32 MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970

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Measures and Effective Methods of Treatment Against Ichthyobodosis (Costiosis)

Disease of Fish

Javharov Oybek Zulfikorovich

Associate Professor of Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies, (PhD)

Yulchiev Tulkinjon Kamolovich

Teacher of Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies

ABSTRACT
Treatment of fish diseases is one of the most important areas of fishing. Through this field, measures
for the treatment and prevention of various diseases in fish are developed and put into practice.
Treatment will reduce fish mortality rates and prevent large economic losses to fish farms. The
treatment of fish diseases is currently very advanced.
In this article, it is caused by single-celled parasites found in fish farmswilling (costiosis), the
causative agent of the disease, its clinical symptoms, spread, damage caused to fisheries by the
disease, new treatment methods and preventive measures of the disease are discussed.

KEYWORDS: ichthyobodosis, costiosis, infusoria, flagella, unicellular parasites, cysts, protozoan

diseases, sarcodales, sporals, invasion, punctol, costapur, FMTs, furazolidon, malachite green,
methylene blue.

Introduction: The decisions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Cabinet of
Ministers were adopted in order to develop the fishing industry in our republic, increase the volume
of fish farming based on intensive technologies, increase the export potential, and effectively use the
opportunities of the existing basins.
Many fishing farms were established in the republic, opportunities were created for their activity,
special attention was paid to the cultivation of fisheries in an industrial way, subsidies were allocated
to fishing farms. A new system of training personnel, scientific researchers, and ichthyological
specialists for the fishing industry was created in higher and secondary special, vocational
educational institutions for the development of the industry. Farmers have had the opportunity to use
the intensive method of fish farming, closed water circulation system, intensive small water ponds,
cage (sadok) and rice-fish methods have been proven to be beneficial for human health.
Advances in the development of the field, in turn, increase the responsibility of specialists.
Specialists are conducting research on fish care, modern methods of breeding, researching, treating
and preventing fish diseases, taking a positive approach to difficult and responsible work, working
tirelessly on oneself, and learning and implementing best practices in this regard.
Treatment of fish diseases is one of the most important areas of fishing. Through this field, measures
for the treatment and prevention of various diseases in fish are developed and put into practice.
Treatment will reduce fish mortality rates and prevent large economic losses to fish farms. The
treatment of fish diseases is currently very advanced.
Materials and methods. Infectious, invasive and other types of fish diseases are very common
diseases, of which there are more than 500 diseases of fish belonging to unicellular parasites
(pathogenic organisms). These pathogens are highly adapted to parasitize fish in freshwater ponds

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and cause massive fish kills.
Protozoan diseases of fish are caused by simple unicellular animals. The causative agents of
protozoan disease are sarcoid, flagella, spore, microspor and infusoria.
Single-celled animals are called Protozoa, and the diseases they cause are called protozoa. The body
of animals belonging to the unicellular suborder consists of a single cell or a set of cells that are
similar to each other. Unicellular organisms are self-sustaining organisms that have metabolism,
movement, expression, reproduction, and all the characteristics of living organisms. Such functions
are performed by special organoids (organelles) in the cell. Unicellular organisms move with the help
of false legs, flagella and cilia. Breathing is done through the surface of the body. More than 70,000
species of single-celled animals are known, and they are divided into types of sarcomastigophora,
sporali, myxosporidia and infusoria. Protozoan diseases of fish include diseases such as
ichthyophthyriasis, chylodonellosis, cryptobiosis, costiosis, trichodinosis, coccidiosis,
microsporadiosis.
Ichthyobodosis (costiosis)-is an invasive disease of fish caused by single-celled parasites,
characterized by the appearance of many gray spots on the skin of the fish body, wounding with a
slimy substance and damage to fins, necrosis and decay of inflamed tissues. Young fish are mainly
susceptible to the disease, and in some cases, cases of disease have also been observed in older fish.
The disease has been recorded in Eastern and Western Europe, North America, China, Ukraine and
the central regions of Russia. Illness in foreign literature Costiosis, or Ichthyobodosisis held as
Although the disease is not recorded in our regions, its risk is always present.
The causative agent-The parasite Ichthyobodo necator (Costia necatrix) belongs to the phylum
Kinetoplastidea of the class Bodonina is youngerin the seriesIchthyobodo of the Bodonidae family
generation infusoria. The body length of the trigger is 5-20 μm, width 2.5-10 μm. is From the ventral
side, its shape is oval or kidney-shaped, the anterior part is thickened, the body consists of
cytoplasm, a small nucleus and two shrinking vacuoles. It has two flagella. The parasite feeds on
mucus, skin, and epithelial cells detached from the wound due to necrosis.
Ichthyobodo necator (Costia necatrix) is a very small organism that can be seen under a microscope. With
the help of the two existing claws, the parasite attaches to the injured leaves or skin of the fish.
Flagella penetrates deep into the body and wounds of fish and sticks to it. Multiplies by division.
Under adverse conditions, it forms a cyst when the water temperature cools. The cyst consists of a
thick shell and is more resistant to adverse environmental conditions. They are not pathogenic, but
remain the object of injury for a long time.
The parasitic infusoria mainly parasitize the young generations of carp, salmonids and other fish.
Large fish develop natural immunity to this disease. Costia infusoria occurs only in the form of cysts
in fish. Costia causes more damage to fish during the summer of the year. Its damage is clearly
visible only in spawning ponds. Costia can also kill fish during the winter, especially when the water
environment (rN 5.0-5.5) has a low indicator. The winter form of costia's disease is mainly recorded
in fish wintering ponds. This type of infusoria reproduces in winter when the water temperature is 5-
7°C.
Epizootology. The causative agent of ichthyobodosis (costiosis) disease is widespread in nature and
occurs in fish in all water bodies. However, epizootic and enzootic forms of the disease have not
been recorded among fish in natural reservoirs, and fish in rivers and lakes serve as a source of
infection and a reservoir in nature. The disease can affect all types of juvenile fish in fresh water,
including semi-transitional fish.
The epizootic appearance of the disease is mainly observed in spring and summer in reservoirs and
fish farms where fish roe (seeds) are present, when the water temperature is +16+25°C. In such

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conditions, a favorable environment for the development of parasites is created. Healthy fish become
infected when they come into contact with sick fish and become infected when they are kept in
reservoirs where the pathogens are present.
The bone cysts are preserved in the mucus of adult fish for a long time and are kept for a long time in
wet soil, in the mud of ponds, if they are filled with water, the movement of parasites becomes active
and causes damage to the fish. Illness of fish in winter is observed mainly when fish are kept too
densely in reservoirs, when the water temperature is 2-7°C.
In farms that breed fish of the flower moss type, the infection with costia is observed mainly when
the fish are fed with raw meat. Pathogens are transported from one water body to another by
transport of diseased fish or by water.
The physiological state of the fish organism is also of great importance in the development of osteoid
disease. Costia parasitizes various types of fish, such as carp, salmon, and even aquarium fish. Costia
infusoria develops well when the water temperature is 25-28°C, at a temperature of 28°C, more than
10,000 stages of costia can be seen in 1 cm3 of fish skin.
Costia reproduces very quickly. For example, if one copy of the initial costia is found on the skin of
carp in a pond, after a few days all the fish can be seen to be infected with costia. The lower the
obesity level of the fish, the more severe the disease, and vice versa, if the fish are fat, the disease
will be milder. Alkaline environment (if not higher than рN-5.0-5.5), hydrological, hydrochemical,
gas exchange regime and deterioration of zoohygienic conditions provide a favorable opportunity for
the growth of bones and the development of the disease.
Clinical signs of the disease. As a result of the parasites parasitizing the skin and wounds of fish, the
bones cause severe itching and destruction of the epithelial cells, as a result of which a large amount
of mucus is released. At first, invisible gray spots appear on the body of the fish, and later, due to the
progressive development of the pathological process, these spots merge and merge, covering the
whole body. Necrosis occurs in some parts of the affected body, and as a result of the invasion and
development of pathogenic microflora and parasitic fungi from these places, the pathological process
deepens even more. Hemorrhage is observed, some parts of the suction apparatus are eroded and
disintegrated, spilled, the wound is oozing due to anemia, covered with mucus, breathing and gas
exchange are disturbed due to the increase of mucous substances in the skin and epithelial cells of the
wound. Sick fish accumulate in the current or on the surface of the water, try to absorb more oxygen
and air, do not pay attention to external environmental influences, and the disease ends with the
death of the fish. Fish mortality in Costios is 95-97%.
Diagnosis. The disease is diagnosed on the basis of epizootological data, clinical signs and
microscopic examination of mucus. If at least 10-15 parasites are found in each field of view of the
microscope, it is diagnosed as costiosis, if 1-2 parasites are found, it cannot be a final diagnosis, but
when favorable conditions arise, parasites multiply quickly and pose a danger to fish life.
The diagnosis is made after careful microscopic examination of the fish wound and the mucus
separated from the skin. A large number of bones can be seen in the mucus. Because similar blue-
silver mucous mass appears in chylodonellosis, trichodinosis, gyrodactylosis and other diseases.
Treatment, prevention and control measures. Treatment of the disease is carried out by the bath
method. Keeping young fish in a 1-2% table salt solution for 15-20 minutes, keeping them in a
1:4000 formaldehyde solution for an hour gives good results. Adult fish are exposed to a 5% solution
of table salt for 5 minutes. In winter pools, free chlorine is 0.5-1.0 mg/l. It is recommended to keep
the dose for 30-50 minutes. In order to prevent and fight against the disease, it is effective to
regularly carry out fisheries improvement, veterinary-sanitary and treatment measures.
As a result of the research conducted by experts, new methods of treating the disease are now giving

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positive results. In particular, the use of punktol (punktol) and costapur (costapur) drugs increases the
effectiveness of treatment of the disease. In addition with a mixture of FMTs (formalin, malachite
green and methylene blue).furazolidone(1 ml of FMTs + 0.5 grams of furazolidone) in two schemes:
1) On the 1st day, 1 ml of the drug per 100 l of water, on the 3rd day, change 30-40% of the water
in the aquarium and pour another 1 ml of the drug. In this order, treatment is carried out for 5
days. Treatment is carried out 1 time in the early stages of the disease, and 2-3 times in the more
severe period.
2) It is treated by adding 1 ml of FMTs to 100 l of water on the 1st day, 0.5 ml on the 2nd day, 0.25
ml on the 3rd day, and completely changing the water on the 5th day.
The composition of FMTs consists of: 0.5 l of formalin, 1.75 g of malachite green and 1.75 g of
methylene blue. Activated carbon or zeolite is used to remove FMTs from water.
It is desirable to create optimal conditions for their growth and development in ponds where young
fish are raised, to improve the zoohygienic conditions of ponds where mother fish are kept, to
eliminate parasites in the external environment and in the fish body. Disinfection with quicklime (25
kg/ha) after catching fish in affected ponds.
Summary.In the treatment of ichthyobodosis (costiosis) disease of fish, use of baths with appropriate
solutions of table salt, formaldehyde, chlorine preparations, treatment with Punctol (Punktol) and
Costapur (Costapur) drugs, and 2-scheme treatment with a mixture of FMTs gives the expected
results. In order to prevent protozoan diseases in young fish, it is effective to carry out fishery
improvement, veterinary-sanitary and treatment activities regularly.
Used sources
1. Decision No. PD-4005 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 06.11.2018 "On
additional measures to further develop the fishing industry".
2. Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 12.07.2021 ""On approval of the
regulation on the procedure for allocating subsidies to livestock, poultry and fishery farms for the
products grown and sold by them"Decision No. 434.
3. Decision PD-83 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 13.11.2022 "On additional
measures to further develop the fishing industry".
4. F.E. Safarova, D.A. Azimov, F.D. Akramova, E.B. Shakarboev, B.A. Kahramonov. Fish
diseases. Tashkent- 2020. 90 pages.
5. D. Holmirzaev, R.S. Hakberdiev, D.R. Shohimardonov, E.S. Shaptakov Basics of fishing tutorial.
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