SHS

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Pressure, Gas Laws, Ideal Gas
Equation
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 12 (SHS STEM)
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Pressure, Gas Laws, Ideal Gas Equation
First Edition, 2021

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 SHS

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Pressure, Gas Laws, Ideal Gas
Equation
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take
time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module.

As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the

following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

2
 Let Us Learn

This module was designed for you, the learners. It is to facilitate you to learn
the appropriate knowledge and skills as you go through a series of worthwhile
activities. The lessons are arranged sequentially in this course to ease understanding
and mastery.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

● Define pressure and give the common units of pressure (STEM_GC11G-

lhi-43);
● Use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas
under certain conditions of change (STEM_GC11G-lhi-45) and,
● Use the ideal gas equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or
number of moles of a gas (STEM_GC11G-lhi-46).

Let Us Try!

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following descriptions of pressure below is true?

A. Pressure has direction.

B. Pressure is not a scalar quantity.
C. Pressure cannot be measured by a barometer.
D. Pressure is the amount of force exerted by an object on an area.

2. Which of the following is not a unit of pressure?

A. Mol-K C. torr
B. mmHg D. Atm

3. Which of the following device is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

A. Barometer C. Hygrometer
B. Thermometer D. Micrometer caliper
4. Which among the following values of mmHg is equivalent to 1 atmosphere?

A. 706mmHg C. 760mmHg
B. 273mmHg D. 327mmHg

5. Who among the following physicists discovered pressure?

A. Einstein C. Torricelli
B. Newton D. Kelvin

6. He discovered the relationship between pressure and volume?

A. Avogadro C. Charles
B. Boyle D. Torricelli

7. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Ideal Gas law is the result of all three simple laws.

B. If the volume rises up, the temperature goes down.
C. If the amount of gas in a container is increased the volume decreases.
D. The volume of a given amount of gas at constant pressure is inversely
proportional to its temperature.

8. Which of the following refers to ideal gas equation?

A. PV=NRT C. PV = nRT
B. Pv = nrt D. Pv= nRT

9. Which of the following gas laws describes the relationship between volume
and number of moles?
A. Avogadro’s Law C. Charle’s Law
B. Boyle’s Law D. Ideal Gas Law

10. Which of the following is the correct statement of Charles Law?

A. The relationship of volume and pressure of a gas is directly proportional.
B. The relationship of volume and pressure of a gas is inversely
proportional.
C. The relationship of volume and temperature of a gas is inversely
proportional.
D. The relationship of volume and temperature of a gas is directly
proportional.
 Lesson

1 Pressure

Let Us Study

Have you noticed how nurses use a syringe to draw blood for analysis? Have
you noticed that your blood pressure causes fluid to sink into the syringe after
retracting the plunger? The pressure inside the syringe drops and blood in the body
(which is under high pressure) moves into the syringe. So, syringes are used to draw
blood for blood tests.
Figure 1. An illustration of blood extraction using a syringe.

Photo Credits: Getty Images

Creator: Grafissimo
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/blood-extraction-with-syringe-
at-hospital-gm115865151-627407

Everyone knows that pressure is very important, but not everyone has an idea of
what pressure is. What is pressure? Why is an inflated balloon too hard or too soft?
Why does a sole on the football shoes high enough for them to sink into the ground
gives extra grip? To clarify this concept, we will use the idea of pressure.

Guide Questions:
1. What is pressure?
2. How do we measure Pressure?

What is Pressure?

Pressure has magnitude but no direction, hence it is a scalar quantity and is

defined as force divided by area. In chemistry, pressure is typically generated by
gases. For instance, when you blow up a balloon, you fill it with gas. The gas
molecules collide with one another and with the balloon’s walls. Although the force
exerted by each molecule colliding with the balloon is minute, when enough air is
introduced, all of the collisions add up and cause the balloon to stretch and increase
to become larger.

Atmospheric pressure was discovered by Evangelista Torricelli. He secretly set up an

experiment with a few of his buddies. A vacuum was made by filling a bowl with
mercury and placing a six-foot-long glass tube upside down into it, forcing the
mercury to rise.
Vacuum is defined as the lack of pressure. Vacuums were supposed to be impossible
and unnatural for hundreds of years; nature abhors a vacuum. Miners had
discovered that they could only pump water about 10 meters up a pipe because the
pump’s vacuum at the top was insufficient to push the water any higher.
A barometer, which was originally a tube containing a liquid column, was used to
measure pressure in the past. The external pressure increases as the liquid’s height
increases. Pressure can be measured with barometers, which can be used to forecast
weather. Low pressure frequently indicates impending arrival of rain or a storm.

How Do We Measure Pressure?

Since then, there have been a great number of pressure units. A commonly used unit
is torr or mmHg. Atmospheric pressure is roughly 760 torr or mmHg.
We also have some of the modern units. In SI we use Pascal: 1 Pa= N/m 2. It is
generally more expedient to use bar; 1 bar is equivalent to 105 Pa. Another unit that
you may have used before is atmosphere: 1 atm = 1.01325 bar that is equivalent to
760 torr. The atmosphere is close to the average atmospheric pressure. You should
be vigilant when using pressure units.

Conversion Factor

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.3kPa = 14. 7 psi

1 kPa= 1000 Pa

Let Us Practice

Activity 1: Match Me

Match column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.
You may begin!

A B
_______1. It is defined as the force a. Atmosphere
exerted by colliding molecules per unit
area of a surface.
 _______2. It refers to the millimeter b. Barometer
equivalent unit of mercury (mmHg).

_______3. An instrument commonly used c. Evangelista Torricelli

to measure the pressure of gas.

_______4. He is an Italian physicist who d. Torr

invented the barometer.

_______5. Unit normally used to express e. Pressure

gas pressure.

f. Pascal

Let Us Remember

In Lesson 1, you have learned the following important concepts.

● Pressure is the force exerted per unit of area of a surface, the relationship
is summarized as: Pressure= Force/Area
● Barometer measures atmospheric pressure based on the height of mercury
column that the atmosphere can support (760 mmHg at sea level and 00C).
● The units for Pressure are the following; atmosphere (atm), torr, mmHg,
and Pascal (Pa).

Lesson

2 Gas Laws

Let Us Study

As you learned in Lesson 1 about pressure and its unit, it can be concluded that it
is one of the variables to describe the properties of gases. To learn more about gas
and its properties, let’s try to understand the various gas laws.

Gas laws were developed in the early 17th century to help scientists find volume,
quantity, pressures and temperature when dealing with problems with gases. The
gas laws consist of three main laws: Charles’s law, Boyle’s Law and Avogadro's Law
all of which will be summarized later as the ideal gas law.
 Boyle's Law
It was Robert Boyle who discovered the relationship between
pressure (P) and volume (V) (assuming that the temperature (T) and
the amount of gas (n) remain constant): Boyle's law or “the pressure-volume law”
states that the volume of a given quantity of gas kept at a constant temperature
change inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and the mass are
sustained.
That is:
If pressure goes up, volume goes down and if volume goes up, pressure goes down.
This relationship can be written mathematically as:
In terms of a proportion: V ∝ 1/P (constant n, T)
In terms of an equation: V = k / P (constant n, T)
therefore, PV= k or
P1 V1 = P2 V2
where: P1 = initial pressure
V1 = initial volume
P2 = final pressure
V2 = final volume

Sample Situation:
If the initial volume was 500 mL at a pressure of 760 torr, when the volume is
compressed to 450 mL, what is the pressure?

Given:
initial volume = 500 mL
initial pressure = 760 torr
final volume = 450 mL
final pressure = __________

Solution:

P1 V1 = P2 V2

Step 1. P1 V1 = P2 V2 transform the formula

V2 V2

Step 2. P1 VI = P2
V2
Rearrange the equation to get the desired formula
P2= P1 VI
V2

Solve the problem using the newly derived formula.

Step 3. P2 = 760 torr ( 500 mL)

450 mL
 P2 = 844 torr

Things to Remember:
When solving problems, … (unit, number of significant figures)

Charles's Law
It was the French physicist Jacques Charles who discovered the
correlation between temperature (T) and volume (V) (assuming
that pressure (P) and the amount of gas (n) remain constant):
where y is a constant depending on the amount of gas and
pressure. The volume is proportionate to the temperature.

It states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is directly
proportional to its temperature in Kelvin.
That is:
If the volume rises, the temperature also rises, and the other way around.
This relationship can be written mathematically as:
In terms of a proportion: V ∝ T (constant n, P)
In terms of an equation: V = k T (constant n,P)
V / T = k or
V1 = V2
T1 T2
where: V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial temperature
V2 = final volume
T2 = final temperature

Sample Situation:
What change in volume results if 50.0 mL of gas is cooled from 27.0 °C to 10.00
°C?
Given: initial volume = 50.0 mL
initial temperature = 27.0 0C
final volume = _____________
final temperature = 10.00 C
 Solution:
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Step 1. V1 = V2 cross multiply
T1 T2

Step 2. V1 T2 = V2 T1 (find the unknown and transform the formula)

So, you have, V1(T2) = V2

T1
Rearrange the equation to get the desired formula
V2 =V1(T2)
T1
Solve the problem using the newly derived formula

Step 3. V2=50 .0 mL ( 10.0 0C + 273.15 K ) ( note: temperature in K is 273.15)

27.0 0C + 273.15 K

V2 =50mL( 283.15 K) cancel similar unit

300.15 K

V2 = 47. 2 mL

Things to Remember:
When solving problems, … (unit, number of significant figures)

Avogadro’s Law
It was Amedeo Avogadro, in full Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo
Avogadro, who is an Italian mathematician who showed himself in the
so-called Avogadro's law that, under controlled conditions of temperature and
pressure, equal volumes of gas contain the same number of molecules. Avogadro's
Law statement is that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules. This observed
relationship can be obtained from the kinetic theory of gas assuming a perfect (ideal)
gas. The law applies roughly to real gases at low enough pressures and high
temperatures. Gives the relationship between volume and quantity when pressure
and temperature are held constant.
That is:
If the amount of gas is increased, the volume also increases and If the amount of gas
is decreased, the volume also decreases. This simply means that the volume-amount
fraction will always be of the same value if the pressure and temperature are
sustained. This relationship can be written as:
In terms of a proportion: V ∝ n (constant T, P)
In terms of an equation: V = k n (constant T, P)

V / n = k or
V1 = V2
n1 n2

where: V1 = initial volume

n1 = initial number of moles of gas
V2 = final volume
n2 = final number of moles of gas

Sample Situation:

1. 8.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.786 mol. If the amount of gas is increased
to 1.78 mol, what new volume will result (at an unchanged temperature and
pressure)?
Given: V1 = 8.00 L V2 = _______
n1= 0.786 mol n2= 1.78 mol

Solution

Step 1. V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 transform the formula

V1 n2 = V2n1
n1 n1

Step 2. V2 = V1n2 solve the problem using the newly derived formula
n1

Step 3. V2 = 8.00 L ( 1.78 mol) cancel similar unit

0.786 mol

V2= 18. 1 L

Things to Remember:
When solving problems, … (unit, number of significant figures

Ideal Gas Equation

Ideal Gas Law is the combination of all Gas Laws (Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and
Avogadro's Law), and so learning this means that you have learned them all. These
Laws can be derived from the Ideal Gas equation. Ideal gas equation helps us to know
the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of ideal gas
under a certain condition of change in an environment. Let us recall these laws in
equation form.

Boyle’s Law V ∝ 1 (constant n, T)

P
Charle’s Law V ∝ T (constant n, P)

Avogadro’s Law V ∝ n (constant P, T)

We can combine these relationships into general gas law

V ∝ nT or PV ∝ nT
P
A proportionate constant, is given the symbol R (Ideal Gas Constant), thus making
the equation.

V= R nT
P
We can rearrange this to PV=nRT
Where:
P= Pressure
V= Volume
n= Number of moles of gas
R= Universal gas constant
T= Temperature

The Ideal Gas Equation: PV=nRT where R represents universal gas constant, takes
on different forms depending on the used units. The following are values of R, in
different units.
1. 8.314 J/mol-K
2. 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K
3. 62.36 L-torr/mol-K
4. 8.314m3-Pa/mol-K
5. 1.987 cal/mol-K

Sample Situation:

1. How many moles of gas are in 35 liters scuba canister if the temperature is
304K and the pressure is 230 atmospheres?

Given:
Volume = 35 L Pressure = 230 atm
Temperature = 304 K No. of moles = ____

Solution
Step 1. PV = nRT transform the formula
PV = nRT
RT RT
Step 2.
n=PV solve the problem using the derived formula
RT
 Step 3. n= 230 atm ( 35 L )
0.0821 L + atm ( 304 K )
K + mol

n= 8 050
24.9584 mol

n= 322 mol

Let Us Practice

Activity 2: Try to Solve Me

General Instruction:
Solve the given problem in the activity.
Show your complete solution.
Answer must be in 3 significant figures. Do not forget to write the unit of
measurement.
Always box the final answer.
You may begin!

1. A 352 mL of chlorine under a pressure of 680 mmHg are placed in a container

under a pressure of 1210 mm Hg. The temperature remains constant at 296
K. What is the volume of the container in liters?

Given: P1 = ______________ P2 = _______________

V1 = ______________ V2 = _______________
Solution:

2. Given 365.0 mL of a gas at 19.0 °C. What is its volume at 15.0 °C?

Given: V1 = 3.65.0 mL V2 = _______

T1 = 19.0 °C T2 = 15.0 °C
Solution:

3. 7.00 mL of a gas is known to contain 0.500 mol. If the amount of gas is

increased to 2.80 mol, what new volume will result (at an unchanged
temperature and pressure)?

Given: V1 = _______________ V2 = _______________

n1 = ______________ n2 = _______________
Solution:
 4. How many moles of gas does it take to occupy 129 liters at a pressure of 2.5
atmosphere and a temperature of 349 K?

Given: Volume = 129 liters Pressure = 2.5 atm

Temperature = 349 K No. of moles = _____
Solution:

Let Us Remember

Through this module, you have learned the following important concepts about
pressure and gas laws.
● Boyle’s Law states that “In a closed system, the volume of gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure exerted by the gas.”
● Charles's Law states that “At the same pressure, the volume of an ideal gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature.”.
● Avogadro’s Law states that “At the same temperature and pressure condition,
as the number of moles of gas increases the volume also increases.”
● Gas laws were the outcome of the work of physicists which involved the
investigation of pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas sample.
● Ideal Gas Law incorporates the individual gas laws (Boyle’s Law, Charles’s
Law, Avogadro’s Law) into one equation: PV=nRT, where is R is the universal
gas constant.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 3: Getting Better at Solving?

Solve the following problems and show your solution.

1. A gas collected when the pressure is 1509 mmHg has a volume of 458.0 ml.
What would be the final pressure if the volume increases to 790.0mL?

2. A sample of argon gas was cooled and its volume went from 390. 0 mL to 258.
0 mL. If its final temperature was -55 0C, what was its original temperature?

3. 17.00 L of a gas is known to contain 2.500 mol. If the amount of gas is

increased to 4.80 mol, what new volume will result (at an unchanged
temperature and pressure)?
 4. How many moles of CO2 is needed to fill a 70.0 L tank to a pressure of 156.0
atm at 28.0°C?

Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following descriptions of pressure is true?

A. Pressure has direction.

B. Pressure is not a scalar quantity.
C. Pressure cannot be measured by barometer.
D. Pressure is the amount of force exerted by an object on an area.

2. Which of the following refers to standard atmospheric pressure?

A. Atm C. Pa
B. mmHg D. Torr

3. Which of the following device is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

A. Barometer C. Nanometer
B. Thermometer D. Micrometer

4. Which among the following values of mmHg is equivalent to 1 atmosphere?

A. 706mmHg C. 760mmHg
B. 273mmHg D. 327mmHg

5. Who among the following physicists discovered pressure?

A. Einstein C. Torricelli
B. Newton D. Kelvin

6. He discovered the relationship between pressure and volume?

A. Avogadro C. Charles
B. Boyle D. Torricelli

7. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Gas law is the result of all three simple laws.

B. If the volume rises up, the temperature goes down.
 C. If the amount of gas is increased the volume decreases.
D. The volume of a given amount of gas at constant pressure is inversely
proportional to its temperature.

8. Which of the following refers to ideal gas equation ?

A. PV=NRT C. PV = nRT
B. Pv = nrt D. Pv= nRT

9. Which of the following gas laws describe the relationship between volume
and moles?
A. Avogadro’s Law C. Charle’s Law
B. Boyle’s Law D. Ideal Gas

10. Which of the following is the correct statement of Charles Law?

A. The relationship of volume and pressure of a gas is directly proportional.
B. The relationship of volume and pressure of a gas is inversely
proportional.
C. The relationship of volume and temperature of a gas is inversely
proportional.
D. Volume and temperature of a gas relationship is directly proportional.

11. The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
at constant temperature is stated by what law?

A. Avogadro’s Law C. Charles’s Law

B. Boyle’s Law D. Ideal Gas Law

12. Avogadro stated that equal volume of gasses under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure has equal_____.
A. Atom C. Number of moles
B. Number of grams D. Molar mass

13. Which among the following ways increases pressure on a gas?

A. Decrease temperature C. Increase the number of gas
particles
B. Increase volume D. Lower kinetic energy of the gas
molecules

14. Which among the following choices below is the correct conversion of 2.3 atm
into mmHg?

A. 2300mmHg C. 2.3mmHg
B. 1750mmHg D. 0.0003mmHg

15. A pressure of 750.0 torr is having a 400.0ml volume. Find the pressure of the
gas if it is allowed to expand to 600.0 ml at constant temperature?

A. 0.660 atm C. 500.0 atm

 B. 1.48 atm D. 1125 atm

Let Us Enhance

Activity 5: Problem Solving 2.0

You can do it!

1. A 507 ml soap bubble is puff at standard pressure. When a thunderstorm
passes later in the day, the pressure becomes 980.0 mmHg. Find what
happened to the bubble and determine the new volume.

2. Adding 18 L of air to a balloon at sea level (1.0 atm) then taking the balloon to
a place where the air pressure is 0.90 atm, what will be its new volume?

3. A balloon was heated in the oven having an initial volume of 0.48 liters and
a temperature of 26. 6 0C, find the volume of the balloon after heating it to a
temperature of 289 0C?

4. What are the changes in the number of moles in a sample that initially
occupied 600 mL with 4.00 moles and then occupied 879 mL?

5. Find the number of moles of gas would you have if you had a volume of 47.0L
under a pressure of 1500 mmHg at standard temperature?

Let Us Reflect

Pressure plays an important role in our lives. It plays a particularly important role in
chemical reactions. Pressures elsewhere in the universe are billions of times greater, and
their effect on chemistry is largely unknown. By studying how different compounds respond
to these pressures, scientists can discover and develop new materials that are more energy
efficient and more sustainable. This potential for discovery exists because chemical
substances can change drastically at extremely high pressures. For example, carbon is
used for many different applications, including graphite in pencil lead and as a building
material, but under extreme pressure it forms diamond.
 MATCH ME
1. E
2. D
3. B
Let Us Assess
Getting Better at 4. C
Post test
1.D Solving? 5. A
1. P2= 875 mmHg
2.A
3.A 2.T1= 329.76 K
4.C 3.V2= 32.6 L Let Us Try
5.C Pretest
4.n= 441.7 mol
6.B 1.D
7.A 2.A
8.C 3.A
9.A 4.C
Problem Solving 10.D 5.C
2.0 11.B 6.B
1. V2= 393ml 12.C 7.A
13.C TRY TO SOLVE ME 8.C
2.V2= 20 L 14.B 1. V2=198ml 9.A
3.V2= 0.90 L 15.A 10.D
2.V2= 360.0ml
4. n2=5.86 mol
3. V2=39.2ml
5. n= 4.14 mol
4.n= 11.3 mol
Answer Key
 References

https://www.aplustopper.com/applications-of-pressure-in-daily-life/
https://www.britannica.com/science/Avogadros-law
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Boyle
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Charles
https://byjus.com/jee-questions/how-do-gas-laws-apply-to-everyday-life/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_C
hemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Gases/Pressure
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tbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physic
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https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Tex
tbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physic
al_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Dalton's
_Law_(Law_of_Partial_Pressures)
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Tex
tbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physic
al_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Idea
l_Gas_Lawhttps://www.istockphoto.com/photo/blood-extraction-with-syringe-at-
hospital-gm115865151-627407
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-
pressure/a/pressure-article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546592/
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/high-pressure-chemistry/
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