MASTER CLASS

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 JEE 2023
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Ellipse
Ellipse

● Standard Ellipses and their Equations

● Parametric form of Equation of an Ellipse
● Focal Chords and Focal Distances
● Position of a Point and a Line with Respect to an Ellipse
● Equations of Normals of an Ellipse
● Some Important Properties of Ellipses
Recall
(1) 0 < e < 1 ⇒ Ellipse
(2) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents an ellipse
if Δ ≠ 0 and h2 − ab < 0.
Standard Ellipses and their
Equations
Here we will be studying ellipses having horizontal or vertical
axis.
Standard ellipses having centre at origin

(1) (2)
Standard ellipses having centre at origin

(1)

Y
B(0, b)
S’(-ae, 0) S(ae, 0)

O X
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)
B’(0, -b)
(a) Major axis : Along X-axis, and of length 2a.
(b) Minor axis : Along Y-axis, and of length 2b.
(c) Foci : S(ae, 0) and S’(-ae, 0)

(d) Directrices : and

(e) Eccentricity :

(f) LR : x = ae and x = − ae and length of LR =

 Y
Standard ellipses having centre at origin
(2)

(a) Major axis : Along Y-axis, and of length 2b.

(b) Minor axis : Along X-axis, and of length 2a.
(c) Foci : S(0, be) and S’(0, -be) X
O
(d) Directrices : and

(e) Eccentricity :

(f) LR : y = be and y = −be and length of

Remark

is the equation of an ellipse having centre at (h, k).

 Question!

Q Draw the following ellipses and mention their foci, LR,

directrices and centre.

(a) (b) 25(x + 1)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 225

(c) 9x2 - 18x + 4y2 - 16y - 11 = 0

 Question!

Q Draw the following ellipses and mention their foci, LR,

directrices and centre. (a)
Solution :

(0, 2)

X
(−3, 0) O (3, 0)

(0, −2)
 Question!

Q Draw the following ellipses and mention their foci, LR,

directrices and centre. (b) 25(x + 1)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 225
Solution :
Solution :
 Question!

Q Draw the following ellipses and mention their foci, LR,

directrices and centre. (c) 9x2 - 18x + 4y2 - 16y - 11 = 0
Solution :

(1, 5)

(3, −2) (3, 2)

(1, −5)
 Question!

Q The equation of the circle passing through the foci of the

ellipse and having centre at (0, 3) is _____.

A JEE Main 2013

x2 − y2 − 6y − 7 = 0

B x2 + y2 − 6y + 7 = 0

C x2 + y2 − 6y − 5 = 0

D x2 + y2 − 6y + 5 = 0
 Question!

Q The equation of the circle passing through the foci of the

ellipse and having centre at (0, 3) is _____.

A JEE Main 2013

x2 − y2 − 6y − 7 = 0

B x2 + y2 − 6y + 7 = 0

C x2 + y2 − 6y − 5 = 0

D x2 + y2 − 6y + 5 = 0
Solution :
 Question!

Q (a) Find eccentricity of an ellipse if length of its major axis

equal to its focal length (that is distance between foci).
(b) If angle between straight lines joining foci to an end of
minor axis of an ellipse is 90°, then find e.
(c) Find equation of ellipse having center at origin whose
major axis is X-axis and length of its minor axis is equal to
distance between foci and LR is of 10 units.
 Question!

Q (a) Find eccentricity of an ellipse if length of its major axis

equal to its focal length (that is distance between foci).
Solution :
 Question!

Q (b) If angle between straight lines joining foci to an end of

minor axis of an ellipse is 90°, then find e.
Solution :

45° C 45°

A D B
 Question!

Q (c) Find equation of ellipse having centre at origin whose

major axis is X-axis and length of its minor axis is equal to
distance between foci and LR is of 10 units.
Solution :

Y
C

O X
A B

D
 Numerical type Question!

Q In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the difference of the

lengths of major axis and minor axis is 10 and one of the foci
is at then the length of its latus rectum is:____.

JEE Main 2019

 Numerical type Question!

Q In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the difference of the

lengths of major axis and minor axis is 10 and one of the foci
is at then the length of its latus rectum is:____.
Ans : 5 JEE Main 2019
Solution :
 Question!

Q The ellipse is inscribed in a rectangle R

whose sides are parallel to the coordinates axes. Another
ellipse E2 passing through the point (0, 4) circumscribes the
rectangle R. The eccentricity of the ellipse E2 is

A IIT - JEE - 2012

D
 Question!

Q The ellipse is inscribed in a rectangle R

whose sides are parallel to the coordinates axes. Another
ellipse E2 passing through the point (0, 4) circumscribes the
rectangle R. The eccentricity of the ellipse E2 is

A IIT - JEE - 2012

D
Solution :
Note

In general, for any ellipse, the following hold true.

(1)
Note

In general, for any ellipse, the following hold true.

(1)

(2)
Note

In general, for any ellipse, the following hold true.

(1)

(2)

(3) distance between foci = major axis × eccentricity

(4)
 Question!

Q Find the equation of an ellipse whose focus is (− 1, 1),

e = 0.5 and directrix is x − y + 3 = 0. Also find its major and
minor axes and its latus rectum.
Solution :
 Parametric Form of
Equation of an Ellipse
The parametric form of is x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ

Here θ is a parameter and is called the eccentric angle.

Lets see in the figure, which angle θ represents.
Y

(acosθ, asinθ)
(0, b)
P(θ)
θ
O X
(−a, 0) (a, 0)

(0, −b) x2 + y2 = a2
Auxiliary Circle
Focal Chords and
Focal Distances
Focal Chords
It can be easily proved that the equation of chord joining P(θ1) and Q(θ2) is

Y
It will be a focal chord if focus satisfies it.
P(θ1)

O S X

Q(θ2)

Note
You need not remember the equation of chord PQ.
Eg. If eccentric angles of the extremities of a focal chord are 90° and

300°, then, e will be given by

Focal Distances Y

X
S’(−ae, 0) O S(ae, 0)
Focal Distances Y

P
M’ M

X
S’(−ae, 0) O S(ae, 0)
Observation

For every point P on an ellipse, sum of focal distances,

that is PS + PS’ = 2a
Ellipse is also defined as :
Locus of a point which moves such that sum of its distances
from two fixed points is constant.
The fixed points are its foci and the constant sum is the length
of its major axis.
 Question!

Q If P ≡ (x, y), F1 ≡ (3, 0), F2 ≡ (−3, 0) and 16x2 + 25y2 = 400,

then the expression PF1 + PF2 equals _____.

A IIT 1998
8

B 6

C 10

D 12
 Question!

Q If P ≡ (x, y), F1 ≡ (3, 0), F2 ≡ (−3, 0) and 16x2 + 25y2 = 400,

then the expression PF1 + PF2 equals _____.

A IIT 1998
8

B 6

C 10

D 12
Solution :
 Question!

Q A variable point P on an ellipse of eccentricity e is joined to its

foci S and S’. Prove that the locus of the incentre of Δ PSS’ is
an ellipse.
Solution :

P (acosθ, bsinθ)

S (ae, 0) S’ (−ae, 0)
Solution :
 Question!

Q If the focal distance of an end of the minor axis of an ellipse

(referred to its axes as the axes of x and y, respectively) is k
and distance between its foci is 2h, then find its equation.
Solution :
Position of a Point and a Line
with respect to an Ellipse
Result

(1) S1 > 0 ⇒ point lies outside ellipse

(2) S1 = 0 ⇒ point lies on ellipse
(3) S1 < 0 ⇒ point lies inside ellipse

Remark
From an external point, two tangents can be drawn.
 Question!

Q Find the location of the point (2, 3) with respect to the ellipse
Solution :
Various Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse
Slope form Tangent at a point Parametric form
an ellipse
slope = m (x1, y1)
P(θ)
Various Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse
Slope form Tangent at a point Parametric form
an ellipse
slope = m (x1, y1)
P(θ)

T=0 T=0
 Question!

Q (a) Find k such that x + y = k is tangent to

(b) Find equation of tangent to passing

through (2, 3).
 Question!

Q (a) Find k such that x + y = k is tangent to

Solution :
 Question!

Q (b) Find equation of tangent to passing

through (2, 3).
Solution :
 Question!

Q Suppose that the foci of the ellipse are (f1, 0)

and (f2, 0) where f1 > 0 and f2 < 0. Let P1 and P2 be two
parabolas with a common vertex at (0, 0) and with foci at
(f1, 0) and (2f2, 0), respectively. Let T1 be a tangent to P1
which passes through (2f2, 0) and T2 be a tangent to P2
which passes through (f1, 0). If m1 is the slope of T1 and m2

is the slope of T2, then the value of is

JEE Adv 2015

 Question!

Q Suppose that the foci of the ellipse are (f1, 0)

and (f2, 0) where f1 > 0 and f2 < 0. Let P1 and P2 be two parabolas
with a common vertex at (0, 0) and with foci at
(f1, 0) and (2f2, 0), respectively. Let T1 be a tangent to P1 which
passes through (2f2, 0) and T2 be a tangent to P2 which passes
through (f1, 0). If m1 is the slope of T1 and m2 is the slope of T2, then
the value of is
 Question!

Q Suppose that the foci of the ellipse are (f1, 0)

and (f2, 0) where f1 > 0 and f2 < 0. Let P1 and P2 be two
parabolas with a common vertex at (0, 0) and with foci at
(f1, 0) and (2f2, 0), respectively. Let T1 be a tangent to P1
which passes through (2f2, 0) and T2 be a tangent to P2
which passes through (f1, 0). If m1 is the slope of T1 and m2

is the slope of T2, then the value of is

Ans : 4 JEE Adv 2015

Solution :
 Question!

Q The area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral formed by the

tangents at the end points of the latus recta of the ellipse
is _____.

A JEE Main 2015

B 18

D 27
 Question!

Q The area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral formed by the

tangents at the end points of the latus recta of the ellipse
is _____.

A JEE Main 2015

B 18

D 27
Solution : By symmetry, we can see that the axes of the ellipse are
perpendicular bisectors of each other.
Also, the tangents at the extremities of the latus recta
intersect the corresponding axes at points A, B, C and D,
as shown.
So, quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus.
Y
B
L

X
C O A

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q Tangent drawn to the ellipse at point ‘P’ meets

the coordinate axes at points A and B respectively. Locus of
mid-point of segment AB is

D
 Question!

Q Tangent drawn to the ellipse at point ‘P’ meets

the coordinate axes at points A and B respectively. Locus of
mid-point of segment AB is

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q If tangents are drawn to the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 2 at all points

on the ellipse other than its four vertices then the mid points
of the tangents intercepted between the coordinate axes lie
on the curve:

A JEE Main 2019

D
 Question!

Q If tangents are drawn to the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 2 at all points

on the ellipse other than its four vertices then the mid points
of the tangents intercepted between the coordinate axes lie
on the curve:

A JEE Main 2019

D
Solution :

(0, 1)

P
 Question!

Q (a) Tangents to the ellipse make angles θ1 and θ2

with the major axis. Find locus of their point of intersection if
cot θ1 + cot θ2 = l 2 .
(b) Find the equation of the director circle of the ellipse
 Question!

Q (a) Tangents to the ellipse make angles θ1 and θ2

with the major axis. Find locus of their point of intersection if
cot θ1 + cot θ2 = l 2 .
Solution :
 Question!

Q (b) Find the equation of the director circle of the ellipse

Solution :

Remark
Remember equation of director circle as a result.
Note

For the ellipse , we have

(a) Point of contact of tangent having slope m, is given by

(b) Point of intersection of tangents at P(α) and Q(β) is given by

Equations of Normals
of an Ellipse
(1) Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on is given by

P(x1, y1)
 (1) Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on is given by

P(x1, y1)

(2) Equation of normal in parametric form,

that is normal at P(θ), is given by P(θ)
ax sec θ − by cosec θ = a2 − b2 = a2e2
 Question!

Q If the normal at an end of LR of passes through

an extremity of the minor axis then show that the eccentricity
of the ellipse satisfies the equation e4 + e2 − 1 = 0.
Solution :

(0, b)

(ae, 0)
Solution :
 Question!

Q The normal at a point P on the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 16 meets

the x-axis at Q. If M is the mid point of the line segment PQ,
then the locus of M intersects the latus rectums of the given
ellipse at the points

IIT - JEE - 2009

A

D
 Question!

Q The normal at a point P on the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 16 meets

the x-axis at Q. If M is the mid point of the line segment PQ,
then the locus of M intersects the latus rectums of the given
ellipse at the points

IIT - JEE - 2009

A

D
Solution :
Solution :
Some important properties
of Ellipses
(1) Product of lengths of perpendiculars from foci on any tangent to

ellipse is equal to (semi-minor axis)2, that is, for ,

P1P2 = b2

P2
P1
S’ O S
Eg. An ellipse slides between 2 straight lines which are at right angles to
each other. Show that locus of the centre is a circle.

(x2, y2)
(h, k)
(x1, y1)
Eg. An ellipse slides between 2 straight lines which are at right angles to
each other. Show that locus of the centre is a circle.

(x2, y2)
(h, k)
(x1, y1)
(2) Feet of perpendicular from either focus on any tangent to an ellipse
lies on its auxiliary circle.

(3) Reflection property : An incident ray coming from focus S after

striking concave side of ellipse gets reflected towards focus S’.
 Question!

Q If normal at meets the major axis of ellipse

at Q and S and S’ are foci of given ellipse

then find the ratio SQ : S’Q.

Solution :
(4) The portion of tangent to an ellipse between point of contact and
directrix subtends a right angle at the corresponding focus.
MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
 JEE 2023
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