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Assignment 6

This document contains 13 math problems involving concepts like convergence of sequences, limits, boundedness, and series tests. The problems cover topics such as using comparison tests to determine convergence of series, properties of convergent sequences, and showing sequences are Cauchy or bounded. Rigorous justifications are required for all answers.

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VISHVENDRA CHAUHAN
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© © All Rights Reserved
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39 views

Assignment 6

This document contains 13 math problems involving concepts like convergence of sequences, limits, boundedness, and series tests. The problems cover topics such as using comparison tests to determine convergence of series, properties of convergent sequences, and showing sequences are Cauchy or bounded. Rigorous justifications are required for all answers.

Uploaded by

VISHVENDRA CHAUHAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA1011: Assignment 6

(Vector Spaces and Matrix Algebra)

R: set of real numbers; C: set of complex numbers


Please give rigorous justification for all your answers.

Part - I
1. Show the following.

(a) If X = (xn ) is a convergent sequence of real numbers such that xn ≥ 0 for all n ∈ N,
then lim xn ≥ 0.
n→∞
(b) Suppose that the sequences (an ), (bn ) converge to L, M respectively. If an ≤ bn for
all n ≥ 1023 , prove that L ≤ M . Now suppose an < bn for all n ∈ N, is it necessarily
true that L < M ?

(c) If (xn ) is a convergent sequence of real numbers such that a ≤ xn ≤ b for all n ∈ N,
then a ≤ lim xn ≤ b.
n→∞
(d) Suppose (sn ) is a convergent sequence of real numbers such that sn ≥ 0 for all
√ √
n ∈ N. If sn → s, then sn → s.

2. Suppose (xn ) is a sequence converging to x0 . Let dn = |xn − x0 |. Is dn necessarily a


monotonically decreasing sequence? a convergent sequence?

3. If (xn ) is a monotone sequence, then the sequence either converges, diverges to +∞, or
diverges to −∞.

4. Find the limit of the sequence (an ) or show that it diverges.

(n+1)(n−4)
a)an = 2n5/2

b)an = √1 ( √ 1 √ + √ 1√ + ... + √ 1√
)
n 1+ 3 3+ 5 2n−1+ 2n+1

(−1)n 2n2 +3
c) an = n+1 d)an = 3n2 +1

5. Establish the convergence or divergence of the following sequences

1 1 1
(a) yn = n+1 + n+2 + ··· + 2n , n∈N
1 1 1
(b) xn = 12
+ 22
+ ··· + n2
, n∈N

an −1
6. For a > 0, let bn = an +1 , n ∈ N, Find values of a for which (bn ) converges, and also find
the limits for such values.

1
1
7. For 0 < a < b, let an = (an + bn ) n , n ∈ N, show using sandwich theorem that (an )
converges to b.

1
8. Show that the sequence (xn ) defined by x1 = 1, xn+1 = 2+xn converges. Find the limit.

n2
9. Show that the sequence xn = ln(n) diverges.

In questions 10 and 11 use Comparison test, Limit comparison test, Cauchy condensation test,
Cauchy condensation test, , root test etc to check convergence.

10. Determine the convergence or divergence of the following series.


∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X cos2 n X 1 X 3 n X 1 X 1
(a). 3/2
(b). 2
(c). (1 − ) (d). (e).
n n(log n) n n log log n log n
n=1 n=2 n=1 √ n=1 n=2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X nπ X n X n 2 X 4n (n!)2
(f). sin( ) (g). ( )n (h). (i).
n+1 2n + 1 2n (2n)!
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

11. Check whether the following series converge/converge absolutely/diverge.


∞ ∞ √ ∞
X (−1)n X n+1 3 n + 1
X tan−1 n
(a). √ (b). (−1) √ (c). (−1)n
1+ n n+1 1 + n2
n=1 n=1 n=1
X∞
(d). (−1)n sin(1/n)
n=1

Part II
1. Fix  > 0. Check whether the set {n}n∈N is unbounded.

2. Suppose that {n } is a sequence of positive reals converging to 0. Check whether the set
{nn } is bounded.

3. Let {n } is a sequence of positive reals such that the set {nn } is bounded. Check whether
the sequence {n } converges to 0.

4. If {n } is a sequence of positive reals converging to 0, show the following: A real number
r is zero if and only if |r| < n for every n.

5. If {xn } converges to 0, and if {yn } is a bounded sequence show that the sequence {xn yn }
converges to 0.

6. Let p be a polynomial function from R → R. Show that ii {xn } is sequence in R converging


to x then show that the sequence {p(xn )} converges to p(x).

7. Let {xn } be a sequence in R converging to x. Suppose that x 6= 0. Show that


|x|
(a) There exists n0 such that if n > n0 then |xn − x| < 2 .

2
(b) If n > n0 then show that xn 6= 0.

(c) Show that the sequence { x1n }n>n0 converges to x1 .

8. If {xn } converges to x then show that {|xn |} converges to |x|.

9. Give an example of a sequence which is bounded but not convergent.


P∞ 1
10. Show that the series n=1 n(n+1) is convergent. Compute the value of the sum. Hint:
1 1 1

Observe that n(n+1) = n − n+1

1 1 1 P∞ 1
11. Use the fact that n(n+1) ≤ n2
< n(n−1) to show that n=1 n2 is convergent.

12. If {an } converges to a and {bn } converges to b and if cn = max{an , bn } show that {cn }
converges to max{a, b}.

13. If {xn } is Cauchy show that it is bounded.

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