Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

BatStateU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

AC GENERATORS

AC GENERATOR COMPONENTS
AC generators are widely used to produce AC voltage. To understand how these generators
operate, the function of each component of the generator must first be understood.

1. Field
The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors within the generator that
receive a voltage from a source (called excitation) and produce a magnetic flux. The
magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a voltage. This voltage is ultimately
the output voltage of the AC generator.
2. Armature
The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is produced. This component
consists of many coils of wire that are large enough to carry the full-load current of the
generator.
3. Prime Mover
The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC generator. The prime mover
may be any type of rotating machine, such as a diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor.
4. Rotor
The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the generator, as shown in
Figure 1. The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover, which may be a steam turbine,
gas turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the type of generator, this component may be
the armature or the field. The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is generated
there; the rotor will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.

Figure 1. Basic AC Generator

Two types of rotors are used in alternators (a) salient-pole type and (b) smooth-cylindrical
type.
a. Salient (or projecting) Pole Type. It is used in low- and medium-speed (engine driven)
alternators. It has been a large number of projecting (salient) poles, having their cores
bolted or dovetailed onto a heavy magnetic wheel of cast iron, or steel of good
magnetic quality. Such generators are characterized by their large diameters and short
axial lengths. The poles and pole-shoes (which cover two-thirds of pole-pitch) are
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laminated to minimize heating due to eddy currents. In large machines, field windings
consist of rectangular copper strip wound on edge.
b. Smooth Cylindrical Type. It is used for steam turbine-driven alternators (turbo-
alternators) which run at very high speeds. The rotor consists of a smooth solid forged
steel cylinder, having a number of slots milled out at intervals along the outer periphery
(and parallel to the shaft) for accommodating field coils.
5. Stator
The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary (refer to Figure 1). Like the rotor,
this component may be the armature or the field, depending on the type of generator. The
stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the stator will be the
field if the field excitation is applied there.
6. Slip Rings
Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer power to and from the rotor
of an AC generator (refer to Figure 1). The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material
that is connected to the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft. Brushes ride on the
slip ring as the rotor rotates. The electrical connection to the rotor is made by connections
to the brushes.
Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired output of the generator is a sine
wave. In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an output whose current
always flowed in the positive direction. This is not necessary for an AC generator.
Therefore, an AC generator may use slip rings, which will allow the output current and
voltage to oscillate through positive and negative values. This oscillation of voltage and
current takes the shape of a sine wave.

Figure 2. Sinusoidal Voltage

AC GENERATOR THEORY
AC generators are widely used to produce AC voltage. To understand how these generators
operate, the basic theory of operation must first be understood.
Theory of Operation
A simple AC generator consists of: (a) a strong magnetic field, (b) conductors that rotate through
that magnetic field, and (c) a means by which a continuous connection is provided to the
conductors as they are rotating (Figure 3). The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow
through the field coil of the rotor. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation using slip rings and
brushes. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide the continuous
connection between the field coil and the external excitation circuit. The armature is contained
within the windings of the stator and is connected to the output. Each time the rotor makes one
complete revolution, one complete cycle of AC is developed. A generator has many turns of wire
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Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

wound into the slots of the rotor.

The magnitude of AC voltage
generated by an AC generator is
dependent on the field strength
and speed of the rotor. Most
generators are operated at a
constant speed; therefore, the
generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.

Figure 3. Simple AC Generator

The frequency of the generated voltage is dependent on the number of field poles and the speed
at which the generator is operated is

120
where:
– frequency (Hz or cycles per second)
– Total number of Poles
– Rotor Speed
120 – conversion from minutes to seconds and from poles to pairs

AC GENERATOR OPERATION
Because of the nature of AC voltage and current, the operation of an AC generator requires that
rules and procedures be followed. In addition, there are various types of AC generators available,
each type having advantages and disadvantages.
Similar to the case of DC generator, the behavior of a Synchronous generator connected to an
external load is different than that at no-load. In order to understand the performance of the
Synchronous generator when it is loaded, consider the flux distributions in the machine when the
armature also carries a current. Unlike in the DC machine in alternators the emf peak and the
current peak will not occur in the same coil due to the effect of the power factor of the load. The
current and the induced emf will be at their peaks in the same coil only for UPF loads. For zero
power factor lagging loads, the current reaches its peak in a coil which falls behind that coil
wherein the induced emf is at its peak by 90 electrical degrees or half a pole-pitch. Likewise for
zero power factor leading loads, the current reaches its peak in a coil which is ahead of that coil
wherein the induced emf is at its peak by 90 electrical degrees or half a pole-pitch. For simplicity,
assume the resistance and leakage reactance of the stator windings to be negligible. Also assume
the magnetic circuit to be linear i.e. the flux in the magnetic circuit is deemed to be proportional
to the resultant ampere-turns - in other words the machine is operating in the linear portion of
the magnetization characteristics. Thus, the emf induced is the same as the terminal voltage, and
the phase-angle between current and emf is determined only by the power factor (pf) of the
external load connected to the synchronous generator.

Ratings
Typical name plate data for an AC generator (Figure 4) includes: (1) manufacturer; (2) serial
number and type number; (3) speed (rpm), number of poles, frequency of output, number of
phases, and maximum supply voltage; (4) capacity rating in KVA and kW at a specified power factor
and maximum output voltage; (5) armature and field current per phase; and (6) maximum
temperature rise.
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Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

Power (kW) ratings of an AC generator are based on

the ability of the prime mover to overcome generator
losses and the ability of the machine to dissipate the
internally generated heat. The current rating of an AC
generator is based on the insulation rating of the
machine.

Figure 4. AC Generator Nameplate Rating

Figure 5. Stationary Field, Rotating Armature AC Generator

Types of AC Generators
There are two types of AC generators: the stationary field, rotating armature; and the rotating
field, stationary armature. A small AC generators usually have a stationary field and a rotating
armature (Figure 5). One important disadvantage to this arrangement is that the slip-ring and
brush assembly is in series with the load circuits and, because of worn or dirty components, may
interrupt the flow of current.
If DC field excitation is connected to the rotor, the stationary coils will have AC induced into them
(Figure 6). This arrangement is called a rotating field, stationary armature AC generator.
Advantages of having a stationary armature (and a rotating field system) are:
1. The output current can be led directly from fixed terminals on the stator (or armature
windings) to the load circuit, without having to pass it through brush-contacts.
2. It is easier to insulate stationary armature winding for high AC voltages, which may have
as high as 30kV or more.
3. The sliding contacts (slip-rings) are transferred to the low voltage, low power DC field
circuit which can be easily insulated.
4. The armature windings can be easily braced to prevent any deformation, which could be
produced by the mechanical stresses set up as a result of short-circuit current and the high
centrifugal forces brought inti play.

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Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

The rotating field, stationary

armature type AC generator is used
when large power generation is
involved. In this type of generator,
a DC source is supplied to the
rotating field coils, which produces
a magnetic field around the
rotating element. As the rotor is
turned by the prime mover, the
field will cut the conductors of the
stationary armature, and an EMF
will be induced into the armature
windings. Figure 6. Simple AC Generator - Rotating Field,
Stationary Armature

This type of AC generator has several advantages over

the stationary field, rotating armature AC generator:
(1) a load can be connected to the armature without
moving contacts in the circuit; (2) it is much easier to
insulate stator fields than rotating fields; and (3)
much higher voltages and currents can be generated.

Three-
Three-Phase AC Generators
The principles of a three-phase generator are
basically the same as that of a single-phase generator,
except that there are three equally-spaced windings
and three output voltages that are all 120° out of
phase with one another. Physically adjacent loops
(Figure 7) are separated by 60° of rotation; however,
the loops are connected to the slip rings in such a
manner that there are 120 electrical degrees Figure 7. Stationary Armature
between phases. of 3-Phase AC Generator

The individual coils of each winding are combined and represented as a single coil. The significance
of Figure 7 is that it shows that the three-phase generator has three separate armature windings
that are 120 electrical degrees out of phase.

AC Generator Connections
As shown in Figure 7, there are six leads from the armature of a three-phase generator, and the
output is connected to an external load. In actual practice, the windings are connected together,
and only three leads are brought out and connected to the external load.
Two means are available to connect the three armature windings. In one type of connection, the
windings are connected in series, or delta-connected (∆) (Figure 8).
In a delta-connected generator, the voltage between any two of the phases, called line voltage, is
the same as the voltage generated in any one phase. As shown in Figure 8, the three phase
voltages are equal, as are the three-line voltages. The current in any line is √3 times the phase
current.

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Figure 8. Delta-Connected Generator

In the other type of connection, one of the leads of each winding is connected, and the remaining
three leads are connected to an external load. This is called a wye connection (Y) (Figure 9).
The voltage and current characteristics of the wye-connected AC generator are opposite to that
of the delta connection. Voltage between any two lines in a wye-connected AC generator √3
times any one phase voltage, while line currents are equal to phase currents. The wye-connected
AC generator provides an increase in voltage, but no increase in current (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Wye-Connected Generator

Summary
The important information covered in this chapter is summarized below.
1. Power (kW) ratings of an AC generator are based on the ability of the prime mover to
overcome generation losses and the ability of the machine to dissipate the heat
generated internally. The current rating of an AC generator is based on the insulation
rating of the machine.
2. There are three requirements that must be met to parallel AC generators:
• Their terminal voltages must be equal. A mismatch may cause high currents and
generator or distribution system damage.
• Their frequencies must be equal. A mismatch in frequencies can cause one
generator to "motor," causing an overload in the generators and the distribution
system.
• Their output voltages must be in phase. A mismatch in the phases will cause large
opposing voltages to be developed, resulting in damage to the generators and
distribution system due to high currents.

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Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

3. The disadvantage of a stationary field, rotating armature is that the slip-ring and brush
assembly is in series with the load circuits and, because of worn or dirty components,
may interrupt the flow of current.
4. A stationary armature, rotating field generator has several advantages: (1) a load can
be connected to the armature without moving contacts in the circuit; (2) it is much
easier to insulate stator fields than rotating fields; and (3) much higher voltages and
currents can be generated.

GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR

ALTERNATOR (DESIGN)

4.44 Φ

2.22 Φ Ø

Consider the following:

Φ - flux per pole
P - Number of Poles
- Frequency of induced EMF in Hz
- Total number of stator conductors
Ø - Conductors per phase connected in series
- Turns per phase connected in series = Ø
- pitch factor or coil span factor
- distribution factor or belt factor

Pitch Factor or Coil Pitch. The ratio of phasor (vector) sum of induced emfs per coil to the
arithmetic sum of induced emfs per coil is known as pitch factor or coil span factor (kp) which is
always less than unity. Let the coil have a pitch short by angle θ electrical space degrees from full
pitch and induced emf in each coil side be E,

Figure 10. (a) Full Pitch Coil and Figure 11. Vector Diagram of Voltage in a
(b) Short Pitched Coil Short Pitched Coil

sin 90°" #$%&ℎ"(

&)$* +#,- $- -./012 ) +*)%+

+*)%+ #12 #)*1
#$%&ℎ

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Distribution Factor. The ratio of the phasor sum of

the emfs induced in all the coils distributed in a
number of slots under one pole to the arithmetic sum
of the emfs induced (or to the resultant of emfs
induced in all coils concentrated in one slot under
one pole) is known as breadth factor or distribution
factor (kd) The distribution factor is always less than
unity. Let no. of slots per pole = Q and no. of slots per
pole per phase = q Induced emf in each coil side = EC
Angular displacement between the slots, o The emf
induced in different coils of one phase under one
pole are represented by side AC, CD, DE, EF Which
are equal in magnitude (say each equal EC) and differ in phase (say by o) from each other.

-3
sin 2
3
- sin 2

180°
where:
3
+*)%+ #12 #)*1

+*)%+5
and
#)*1
-
#ℎ,+1

Example:
1. Calculate the pitch factor for the given windings: (a) 36 slots, 4 poles, coil span 1 to 8; (b)
72 stator slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 10 and (c) 396slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 12.
Solution:
(a) Total number of slots = 36
Poles = 4
Coil Span 1 to 8 = 7, here the coil span falls short by 2.

36+*)%+5
&)$* +#,- $- -./012 ) +*)%+ 4#)*1+ 7 2 7
#$%&ℎ
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 36+*)%+5 9
4#)*1+

;
sin 90°" #$%&ℎ"( sin 9 90°" :<=> ?. @A@B

(b) Total number of slots = 72

Poles = 6
Coil Span 1 to 10 = 9, here the coil span falls short by 3.

72+*)%+5
&)$* +#,- $- -./012 ) +*)%+ 6#)*1+ 7 3 9 3
#$%&ℎ
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 72+*)%+5 12 4
6#)*1+

C
sin 90°" #$%&ℎ"( sin 9 90°" :D=> ?. @EA@

(c) Total number of slots = 96

Poles = 6
Coil Span 1 to 12 = 11, here the coil span falls short by 5.
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Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

96+*)%+5
&)$* +#,- $- -./012 ) +*)%+ 6#)*1+ 7 5 11
#$%&ℎ
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 96+*)%+5 16
6#)*1+

GG
sin 90°" #$%&ℎ"( sin 9 90°" : => ?. IIJ@
GH

2. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slots, four pole, single layer three phase winding.
Solution:
Total Number of Slots = 36

180° 180°
Poles = 4
3 20˚
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 36+*)%+5
4#)*1+

+*)%+5 36+*)%+5
#)*1 4#)*1
- 3
#ℎ,+1 3#ℎ,+1

-3 3 20°"
sin 2 sin
2 0.9568
3 20°
- sin 2 3 sin 2

3. The Stator of a three-phase, 16-pole alternator has 144 slots and there are 4 conductors
per slot connected in two layers and the conductors of each phase are connected in series.

voltage. Resultant flux in the air-gap is 5 L 10M Wb per pole sinusoidally distributed.
If the speed of the alternator is 375 rpm, calculate the emf induced per phase and the Line

Assume the coil span as 150˚electrical.

Solution:
For sinusoidal flux distribution:
Since the total Electrical Degree for a Full Pitched coil is equal to 180˚, assuming the coil
span is 150˚electrical, then the Pitch Factor ( )

150° 5
#$%&ℎ
180° 6

5
sin N 90°" O PQ 0.9659
6

Solving for the Distribution Factor ( )

180° 180°
3 20˚
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 144+*)%+5
16#)*1+

+*)%+5 144+*)%+5
#)*1 16#)*1
- 3
#ℎ,+1 3#ℎ,+1

-3 3 20°"
sin 2 sin
2 0.9568
3 20°
- sin 2 3 sin 2

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Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

Solving for turns per phase

4&)-R.&%)2+5 144+*)%+5 192 &)-R.&%)2+5#ℎ,+1

+*)% L 3#ℎ,+1
96
Ø
2 2 2

Solving for the frequency

16#)*1+ L 3752#/
50ST
120 120

Solving for the Phase Voltage:

Ø 4.44 Φ

Ø 4.44 L 0.9659 L 0.9568 L 50ST L 5 L 10M U0 L 96

VØWXY @IB. @?I? Z[\]^

Solving for the Line Voltage of the Star-Connected Alternator:

_`ab √3 L Ø

_`ab √3 L 987.9080 c)*%+

V\def JBJJ. J?g@ Z[\]^

4. A three-phase, 16 poles AC Generator has a Delta-connected winding with 144 slots and
10 conductors per slot and the coil is chorded/shorted by 1. The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb,
sinusoidally distributed and speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency and the phase and line
voltages. Solution:
Solution:
Solving for the frequency:

16#)*1+ L 3752#/
h?ij
120 120

For sinusoidal flux distribution:

Since the winding is chorded by 1 slot,

144+*)%+5
&)$* +#,- $- -./012 ) +*)%+ 16#)*1+ 7 1 8
#$%&ℎ
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 144+*)%+5 9
16#)*1+

8
sin N 90°" O PQ 0.9848
9

Solving for the Distribution Factor ( )

180° 180°
3 20˚
+*)%+ #12 #)*1 144+*)%+5
16#)*1+
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+*)%+5 144+*)%+5
#)*1 16#)*1
- 3
#ℎ,+1 3#ℎ,+1

-3 3 20°"
sin 2 sin
2 0.9568
3 20°
- sin 2 3 sin 2
Solving for turns per phase

10&)-R.&%)2+5 144+*)%+5 480 &)-R.&%)2+5#ℎ,+1

+*)% L 3#ℎ,+1
240
Ø
2 2 2

Solving for the Phase Voltage:

Ø 4.44 Φ

Ø 4.44 L 0.9848 L 0.9568 L 50ST L 0.03 U0 L 240

VØWXY Jh?g. J?A? Z[\]^

Solving for the Line Voltage of the Star-Connected Alternator

_`ab Ø

V\def Jh?g. J?A? Z[\]^

GENERATED EMF PER PHASE (EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT)

jXa Ra

IØ

EØ VØ

Ø k lØ cos o p qØ rs " p lØ sin o t qØ us "

p lØ 7 wqØ rs p qØ us x
v cosMG
Ø
2 Ø lØ

Ø∠ tv lØ ∠0° p qØ ∠ t o" rs p zus "

or

where:
Ø
lØ
- generated emf per phase

qØ
- load voltage per phase
- armature current per phase

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rs
us
- armature winding resistance per phase

v - angle between Ø and qØ

- inductive reactance of armature winding per phase

Example:
1. A 1.2 MVA, 6600 volts, 3Ø Y-connected alternator has an effective resistance of 0.4ohm
and a reactance of 6ohms per phase. Find the generated voltage (line-to-line and phase) if
it delivers full load current at 0.80 lagging power factor at rated voltage. What will be the
generated voltage for the same excitation and load current, if the power factor is leading?
Solution:
j6Ω 0.4Ω

IØ

EØ VØ

(a) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:

{CØ √3l| ∗ q|

{CØ
q|
√3l| ∗

1.2 L 10H ∠ 7 36.8699° l~

q| 104.9727∠ 7 36.8699° ~
√3 L 6600∠0° l"∗

l| 6600∠0° l
For Y-connected Generator,
lØ
√3 √3

q| qØ 104.9727∠ 7 36.8699° ~

sØ 0.4 p z6 Ω

Ø∠ tv lØ ∠0° p qØ ∠ 7 o" rs p zus "

6600∠0° l
Ø p 104.9727∠ 7 36.8699° ~" 0.4 p z6 Ω"(
√3

Therefore, the Generated Voltage per phase of the Alternator is:

VØ €E€@. ?hAB∠g. €gI€° •

And the Generated Line-to-Line Voltage is:

| √3 Ø √3 L 4249.0537∠6.4684° l
V‚ BAh@. hBg@∠g. €gI€° •

(b) When power factor is 0.8 leading:

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{CØ √3l| ∗ q|

{CØ
q|
√3l| ∗

1.2 L 10H ∠36.8699° l~

q| 104.9727∠36.8699° ~
√3 L 6600∠0° l"∗

l| 6600∠0° l
For Y-connected Generator,
lØ
√3 √3

q| qØ 104.9727∠36.8699° ~

sØ 0.4 p z6 Ω

Ø∠ tv lØ ∠0° p qØ ∠ p o" rs p zus "

6600∠0° l
Ø p 104.9727∠36.8699° ~" 0.4 p z6 Ω"(
√3

Therefore, the Generated Voltage per phase of the Alternator is:

VØ Ah?g. A€hA∠I. gBIA° •

And the Generated Line-to-Line Voltage is:

| √3 Ø √3 L 3506.3453∠8.6783° l

V‚ g?BA. JgIE∠I. gBIA° •

Alternative solution (Magnitude only):

(a) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:
{CØ √3l| q|

{CØ 1.2 L 10H l~

q| 104.9727~
√3l| √3 L 6600l"

p. f. cos o 0.8

o cosMG 0.8

o 36.8699°
Then,
Ø k lØ cos o p qØ rs " p lØ sin o p qØ us "

6600 l 6600 l
Ø …N L 0.8 p 104.9727~" 0.4Ω"Q p N L 0.6 p 104.9727~" 6Ω"Q
√3 √3
VØ €E€@. ?hAB •

| √3 Ø √3 L 4249.0537 l
13 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-422
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
BatStateU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

V‚ BAh@. hBg@ •

p lØ 7 wqØ rs p qØ us x
v cosMG
Ø
2 Ø lØ

6600 l
⎡ 4249.0537 l" p O P 7 104.9727~ L 0.4Ω" p 104.9727~ L 6Ω" (⎤
√3
v cosMG ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥
6600 l
⎢ 2 L 4249.0537 l L ⎥
⎣ √3 ⎦

Œ g. €gI€°

(b) When power factor is 0.8 leading:

{CØ √3l| q|

{CØ 1.2 L 10H l~

q| 104.9727~
√3l| √3 L 6600l"

p. f. cos o 0.8

o cosMG 0.8

o 36.8699°
Then,
Ø k lØ cos o p qØ rs " p lØ sin o 7 qØ us "

6600 l 6600 l
Ø …N L 0.8 p 104.9727~" 0.4Ω"Q p N L 0.6 7 104.9727~" 6Ω"Q
√3 √3

VØ Ah?g. A€hA •

| √3 Ø √3 L 3506.3453 l

V‚ g?BA. JgIE •

p lØ 7 wqØ rs p qØ us x
v cosMG
Ø
2 Ø lØ

6600 l
⎡ 3506.3453 l" p O P 7 104.9727~ L 0.4Ω" p 104.9727~ L 6Ω" (⎤
MG ⎢ √3 ⎥
v cos ⎢ ⎥
6600 l
⎢ 2 L 3506.3453 l L ⎥
⎣ √3 ⎦

Œ I. gBIA°
2. A 1MVA, 11 kV, 3Ø Δ-connected alternator has an effective resistance of 0.1ohm and a
reactance of 8ohms per phase. Find the generated voltage (line-to-line and phase) if it
delivers full load current at 0.80 lagging power factor at rated voltage. What will be the
generated voltage for the same excitation and load current, if the power factor is leading?
Solution:

14 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-422

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
BatStateU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

j6Ω 0.4Ω

IØ

EØ VØ

(a) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:

{CØ √3l| ∗ q|

{CØ
q|
√3l| ∗

1.0 L 10H ∠ 7 36.8699° l~

q| 52.4863∠ 7 36.8699° ~
√3 L 11000∠0° l"∗

q| 52.4863∠ 7 36.8699° ~
For Δ-connected Generator,
qØ
√3 √3

qØ 30.3030∠ 7 36.8699° ~

l| lØ 11000∠0° l

sØ 0.1 p z8 Ω

Ø∠ tv lØ ∠0° p qØ ∠ 7 o" rs p zus "

Ø 11000∠0° l p 30.3030∠ 7 36.8699° ~" 0.1 p z8 Ω"(

Therefore, the Generated Voltage per phase of the Alternator is:

VØ JJJ€@. hA€E∠?. @IBA° •

And the Generated Line-to-Line Voltage is:

| Ø JJJ€@. hA€E∠?. @IBA° •

(b) When power factor is 0.8 leading:

{CØ √3l| ∗ q|

{CØ
q|
√3l| ∗
1.0 L 10 ∠36.8699° l~
H
q| 52.4863∠36.8699° ~
√3 L 11000∠0° l"∗

15 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-422

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
BatStateU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

q| 52.4863∠36.8699° ~
For Δ-connected Generator,
qØ
√3 √3

qØ 30.3030∠36.8699° ~

l| lØ 11000∠0° l

sØ 0.1 p z8 Ω

Ø∠ tv lØ ∠0° p qØ ∠ p o" rs p zus "

Ø 11000∠0° l p 30.3030∠36.8699° ~" 0.1 p z8 Ω"(

Therefore, the Generated Voltage per phase of the Alternator is:

VØ J?IhI. BA€€∠J. ?AE@° •

And the Generated Line-to-Line Voltage is:

| Ø J?IhI. BA€€∠J. ?AE@° •

Alternative solution (Magnitude only):

(c) When power factor is 0.8 lagging:
{CØ √3l| q|

{CØ
q|
√3l|

1.0 L 10H l~
q| 52.4863 ~
√3 L 11000 l

q| 52.4863 ~
For Δ-connected Generator,
qØ
√3 √3

qØ 30.3030 ~

l| lØ 11000 l

p. f. cos o 0.8

o cosMG 0.8

o 36.8699°
Then,
Ø k lØ cos o p qØ rs " p lØ sin o p qØ us "

Ø k 11000 l L 0.8 p 30.3030~" 0.1Ω"( p 11000 l L 0.6 p 30.3030~" 8Ω"(

VØ JJJ€@. hA€E •

V‚ VØ JJJ€@. hA€E •

16 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-422

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
BatStateU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121

Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering Department

p lØ 7 wqØ rs p qØ us x
v cosMG
Ø
2 Ø lØ

11149.5342 l" p 11000 l" 7 30.3030~ L 0.1Ω" p 30.3030~ L 8Ω" (

v cosMG • Ž
2 L 11149.5342 l L 11000 l

Œ ?. @IBA°

(d) When power factor is 0.8 leading:

{CØ √3l| q|

{CØ
q|
√3l|

1.0 L 10H l~
q| 52.4863 ~
√3 L 11000 l

q| 52.4863 ~
For Δ-connected Generator,
qØ
√3 √3

qØ 30.3030 ~

l| lØ 11000 l

p. f. cos o 0.8

o cosMG 0.8

o 36.8699°
Then,
Ø k lØ cos o p qØ rs " p lØ sin o 7 qØ us "

Ø k 11000 l L 0.8 p 30.3030~" 0.1Ω"( p 11000 l L 0.6 7 30.3030~" 8Ω"(

VØ J?IhI. BA€€ •

V‚ VØ J?IhI. BA€€ •

p lØ 7 wqØ rs p qØ us x
v cosMG
Ø
2 Ø lØ

10858.7344 l" p 11000 l" 7 30.3030~ L 0.1Ω" p 30.3030~ L 8Ω" (

v cosMG • Ž
2 L 10858.7344 l L 11000 l

Œ J. ?AE@°

17 | Page A.Y. 2020-2021, Second Semester, EE-422