, an ally of the Quraish, was killed
 The Prophet was extremely upset as he had violated the honour of
the sacred month. He offered blood money to the Quraish as
reconciliation but they declined it.
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 The level of hostility was now increased in the Quraish, who were
eager to avenge their slain members
The Caravan of Abu Sufyan:
 The Holy Prophet (PBUH) received news that Abu Sufyan’s

caravan was coming back from Syria with booty worth 50,000 gold
dinars which was mounted on 1,000 camels, with investments of
very prominent people.
 Its profits were to be spent on arms for war
 As it was guarded by only 40 men and was moving relatively close

to Madinah, the Prophet made the decision to intercept it
 Abu Sufyan heard of this and asked for reinforcements. Abu Jahl,
with a force of 1300 men, including many seasoned fighters, went
to Badr (a place near Madinah).
 However, Abu Sufyan was able to go around Madinah by travelling
during the night on a longer route to reach Makkah safely (Abu
Jahl’s army also distracted the Muslims). He then sent a letter to
those camped at Badr that he was safe.
 Despite this, the Quraish were still eager to fight and Abu Jahl
wanted to punish them and prevent them from intercepting any
future caravans.
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 However, 300 members of the Banu Zahra left as now there was no
good reason to fight, leaving them with 1000 men.
When the Holy Prophet received the news of Abu Jahl approaching,
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he marched to Badr with his small army of 313 men.
Events:
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Armies:
The Muslim Army The Quraishi Army

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1300 soldiersAfter the Banu Zahra left with

313 soldiers: 86 Muhajireen, 61 Aws, 170 Khizraj
300 soldiers, they were left with 1000 soldie
2 horses 100 horsemen
70 camels 600 mailed soldiers. Mail allowed for ventil
There were many camels: 9-10 camels were
Leader- Musab bin Umair
slaughtered daily for food
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There were two battalions:The Muhajireen, with a standard

They also brought wine and dancers for
raised by Abu Abi TalibThe Ansar, with a standard raised by
entertainment (betraying their overconfiden
Muadh
Preparation:
 The Quraish reached first and already occupied the points of

advantage.
 The Muslims initially camped some distance from the wells of Badr
(which were already occupied), where there was also sandy soil.
 However, on the advice of Hubab bin Mundhir, they took over the
most nearby well
 Even though they had full control of the water of this well, the
Prophet allowed the enemies to use the water before the battle.
 Since the sand here was sandy, they and their possessions started
sinking. The camels’ feet also sank.
 The Prophet spent the whole night in prayer, prayed the following
before the battle:
 “O Allah! If this small band of men perish, there will be no one
alive to worship. And your faith will be destroyed forever.”
 As a result:
 Allah let them sleep soundly the night before the battle.
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 Allah sent heavy rain, which:
 Firmed the ground
Filled small reservoirs

The Battle: afd

As per custom in Arabia, the 3 best soldiers from each army had to
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fight each other. This was psychological warfare used to bring the
morale of soldiers to its highest.
 The three Quraishi warriors:
 Al Walid: Brother of Hinda (the wife of Abu Sufyan)
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 Utbah: Father of Hinda

 Shayba: Uncle of Hinda
 At first, three Ansaar came forward. The Quraish refused to fight
them as they had come here to fight their equals, the Banu Hashim.
Then, three Muhajireen were sent forward:
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 Hazrat Ali: Cousin of the Prophet

 Hazrat Ubaydah bin Haris: Cousin of the Prophet
 Hazrat Hamza: Uncle of the Prophet
 The following combat ensued:
 Hazrat Ali killed Al Walid
 Hazrat Hamza killed Shaybah
 Utbah injured Hazrat Ubaydah (who died later when the wound got
infected). Hazrat Ali and Hamza finished him off.
 Next, the Quraish charged forcefully. The Prophet gave strict orders
that his men should not fight until he gave the order.
 First, the Prophet prayed and threw some dust at the enemy:
 The dust flew in the eyes and noses of the Quraish. This also made
them view more Muslim soldiers than there actually were.
 First, the archers were told to fire and then his men were ordered to
hurl stones.
 Once the enemy was closer, spears were used.
 Then, close combat with swords ensued.
 Soon, the Quraish had started losing the battle.
 Once the Quraish had finally reached the Muslim army, they were
tired from the charging. This made it easier for the infantry to come
up and push the Quraish back.
 Their prominent leaders started getting killed, including:
 Abu Jahl (by two Ansari teenagers – Maudh and Muadh
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 Ummiyah ibn Khalaf was killed by Bilal, his former slave
 Utabah ibn Rabi
The army lost hope and scattered in dismay. They ran in such a


idols.
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rush that they left everything behind- their armour, weapons, and
It is said that 3000 Angels helped Muslims but did not actually kill
any Quraishi soldiers.
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 They were led by Gibrael, Mikaeel, and Israfeel, who each led 1000
angels
 Israel, the angel of death, was busy due to the battle
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The Outcome of the Battle:
The Muslim Army The Quraishi Army

14 soldiers were martyred 70 soldiers were killed
The Prophet and believers stayed for three more
70 soldiers were captured as prisoners of war
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days in Badr
Many important Quraishi leaders were killed,
Burial of dead warriors:Muslim martyrs were buried
including: Shaiba UtbaAbu JahlAbu BakhtariAas bin
in separate gravesAll the fallen Quraishi warriors
HashimUmmaiyah bin Kahlaf (who was killed by his pr
were buried in a common grave
slave, Hazrat Bilal)
A large amount of booty was gathered. was set
aside for the Prophet and his family, while the rest
Loss of 2-5 Lakh Dirham
was divided equally between the soldiers and the
martyrs’ families
 Abdullah bin Rawahah and Zaid bin Haritha were dispatched to
Madinah to convey the glad tidings of victory
 Due to this, the Prophet entered Madinah as a man to be accounted
for in a new dimension in the military field.
Prisoners of War:
The prisoners were dealt with kindness.
 The rich were allowed to give ransom for bail while the poor and old
were set free
 Hazrat Zainab’s husband produced the necklace of Hazrat Khadija.
He could not accept this and asked him to send Hazrat Zainab. On
her way, she was attacked, injured, and killed
 The learned were given the duty to teach a certain amount of
children for a fixed time for their freedom.
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 Even if they were illiterate, they were eventually set free
 Many of them were so impressed by the treatment they received
that they embraced Islam
 One such person was Hazrat Abbas
Lessons: afd
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 Separating:
 Right from wrong
 “On the day when true was distinguished from false- the day
the two groups met in battle” The Quran on the Battle of Badr
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 Iman from Kufr

 Passiveness from engaging in defending and spreading Islam
 Loyalty to Islam from loyalty to tribe and family
 Many had to fight their own family
 True, sincere sacrifice for Allah from earthly gains
Muslims became confident
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
 The Kuffar learnt to take Muslims seriously, became less
overconfident
Personal Lessons:
 Unity is important
 Intentions have to be clean for success
 Allah is the best planner
 We should fight to protect the rights of Muslims when necessary
 Don’t be overconfident/underestimate others
Importance:
 Mentioned in the Quran ad “Yaum-ul-Furqan” (Day of Criterion)

 The victory inspired Muslims with new hope, gave them confidence
in their physical power and encouraged them for future success
 United Muslims
 Immensely helped the strengthening of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s
position in Madinah
 Established the status of the Holy Prophet as a commendable
military commander
 Pride and prestige of the Quraish was totally destroyed by the
absolute Muslim victory and the fact that many leaders were killed
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 Great Quraishi leaders were killed
 This led to the rise of Abu Sufyan
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A large number of the people of Madinah accepted Islam, which
added a lot to the strength, power, and moral standing of the region
The polythiests of Arabia and the Jews, for the first time, became
aware of the new power of Islam when they felt the strength of
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Muslims
 This battle of right and wrong drew a clear line as to what is right in
war and what is a war crime
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The Expulsion of Banu Qunaiqah:
 The Jews of Banu Qunaiqah continued their harassment and

humiliation of Muslims, despite the Charter and the victory and Badr
 The Banu Qunaiqah was the first tribe to break the Charter of
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Madinah:
 Once, an Ansari woman went to a Jew’s shop. The shopkeeper
molested her.
 Hearing her cries, a passerby Muslim came to her defence and
killed the instigator.
 More Jews came and then killed him.
 When the Prophet asked for blood money they denied it and
threatened him.
 He said “For Allah’s lest, Allah’s curse should fall on you as in
Badr.”
 Instead of being ashamed, they replied “We are not Quraish. In

case of war, we will teach you a lesson.”
 When they declared war, the Prophet had to fight them.
 The Jews shut themselves in their fortress and the Muslims laid
siege to it, which lasted for a fortnight.
 Siege warfare is a battle of patience. It is ultimately decided when
the supplies run out. For fifteen days they camped outside till the
Qunaiqahs’ supplies ran out.
 Being hard-pressed, they submitted unconditionally, leaving the
terms of peace to be settled by the Holy Prophet himself.
 Abdullah bin Ubai, their leader, interceded on their behalf, and the
Prophet asked them to leave Madinah.
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 The 700 Jews of Banu Qunaiqah then left for Syria in Shawwal, 2
AH.
The Battle of Uhud:

Reasons:
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 Revenge:
 Family members killed
Profit loss
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
 Pride lost
 Leaders lost
 To gain support of Banu Qunainah and people of Tihamah
 To crash the commonwealth of Islam once and for all
 To regain prestige and power
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 To open the blockade of the trade route to Syria

 Many poets were sent to the nearby tribes to instigate them through
their poetry (including Jew named Kaab):Kaab bin Asharaf
 Ridicule Prophet
 Described women so that they would want them as slaves
Events:
 The Quraish prepared an army of 3,000 men and marched towards

Madinah under the leadership of Abu Sufyan in 6 AH
 Abu Sufyan had vowed that he wouldn’t bathe till he had defeated
the Muslims in battle
 700 men had chain mail
 They had 200 horses and 3,000 camels
 The profit from the caravan of Abu Sufyan was invested in
preparation for the battle
 The Prophet came to know of their preparations via his uncle,
Abbas, three days before the battle
 Even though the Prophet personally thought they should not go out
to meet them, he decided to do so due to popular demand. He set
out with a 1000 men
 300 hypocrites, under the leadership of Abdullah ibn Ubai, left him
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under the excuse that he had not followed his suggestion to fight
from Madinah
100 of the 700 remaining men had chain mail
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


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This was also the first battle in which women participated
Their duties were to supply water to the wounded and to dress their
wounds
Three Muslim women participated:
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 Hazrat Aisha, Umm-e-Salmah, and Umm Amara
 Around 16 Quraishi women participated:
 Hinda, Umm-e-Hakeem, and Fatima
 The Muslims reached earlier than the Quraish
He took up the position within the rocks of Uhud to protect the rear
him

 At the back, there was an entry which could potentially be
vulnerable. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) appointed 50 archers under
Abdullah bin Jubair to guard it.
 They were explicitly told not to leave under any circumstances
 When the battle began, the 650 Muslim warriors had the upper
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hand
 This was quite impressive for they were facing a force of 3,000
men, which meant that for every Muslim, there were more than 4
Quraish
 During this time, Hazrat Hamza was slain by Washi, an Abyssinian
slave/hunter who had been promised freedom by Hinda if he killed
Hazrat Hamza.
 The Quraish were beginning to flee, leaving behind substantial
booty
 Upon seeing this, 35 archers ran to collect it
 Khalid bin Walid, the head of the Quraishi cavalry, saw that the
pass was unguarded, and attacked. He had made attempts to do
this previously but was held back
 Now that the Muslims were being attacked from both sides, they
panicked
 This was made worse by a rumour that the Holy Prophet had died,
which had arose since Musab bin Umair, who looked extremely
similar to Prophet Muhammad, had been martyred
 During the confusion, the Holy Prophet fell in a ditch and was badly
injured
 The strap of his helmet got stuck in his cheek, wounding his face
badly. He also lost a tooth.
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 Despite this, the Holy Prophet prayed for them: “O my Lord!
Forgive my people, for they do not know”
Due to this, a rumour spread that the Prophet had died. Thus, the


morale of the troops broke down.
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However, this was not true. 2 Mujahireen and 7 Ansaar, including
Hazrat Talha, surrounded the Prophet and supported him in his
climb up Mount Uhud, to safety.
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 Seeing this, the rest of the Muslims followed them
 After this, the Quraish got tired of battling as it was virtually
impossible to defeat the Muslims when they had the high ground.
 They started preparing to leave, during which they mutiliated
Muslim martyrs
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 Hinda cut open Hazrat Hamza’s body and chewed upon his liver
 Other women cut off Muslim’s noses and hair to make necklaces
 When they were about to leave, Abu Sufyan went up to the
mountain and said loudly:
 “Well deeds! Today we have taken revenge of Badr. This for that.
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War is attended with alternate success.” He also challenged them

to a battle next year
 To this, Hazrat Umar replied:
 “No. They are not the same. Our killed men are housed in Paradise;
but yours are in Fire.”
 The Prophet spent the night pondering over the situation
 He feared that the idolaters might regret and decide to invade
Madinah again
 The next morning, he ordered the Muslim army to march on and
encounter the enemy of Islam
 The Muslims marched and encamped at Hamra’ Al-Asad, 8 miles

away from Madinah
 The Prophet was right
 When the Quraish got to know about the presence of the Muslims,
they deemed it safest to go back to Makkah
Results:
 70 Muslims died in battle and many were injured, including the

Prophet
 Harat Hamza and Hazrat Musab bin Umair were martyred
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 30 disbelievers were killed
 The hypocrites very clearly revealed themselves

Lessons:
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This was a lesson about greed, military discipline, and humility, as it
was their disobedience and acquisitiveness that led to their defeat
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 Allah has described this battle as both a punishment and a test of
their steadfastness
 As the Quraish were unable to capture Madinah, the Makkan victory
was not a complete one.
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 Thus, their morale fell

 Muslims found inspiration in the Quran and reinforced their
commitment
 Muslims learned not to disobey their leader, Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH)
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Importance:
 Lesson for Muslims not to disobey the Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H.)

 Muslims realized that Allah would help them only when their
intentions were pure
 The Quraish realised that they could never defeat Muslims by
themselves
 Muslims learned to remain united and disciplined
 Distinction between truthful and deceitful
 If continually victorious then deceitful will join them and truthful will
not be distinguished
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If continually defeated then objective will never be met
 Balance
 The hypocrisy of the hypocrites was shown
 Martyrdom is the highest rank of the true friends of Allah
 Eg. Hazrat Hamza
 In Surah Al-Imran, rather than coming down hard on the Muslims,
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Allah addressed them with a mild reproach
 Mercy of Allah
 Women took part in this battle on both sides
The Battle of the Trench/Ahzaab:/Battle

of Allies
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Expulsion of the Banu Nadir:
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 After Uhud, many tribes ended their alliance with the Muslims.
 Due to this, a Muslim missionary sent to the tribe of Salamah was
attacked in the Bin Mayla incident
 During this, 70 were killed. Therefore, the Prophet was forced to
send an army to them to restore them to their former submission
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After this, a Muslim was trading with two people from another tribe. Thinking that one
of thm was from the same tribe which killed the 70 Muslims, he killed them. They had
to pay the blood money
 According to the treaty of Madinah, payment of blood money was to
be split
 The Banu Nadeer invited the Prophet to their tribe to give him the
money. They planned to kill him when he arrived
 As the Prophet received a revelation that he was to be killed (by a
boulder thrown at him by the Banu Nadeer), he left and told Banu
Nadeer to leave Madinah within 10 days
 At first, they resisted, but after a siege of 15 days, they left
Reasons for the Battle of Ahzaab:
 The behaviour of the Banu Nadeer fluctuated between resignation

and slackness after the expulsion of Banu Qunaiqah.
 They were glad at the high casualties of Muslims at Uhad and made
an alliance with the Quraish as the did not have the sole strength to
declare all out war
 After expulsion, they migrated to Khaibar and continued plotting
against the Muslims
 A number of leaders went to the polytheists of Makkah and other
tribes, such as:
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 The Banu Ghatafan (a warrior tribe), Banu Asad, Banu Sulaim, and
Banu Kinanah and invited them to besiege and invade Makkah
 The Quraish accepted as:




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It was a good opportunity for revenge
This was a chance to regain their prestige
This was a chance to destroy Islam before it got too powerful
They now had support from others, due to which they didn’t have to
spend much money – all they had to do was fight
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 Abu Sufyan had already challenged the Muslim to a battle after he
failed to achieve his objective of killing the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
 The Jews were so rich that they were able and willing to pay Banu
Ghatafan and other tribes to fight
him
 It is due to this alliance that this battle is also known as the Battle of
Ahzaab (confederacy)
 Thus, an army of 10,000 was gathered against 3,000 Muslims
Events:
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Building of the Trench:
 The Holy Prophet consulted with his companions when he heard of

the army of 10,000
 Hazrat Salman bin Farsi, an Iranian, suggested that they dig a
trench around Madinah.
 This was new in Saudi Arabia, where the only two types of warfare
were hand-to-hand and siege warfare.
 The terrain of Madinah was such that to the East and West there
were volcanic mountains and to the south there was a thick
mountain that was difficult to navigate.
 The only vulnerable side was to the north, where it was decided that
a trench would be built
 Why a trench was chosen:
 Defensive advantage
 As the Quraish greatly outnumbered them, they couldn’t afford to go
hand to hand
 If the enemy decides to charge, you could shoot at them
 Animals could not charge over it
 They would be able to see and assess the enemy threat
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 They would be able to store resource
 If someone fell into it, they would not be able to climb out
themselves
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

surprise
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It was unexpected, giving them the advantage of the element of
They would be fighting at home, so they knew the terrain well

As collecting 10,000 men is not easy, the Prophet had some time to
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prepare.
 The Prophet assigned every 10 men 40 feet of land to dig in 20
days
 The Prophet, too participated in this
During this time, a famine was occurring. On top of this, they had to
him

build a trench, due to which everyone was hungry
 One day, a companion came and told the Prophet that he was so
hungry that he had tied a rock around his stomach, which blocked
his stomach, reducing his hunger.
 The Prophet lifted his shirt to reveal two stones
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 Miracles:
 While building the trench, they came across a large, unmovable
stone. They tried and failed to break it.
 When the Prophet was told, he came up and hit it thrice. Upon each
strike he received news that he would defeat the Persians,
Egyptians, and the Romans.
 After the third, it crumbled into pieces
 Food incident
Siege:
 When the enemy arrived, they could not enter Makkah, due to
which, they laid a siege
 The 3000 Muslim men remained on guard while the Muslim women,
children, and elderly took shelter in Madinah
Hazrat Ali and Amr ibn Abd Wudd:
 The trench was narrow from one place. From here, Dinar, Jubari,
Naufil and Amr crossed over.
 Hazrat Ali set out to meeting despite the Prophet’s warnings about
Amr ibn Abd Wudd’s reputation
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 Before a one on one battle, Hazrat Ali gave them 3 options: accept
islam, retreat, or fight.
 Hazrat Ali killed Amr Ibn Abd Wudd, who was such a great fighter

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that he was said to be equal to 1,000 horsemen.
In the battle, Amr Ibn Abd Wudd saw that Hazrat Ali was quite
short, due to which he was a bit embarrassed.
Amr was on a horse. He was so overconfident that he got off it and
cut off its legs
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 In his first attack, its sword penetrated through Hazrat Ali’s shield,
cutting him. Then, Hazrat Ali killed him.
 Dinar and Jubari retreated after this. Naufil fell in the trench and got
killed.
him
Betrayal of Banu Quraizah:
 Banu Nadir sent out missionaries to Banu Quraizah. Initially, they

resisted, but eventually, they gave in
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 They attacked the Muslim women and children.

 In response to this, the women spread rumours that there were men
in Madinah to protect them
 After this, a few small skirmishes broke out and arrows were
constantly being fired.
 Now, a war on two fronts had been initiated
 First, a missionary consisting of Saad bin Muadh and Saad bin
Ubadah was sent to Banu Quraizah, but that failed.
 The women were in a fort, being guarded by Hassan, a man who
fainted every time he saw blood.
 The Jews sent out a spy to see if there were actually any men
there. Hassan was told to kill him, after which he refused.
 Due to this, Hazrat Safia threw a rock at the spy, beheaded him,
and threw his head towards the Banu Quraizah, which scared them
off
Hazrat Naeem bin Masood:
 Hazrat Naeem bin Masood, from the tribe of Ghatafan, came to the
convert and declared that he was a secret convert.
 He was told to create dissension amongst the enemies.
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 He met the chiefs of Quraizah and told them not to trust the Quraish
unless they promised to give them some captives
 Then, he went to the Quraish and said that Jews maintained


hostages to the Jews
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correspondence with the Muslims and forbade them from sending
He did the same with the Banu Ghatafan

He was successful, due to which a state of distrust and suspicion
was created amongst the allies
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Storm:
him
 The Prophet then made the following Dua:

 “Allah! You are quick in account, You are the sender of the
Book, we beg you to defeat the confederates”
 In response, a horrible storm of wind, rain, and cold was sent to
weary the allies
Tents were blown down, cooking vessels and other equipment were
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
overthrown, and animals ran away in terror. Thus, they prepared to
leave, frustrated
 “O you who believe! Remember Allah’s favour unto you when
there came against you hosts and we sent against them a great
wind and hosts you could not see” (33:39)
Victory:
 Due to the tribal conflicts,

 This was a battle of nerves, not losses
 Even though no bitter fighting was recorded, it was one of the most
decisive battles in early Islam, and proved beyond a shadow of
doubt that there were no longer any forces that could destroy Islam
Expulsion of Banu Quraizah:
 After the Confederacy had left, the Prophet set out immediately to
deal with the Banu Quraizah
 He laid siege to their fortress for more than 25 days, when they
gave in as long as they be judged by their former ally, Saad ibn
Muaz, under the Torah
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 It was decided that all Banu Quraizah’s men be killed and women
and children be enslaved and their belongings taken as booty
 As it was not the decision of the Prophet, they did not go against it.

Prophet
Results:
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Thus, the three major Jewish tribes were no longer with the Holy
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 Quraishi prestige took a huge blow.
 The trade route to Syria was still blocked and their influence waned
 The Holy Prophet’s competence as an excellent strategic planner
him
was further proven

 This caused disunity against the allied tribes
 This was not a battle of strength but of nerves. Muslims prove that
they were able to keep their wits together in panic, starvation,
severe cold, and lack of supplies
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 Banu Quraiza were expelled
Importance:
 Jews in Madinah were abolished

 Even though no bitter fighting was recorded, it was one of the most
decisive battles in early Islam, and proved beyond a shadow of
doubt that there were no longer any forces that could destroy Islam
 This was the last battle between Quraish and the Muslims
 A new way of fighting – trench warfare, was introduced to Saudi
Arabia
The Treaty of Hudaibiyah

Reasons:
 In 7 Hijrah, the Prophet had a dream in which believers went to

Makkah and performed Umrah. Delighted, he told everyone
 As everyone was eager to return to their hometown, they agreed
 The 1400 all set out, unarmed, peacefully, to perform Umrah
Events:
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 They Quraish saw them approaching and gathered a force of 2000


of Khuzaah
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men led by Khalid bin Walid despite the please of Budail, the chief
As they approached Makka, at Zi Hulaifa, they donned their Ihram.

Scouts then told the Prophet of the army. Due to this, they camped
outside of Makkah in the plains of Al-Hudabiyah, where the
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Prophet’s camel had stopped and refused to go any further
 There, there was a dry well. After the Prophet offered a prayer, it
started producing water again
 At this point, the Quraish were unwilling to negotiate with the
him
Muslims. Hazrat Khurash ban Umayyah was sent as an envoy. He

was beaten and his camel was killed.
 The Quraish then sent a detachment to kill Muslims, but it was
captured and released after the Prophet forbade spilling of blood in
this Holy month.
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 Next, Hazrat Usman bin Affan was sent.

 They offered him the allowance to perform Umrah, but he refused to
perform it without his Prophet
 He told them that they were there to perform Umrah and not to fight,
but would fight if they had to.
 He stayed for a few days while the Quraish considered their actions
 When Hazrat Usman did not return, a false rumour spread that he
had been killed
 The Prophet then gathered all his companions around a tree to
pledge Bait ur Rizwan. They were told to raise their right hand and
swear that they would:
 Fight till the death, and

 Not escape the battlefield.
 He raised his left hand on the behalf of Hazrat Uthman
 Allah was so pleased by this that he mentioned it in the Quran:
 “Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they gave
their Bait to you under the tree”
 The dedication of the Muslims in this pledge scared the Quraish.
Thus, they sent Sohail bin Amr as a final negotiator for peace
 Muslims had sent a few envoys before, all of which had failed
because some believed that they should fight and not go for peace
 During the negotiations of the treaty, a conflict emerged when
Sohail objected to Hazrat Ali writing down the Prophet’s name as
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the Messenger of Allah.
 While Hazrat Ali refused to erase it, Prophet Muhammad erased it
himself



A treaty was decided upon.
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There were to be 10 years of peace
If any Quraish came to Madinah to embrace Islam, they would be
sent back
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 However, escaped Muslims would not
 This was thought to be a huge advantage for the Quraish, but this
was not so
 Muslims who escaped were not wanted by Islam anyways
This was later a burden for them in the case of Abu Basir. He
him

escaped to Madinah. When some envoys were sent to get him, he
killed one of them. The Quraish begged the Muslims to take him but
he refused
 Muslims were not to perform Umrah that year
 Thus, they were told to open their Ihram
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 Hazrat Umar did not like this, but Hazrat Abu Bakr convinced him
that it was the will of Allah
 Muslims were to gain unchallenged access to Mecca for Umrah
from next year but would stay for only 3 days
 Muslims who came for Umrah were to be unarmed – they were only
allowed to carry a sheathed sword
 Whoever wished to join either side in an alliance could do so
 While they were signing this, Abu Jandal, Sohail’s son, escaped
and begged Prophet Muhammad to take him back with him. Even
though the treaty had not yet been signed, Sohail bin Amr refused
to let him go
Quote:
 “Verily, we have granted you a manifest victory”
Importance:
 As Muslims were allowed to preach in Makkah, Islam spread there

 It gave them a peaceful time to prepare the troops and resources
 Trade to Syria was opened
 The trustworthiness of the Prophet was proven
 They could now make alliances with whomever they wanted
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Letters to Different States:
Reasons: afd
These letters were sent in order to establish himself as the leader of
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
a state, thus enhancing his power and prestige.
 To make alliances.
 Moreover, these letters were sent to secure their borders.
 It is very important to have positive relations with your neighbours in
him
order to prevent those who have easy access to your land from
attacking.
 These letters were also sent to spread Islam and to open up new
trade route and partners.
 Due to the Treaty of Hudaibiya, there was no war for 10 years.
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Thus, after his return to Madinah he prepared ambassadors to

rulers of Arabia
Letters:
Ambassador Ruler
Amr bin Umaiyyahh Negus, King of Abyssinia
Hazrat Hatib Muqawqis, King of Egypt
Abdullah bin Huzaifah Chosroes, King of Persi
Dihyah Kalbi Heracleus, Emperor of Byzantine
Ala bin Hadrami Munzir bin Sawa, Governor of Bahrain
Sarlit bin Umar Hudhah, Chief of Yamamah

Hazrat Shuja Haris Ghassani, King of Damascus
Amr bin as Sahmi Jaifer and his brother Abd, the Rulers of Oman
 They were sealed with a ring of silver with the words “Muhammad
Rasulullah” engraved on it
 The wordings of the letters were extremely similar. The letter sent to
Heraclius is as follows:
 “In the name of God, the Most Merciful, the Bestower of all
Mercy
From Muhammad, Worshiper and Messenger of Allah to

Heraclius the Great of the Romans:
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Peace be upon he who follows the guidance.
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Furthermore, I invite you with the invitation of peace. If you
submit then you will find safety and God will double your
reward. If you turn away, you will bear the Arians’ sins:
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“O People of the Scripture! Come to a common word between
us and you: that we shall worship none but God, and that we
shall ascribe no partner unto Him, and that none of us shall
him
take others for lords beside God. And if they turn away, then
say: Bear witness that we are they who have surrendered (unto
Him).” (3:64)”
Reactions:
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The Battle of Khyber

Reasons:
 The Jewish tribes saw the Treaty of Hudaibyah as sign of weakness, due to which they started
instigating the Muslims
 The envoys for peace were all turned down
 The raiding of pasture by Banu Ghatafan
 When Ghatfan raided the pasture, they captured Abu Dharr and his wife (whom they killed),
who were tending to the Prophet’s pastures.
 The Prophet heard about Jewish gatherings at Khyber, where they were plundering caravans,
due to which he decided to go for a preemptive strike
 Due to the small force (only 1600), they managed to arrive in only 3 days
Events:
 When they arrived, they camped out for the night near Khyber
 The Jews were not aware of this. In the morning, when they proceeded after Fajr, the ~20,000
Jews realised and rushed to their forts.
 As the Prophet did not want a long siege, he immediately attacked and captured all the
fortresses but one.
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 The Alamsaq was introduced. It was made of Hazrat Aisha’s blanket.
 There were 6 fortresses, the biggest one being Al-Qamus
 All forts were captured but Al Qamus.



Allah and His Prophet love him.” afd
After a few failed attempts to capture it, the Muslims were getting disheartened. Thus, he
announced that, the next day, he would give the Alam to someone blessed by Allah.
“Tomorrow I will give the standard to a man who loves Allah and His Prophet and
The next morning, everyone gathered around the Prophet.

He announced that Hazrat Ali would lead the army. He had developed an eyesore, which
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went away when the Prophet (PBUH) applied his spit to it.
 When they went to battle, the Jew’s strongest warrior, Mahrab, came out to meet them
 He was wearing a stone helmet from Syria under his helmet.
 During his battle with Mahrab, Hazrat Ali was spit on. After this, he stopped.
 This was because he didn’t want to fight for revenge but for Allah
him
 After killing Mahrab with a blow to the head, he used the door as a bridge across the moat
 The Jews then gave up – if their greatest warrior had been defeated with such ease, they knew
they held no chance
 Hazrat Ali then proceeded to singlehandedly open the gate which it took 40-50 men to open
 It was after this that he was given the title ‘Asadullah’ (lion of Allah)
 The Jews, realizing their fate, signed a peace treaty that they would be allowed to live in their
lands if they gave up half their yield as Jizya
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 They did not take over the lands of the Jews as they did not know how to farm. Thus, it was
better to let the Jews, who had experience, cultivate crops, and to take some of their harvest.
 He did not take women as slaves, either
 He also ordered Muslim soldiers to go back to Madinah and told a few people to watch over
the financial affairs
Results:
 19 Muslims and 93 Jews were killed

 They gained a lot of Gold and Silver from the Jewish stockpiles
 They gained access to the finest arsenals of Arabia, which contained the newest weapons
 They got vast herds of horses, camels, cattle, sheep, and goats
 They gained access to rich fertile land with palm
The Battle of Moutah

 Date: Jamid-ul-Awal 8AH
Reason:
 During the seventh year, the Prophet was sending envoys to many places. One such
messenger, Harith bin Umair, who was sent to Basra, was intercepted by Shurahbil ibn Amr
ar
(a Roman governor who was a Christian Arab who was allied with the Quraish)
 Killing a messenger was always a sign of war.
 Hearing about this incident, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was enraged.
 If they let go of this incident, that would mean that anyone could stop Muslim messengers.
afd
Thus, despite his low numbers, he could not let it slides
Events:
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 After this, 3000 Muslims set out.
 He set three commanders (listed below)) who would take charge if their predecessor had been
killed. If all were killed, the people were to elect a new commander
 Zaid bin Haris, then
 Freed slave of Prophet Muhammad and his adopted son.
him
 Some objected to this, but the Prophet did not listen to them.
 This shows his equality and sense of justice – the quality of a companion was based on their
piety alone.
 Jafar ibn Abu Talib, then
 He was the cousin of the Prophet, the brother of Hazrat Ali
 He presented Muslims in the court of the Abyssinian King
 Rawaha ibn Abdullah
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 Close friend of the Prophet

 Before sending them, he reminded them of the way of Jihad. They were told to present three
options
 To join Islam
 To pay blood money
 To fight
 The Romans chose this.
 While fighting, Muslims were not allowed to kill the elderlies or destroy fruit-bearing trees
 There, they saw a huge army of 100,000 with another 100,000 reinforcements- the Romans
had come to support
 First, Hazrat Zaid bin Haris led and fought with such a valour that he died by stabbing
 Then, Hazrat Jafar fought. Only after both of his arms were cut off did he drop the flag, and
even then he fought with his sword in his mouth
 Prophet Muhammad was then in Madinah. He stood up and said that Hazrat Jafar’s hands had
been cut off and he had been given wings by the Prophet as a gift for fighting with such
valout
 He was given the title of Tayyar- one who can fly
 Hazrat Rawaha, too, was martyred
 Hazrat Khalid bin Walid was then told to take command
 At first, he was hesitant, as he had been a convert for only 1 year. However, everyone urged
him to take command
 He fought with such valour that he broke 8 swords
 Due to this, he was given the title of Saifullah (sword of Allah)
 At night, when the battle stopped, he adopted three strategies:
 He shuffled the flanks – the right side to the left and the left to the right
 This was psychological warfare – the Romans were made to believe that they had received
reinforcements
 He formed the Muslims in columns
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 This made the enemy believe that they had started to envelop them, making them fearful
 While fighting, he retreated slowly into the desert
 The enemies began to think that they were being led to the desert


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There, it was extremely hot. Romans could not fight there as they were used to colder
weather. Due to this, they stopped pursuing the Muslims after a certain distance.
In this way, Khalid bin Waleed was able to save the lives of many soldiers
Result:
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 Shurahbeel’s brother was killed while he himself was hidden in a fort
 This was not a victory. However, their prestige increased – the surrounding tribes realised
that they were brave enough and able enough to stand up to Muslims. Thus, they wanted to
him
make alliances with them so that they wouldn’t have to come under the rule of the Romans
 Several tribes such as the Banu Saleem, Ashja, Ghatfan, Dhubyan, and the Frazah professed
Islam of their own free will.
 Furthermore, they were able to hold their ground against 200,000 soldiers far better equipped
than them. This was sure evidence that Allah was with them
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Importance:
 We learn to stand up for ourselves and our rights

 We realise that strategy and intelligence is often more important than strength
 From the Prophet’s appointment of Zaid bin Haris, we learn the importance of equality
 We learn the importance of being brave and valorous.
 From Prophet Muhammad’s interactions with Hazrat Jafar’s children, we learn how to treat
orphans
The Conquest of Makkah

Reasons:
 According to the treaty of Hudaibyah, the Arab tribes were given the option to join either the
Muslims or the Quraish
 Banu Bakr joined the Quraish and Khuzaa the Holy Prophet.
 Thus, they lived in peace for some time, but the Quraish incited Banu Bakr and their allies to
attack the Khuzaah tribe at Wateer. This was known as the Wateer incident
 During the battle, they covered their faces to prevent the Muslims from knowing that the
Quraish were supporting them
 During the battle, Khuzaah was nearly defeated. Thus, they took refuge in the Kaabah.
Despite this, the Quraish attacked and nearly eradicated Khuzaah
 The survivors rushed to Madinah, where they related to the Prophet to incident
 The Holy Prophet was enraged, and sent them a letter with the following clauses
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 To pay blood money to the victims
 To terminate their alliance with Banu Bakr
 To consider the Treaty of Hudaibyah broken
 Abu Sufyan was not in Madinah at the time. Qartah, a Quraishi leader, chose the third options



violated the treaty
afd
When Abu Sufyan went to the Prophet to try to patch things up, he was ignored as he had
Even though the Prophet had followed it even before he had signed it, Abu Sufyan had
violated it. This shows the importance of keeping your word to the Prophet
Disheartened, he went to his daughter, the wife of the Prophet – Umm-e-Habiba
In her house, there was only one place to sit – the mat of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
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 He was not allowed to sit on it as she did not want a lying pagan to sit on the mat of the Holy
Prophet.
 The Makkans were dismayed but did not expect any danger
 He planned to attack the Quraish to prevent further attacks on Muslims Ummah after Badr,
Uhud, and Ahzaab
him
Events:
Organization:
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 The Muslims organised 10,000 soldiers

 He left Madinah on 10th Ramadan in 610 AD
 This was in complete secrecy
 He gave the impression that he was preparing to battle the Romans
 They fent fake Sariyah for distraction
 Sariyan are battles in which the Prophet did not participate
 The battles in which the Prophet participates are Ghazwa
Story of Hatib
 Hatib was in a caravan with a letter. The Prophet’s companions were told to intercept him.
 When they did, he at first hid the letter in his hair.

 When confronted, some thought they should kill him. However, it turned out that it was to
protect his relatives and he was forgiven due to his genuine apologies
Build-up:
 On the way, he met Hazrat Abbas, who embraced Islam

 He also met his uncle
 He camped at Mar Al-Zahran
 He used psychological warfare by asking all 10,000 warriors to spread out in the area and
light a fire outside each camp
 When they saw such a large army and fire all around them, they were all terrified
 The Muslims, on the other hand, all wanted revenge
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 Abu Sufyan came to survey the situation. He was recognized and brought to the camp, where
he converted to Islam
 Umar wanted to kill him.

Entrance into Makkah:
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Before entering Makkah, he announced that whoever took refuge in Abu Sufyan’s house
would be forgiven
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 Those who seeked refuge in the house of Kaabah would be forgiven
 Those who closed their doors would be forgiven
 Those who laid down their weapons would be forgiven
 Those who embraced Islam would be forgiven
 He spoke to them about equality:
him
 “O Mankind, We created you from a drop of blood..”

 When he entered the Kaabah, he put Abu Sufyan on an exalted place so he could see their
strength
 Every tribe had their own battalion. One of the tribe leaders raised Nar-e-Takbir and there
was such a large echo that Prophet Muhammad didn’t like it. He took the flag from him and
gave it to his son
 They were not prepared to fight and surrendered
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 Thus, Makkah was conquered without bloodshed, except for a few people who fought against
Khalid bin Waleed’s battalion
 It was a custom at the time for all the conquered cities citizens to be slaves
 The Prophet immediately set them all free
 When asked, the people of Makkah said that he was their cousin and as they knew his
character they expected nothing but mercy
 First, he destroyed all the idols in the Kaabah while reciting “Say, the truth has come and
falsehood has vanished…” (17:81)
 Hazrat Bilal was made to pronounce Azaan
 The key of the Kaabah was given to Hazrat Usman bin Talha
 He stayed for a few days then appointed a governor
 A few rebels tried to agitate the people of Makkah. They were not listened to and 70 were
sentenced to death, most of whom were pardoned after they promised not to cause any more
trouble
Importance:
 Important trade route was open

 The Quraish were wealthy merchants
 Islam spread to Makkah
 Abu Sufyan accepted Islam
 The Prophet’s mercy was shown
 Political:
 The Prophet was given the leadership of not only Madinah but also Makkah. Thus, he state
spread out and now there was no doubt of his leadership
 They gained alliances with the surrounding tribes, considering that they were now the most
powerful force in the region
 The power of the Muslims was increased as the surrounding tribes embraced Islam
 Religious:
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 The Kaabah, the religious hub of Muslims, was under the control of Muslims
 This was the first time in hundreds of years that the Kaabah was free of idols and pictures
The Battle of Hunain

After Conquest:
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 After the conquest of Makkah, Hawazen and Thaqif refused to give up the fight against Islam
and prepared for war
 When Khalid bin Walid entered Makkah, these were the only two tribes to initiate bloodshed.
They were defeated and ran away from Makkah
him
 Malek bin Awf took command of the Pagan army and drove the Hawazen and Thaqif with all
their property to the valley of Awtaas
 He made some very unwise decisions, one of them being that he took everything to Awtaas,
where they were preparing for war
 Someone stopped him, saying that he should not take his family and finances to the
battlefield. However, he was under the impression that if losing meant losing everything,
there would be more of a motivation to fight
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 When the Prophet received the news that they were preparing for battle, he set out to defeat
them.
 They left Makkah to defend it only 19 days after the conquest of Makkah
 There were 12,000 warriors
 9,000 from Madinah
 3,000 from Makkah
 The Quraish also gave armour
 Muslims liked their odds. Whenever they felt overconfident, Allah reminded them that they
could not win without His help
 On the way, they had to pass through Hunain
Events:
 The enemy tribes had prepared an ambush for the Muslims

 They stationed archers along the cliffs
 Muslims marched into Hunain at dawn on the 10th of Shawwal while going towards Taif,
where they thought they would meet them
 The Arabs used to have a superstition that they hung their weapons on a tree for luck. The
new believers asked the Prophet to make such a tree for them, he was angered.
 While they were going, they were also very confident that they would win due to their large
numbers. Allah later punished them for this.
 Once they entered and charged, they were ambushed and shot by archers from both sides
 Like at Uhud, the army was in chaos and they started to withdraw, especially the new
converts. There was so much confusion that the camels started bumping into each other
 The Prophet, however, remained standing. He asked Al-Abbas to call those of the pledge of
the Tree
 In that time, it was a huge insult to be called by your name while running. Thus, they all came
back and attacked with a combined force
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 This was orchestrated by Allah to show them not to be overconfident
 After this, Muslims reorganized, reentered, and drove back the enemy
 The Prophet threw a handful of dirt on them, saying “Let their faces be disfigured” which




struck fear in the heart of all the enemies
Quote: afd
They climbed up the rocks and killed the archers
The enemy retreated with the Muslims chasing after them.
“Surely Allah did help you in many battlefields, and on the days of Hunain when your
great number elated you but it availed you naught, and the earth, for all that is wide,
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did constrain you and you back in retreat.” Prophet Muhammad
Siege of Taif:
him
 The Hawazins, after their defeat at hunain, camped at Taif, where strong garrisons were
posted
 Muslims laid a siege on it for a month, during which nothing happened but the martyr and
injury of a few Muslims via arrows
 Eventually, he consulted his companions as to what was to be done
 They suggested that he lift the siege and curse the Taif
 Instead, the Holy Prophet prayed for them: “O Allah! Give guidance to the tribes of Thaqif
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and send them to me.”
Results:
 After this, they got huge spoils of war

 While distributing the spoils of war, he gave extra shares to the new converts
 The Ansaar didn’t like this as they felt that their continued support deserved more. In
response, the Prophet gave them a beautiful speech: “Do you want the Prophet, or do you
want money? Let them have money, for I am coming with you.”
Importance:
 The Muslims learned the importance of unity

 The importance of the Prophet over wealth
 The Muslims were reminded not to be overconfident
 The faith of the new converts was strengthened by battlefield experience
 Financial benefits
The Invasion of Tabuk

Reasons and Preparations:
 Prophet Muhammad received news that Heraclius was preparing an army to fight the
ar
Muslims
 He was fearful that Islam was getting so powerful that they would annexe the Roman Empire
 They were embarrassed that a Muslim army of 3000 had resisted them.
 They called their allies – Ghassan




Romans afd
The Prophet prepared for battle and announced a Jihad against Romans
The Muslims, especially the newly converted, were extremely scared due to the power of the
At that moment, the hypocrites showed their new colours – they refused to fight.
Some, who were sincere and wanted to fight, said that they would fight, but they didn’t have
aS
horses. As the Holy Prophet could not provide them with this, they started crying
 At that time, there was a drought in Madinah
 Due to this, the Prophet once again asked for their financial support
 Women gave their jewelry and ornaments. Everyone gave whatever they could
 During this battle, Hazrat Ali was asked to stay behind
The hypocrites started teasing him over this
him

 He received the response that as he was very important to him, he didn’t want to risk his life
Events:
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 30,000 Muslims set out

 It was called the army of distress – they didn’t have enough to eat and had to eat leaves, due
to which their mouths swelled
 They had so little water that when they sacrificed animals
 They had one stop – where Aad and Samud were punished
 There, they found a well, which they were forbidden to drink from
 Later, upon complaints from the believers, the Holy Prophet prayed for rain and received it.
 Hindrances:
 The journey to the battle was extremely long – the Roman army was gathering near the
Syrian border at Tabuk
 The whole thing – going, staying for 20 days, and returning, took 50 days
 When they reached, they waited for 20 days.
 The Romans, seeing 30,000 Muslims, were extremely scared
 Their army dispersed in the towns and went away
 These twenty days were very fruitful for Islam. Many tribes around that area left the Romans
and joined the commonwealth of Islam
 On the way back, 20 hypocrites attacked and tried to kill the Holy Prophet
 He had two companions – Hazrat Huzaifa and someone holding the camels
 Huzaifa removed the veil of the attackers and saw their faces. He was told not to tell their
names to anyone else.
 Before going, the Holy Prophet received an invitation from the hypocrites that they had made
a mosque. He was asked to pray in it; he said that he would after he came back from Tabuk
 He received a revelation that the Mosque was actually made to plan a conspiracy against him
 People were sent to destroy it.
 When the Holy Prophetu returned, those who did not go were asked about
 Three companions who didn’t go gave weak reasons. They were told to be socially isolated
 They were in a social boycott for 30 days till he received a revelation that they had repented
 They were very happy when they were forgiven.
 The donations and contributions by Muslims
ar
 Hazrat Abu Bakr gave his whole household
 Hazrat Usman gave thousands of camels
 Hazrat Umar gave half of his household

Importance:
Support was gained

No superpower dared to attack Muslims anymore
afd
aS

 The impact of this invasion is great as regards extanding and confriming the Muslim’s
influence and domination of the Arabian Peninsula
 The Muslims had obtained the great political benefits that they were far better than the once
they could have acquired of two armies had been involved in military confrontation
 The hypocrites who used to conspire against the Muslims had lost their expectations and
him
desire to rule over Muslims

 The hypocrites gave up their attempts after realizing their efforts were useless
The Holy Prophet’s Final Sermon:

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The Holy Prophet’s Performance of Hajj:
 In the 10th year of Hijrah, the Holy Prophet announced that he Himself was to proceed with
Hajj.
 On a Saturday of the last four days of Zeqa’ad, the Holy Prophet started the departure
preparations by combing his hair, applying Ert, wearing his garment, and saddling his camel.
He set off in the afternoon
 By the time he reached Makkah, he had 1 lakh companions performing Hajj with him
 Those who went ahead were called back
 Those who were behind were waited for
The Holy Prophet’s Final Sermon:

 On the 8th day of Hajj, he gave his last sermon, a summation of his 23 years of Prophethood
 To deliver it, the Holy Prophet climbed onto two saddles. People were told that every
distance somebody must repeat his words so that everyone would hear it.
 People were told to listen with attention and to “take these words to those who couldn’t be
present here today.”
Its Contents are as Follows:
The Foods a Muslim is Allowed to Eat:
ar
 Muslims were allowed to eat all four-footed animals with the exception of Animals of the
Chase while they were in the Sacred Precincts/pilgrimage garb
 Forbidden for Muslims were dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and animals which had

been sacrificed for religions other than Islam.
was not Halal

afd
Furthermore, if an animal was killed by strangling, a violent blow, a fall, or by being gored, it
If it was partially eaten by a wild animal, unless you are able to slaughter it, you are
forbidden to eat it.
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Socio-Economic Justice and Equality:
 Interest was banned on all loans

 Goods were to be returned to their entrusted owners
him
 Hurt no-one and no one else must hurt you
Advice relating to Unity, Patience, and Prayers:
 Muslims were told that, in order to live life well, one must seek Allah’s help through
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patience, perseverance, and Prayer.

 Muslims were told to Unite themselves on the grounds of their common cause of Islam in
order to guide themselves.
 They were told to be grateful for what Allah had given them
Women’s Rights:
 They were told to respect women’s rights, for while marrying them, they had made certain
promises to Allah, placing Allah as a witness as to the fact that they had taken their wife
under their own wing
 It was their right unto them that they do not make any friends with those whom they didn’t
approve
 They were to treat their wives with respect and kindness.

 If they abided their responsibilities, they were to be clothed and fed kindly
Muslim Relationship with Allah:
 Muslims were told to pray, fast, give Zakat, and perform Hajj (if they could afford to) in
order to please Allah.
Equality:
 No white was superior over blacks or blacks over white except in piety
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 Muslims constitute a brotherhood
 Don’t steal/use objects without permission

Accountability:
in order to decide their fate in the afterlife

afd
Muslims were told that their sins and good deeds would be weighed on the Day of Judgement
In order to ensure a positive fate, one was to follow the Quran and Sunnah
aS
Seal of the Prophet:
 No new Prophet was to come after the Holy Prophet – he was the last and final messenger.
him
 In order to prevent from going astray in the absence of the Prophet, Muslims are to refer to
the Quran and his Sunnahs
Ending:
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 While ending the speech, the Holy Prophet asked his companions “What shall you tell when
Allah asks you about me on the Day of Judgement?”
 To this, the companions unanimously answered: “We shall say that you have delivered the
Message.”
 Then, the Holy Prophet directed his eyes towards the heavens and said: “O Lord! You are
my witness”
 In response, Allah revealed to the Holy Prophet the following Surah:
 “This Day I have perfected for you the Religion and completed My Favours upon you
and have chosen Islam as your religion” (3:5)
 Ghadir khum incident
Death of the Holy Prophet:

 Two months after the final Hajj, the Holy Prophet fell sick. However, he still carried on his
duties in this time, going to Uhud and praying for the martyrs
 He remained in the Masjid-e-Nabwi, revising the Quran with Angel Gibrael twice and setting
the order of it
 He continued praying in congregation till he was so ill that he could not move, after which
Abu Bakr was given that duty
 He felt better a few days before his death, but his condition soon became serious, due to
which he fainted multiple times and was shifted to Hazrat Ayesha’s apartment
 During this, he was repeating “Forgive me O Lord!”
 Late into the afternoon of the final day, he said
 “Stick to Salat and treat slaves kindly.” Then, he wiped his face with water, raised his hand,
and pronounced thrice: “Unto the Companion, Most High”
 He passed away on the 12fth of Rabi-ul-Awwal when he was 63 years old and was buried in
Hazrat Aisha’s compartment.
 Following his death, Abu Bakr gave a speech to calm down the remorseful Muslims
ar
 The Prophet left behind two things – his Sunnah and the Quran
;
afd
aS
him
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Compiled by Rahima Safdar

Battle of Trench: 5A.H/627AD

revelation “Verily we have granted thee a manifest victory”(48:1)

it has not been put into writing.

7th Year after Hijrah

ii.To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr

two Muslims embraced martyrdom.

The Battle of Hunain

Letters to Kings and Emperors

1. Heraclius, the Emperor of Byzantine

4. Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia Negus,

5. Abd and Jaifar,

6. Munzir ibn Sawa,

me and no new faith will be born. Reason well, therefore, O people!

question: “O people, have I faithfully delivered unto you my message?” The

Qualities (Model of Excellence):

1. Patience and perseverance

2. Honesty and Trustworthiness :

right.” (Ibn Ishaque)

3. Humility and Simplicity:

4. Justice and equality:

Prophet (P.B.U.H) took charge of collecting wood from jungle.

6. Mercy and Forgiveness

people left their valuable with him for safe keeping.

broken his promise.

Relations with Non – Muslims

Ansaars and Muhajireen

16.He also offered todivorceone of his wives for AbdurRahman to

18.The Ansar wanted to share theirdate palmswith theMuhajireen but

25.The relationship between them shows that Ansar’s wereselfless

First Year of Hijrah:

 When he reached Madinah, there was a huge welcome

camel stopped – an empty plot belonging to Sahar and Sohail in

Construction of Masjid e Nabvi:

 After arriving in Madinah, the Prophet and his companions built a

 It measured 98*115 feet

“This shall be my home, my place of worship, and my resting place”

 Place where Muslims worship

Importance of Masjid e Nabvi:

 The army made decisions there

 Equality and brotherhood- a black slave was given this duty

 Revision of Muslim beliefs

 After the construction of Masjid e Nabvi, the Prophet wanted to

 Two Muhajireen were placed in every family so that they could

 Spirit of selflessness and eternal reward

 Brought the Muhajireen and Ansaar on the same level as no one

 A poor Muslim should have the right to protection as a rich Muslim

 It helped the Prophet to make an alliance of the residents of

Second Year of Hijrah

 As the Quraish were jealous of the growing power of Islam, they

kept a strict watch on the Muslims left over in Makkah and

 They also sent a message to the Muslims of Madinah threatening to

 As the Holy Prophet wanted the Kaabah to be the Qiblah for

become the pious” (Al Baqarah V:183)

 Zakat was made obligatory on well-off Muslims to financially help

 Jihad was made obligatory on Muslims in the following verse during

 A public treasury was set up in Madinah for welfare and relief

The Battle of Badr

Permission for Jihad:

 “Permission is given against those whom war is made.