INDEX

 
PRESSURE
 
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
 
DANIEL BERNOULLI
 
INTRODUCTION TO BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
 
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Derivation of Bernoulli’s Theorem Equation

 
APPLICATIONS

Limitation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRESSURE

 
Pressure, in the physical sciences, is the
perpendicular  force per unit area, or the stress at
a point within a confined fluid.
 
In SI units, pressure is measured in Pascal’s; one
Pascal equals one Newton per square metre. 
 
Absolute pressure of a gas or  liquid is the total
pressure it exerts, including the effect of
atmospheric pressure. An absolute pressure of
zero corresponds to empty space or a
complete vacuum. 
 
Pressure is a scalar quantity.

FORMULA: p (presser) = F/A

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
 Continuity equation represents that the product of
cross-sectional area of the pipe and the fluid
speed at any point along the pipe is always
constant. This product is equal to the volume flow
per second or simply the flow rate.  The continuity
equation is given as:
R = A v = constant
Where,
 R is the volume flow rate
 A is the flow area
 v is the flow velocity
DERIVATION:
 Now, consider the fluid flows for a short

interval of time in the tube. So, assume that

short interval of time as at. In this time, the
fluid will cover a distance of Δx1 with a
velocity v1 at the lower end of the pipe.
 At this time, the distance covered by the fluid

will be:
 Δx1 = v1Δt

 Now, at the lower end of the pipe, the volume

of the fluid that will flow into the pipe will be:
 V = A1 Δx1 = A1 v1 Δt

 It is known that mass (m) = Density (ρ) ×

Volume (V). So, the mass of the fluid

in Δx1 region will be:
 Δm1= Density × Volume
 => Δm1 = ρ1A1v1Δt ——–(Equation 1)
 Now, the mass flux has to be calculated at the
lower end. Mass flux is simply defined as the
mass of the fluid per unit time passing through
any cross-sectional area. For the lower end
with cross-sectional area A1, mass flux will be:
 Δm1/Δt = ρ1A1v1 ——–(Equation 2)
 Similarly, the mass flux at the upper end will
be:
 Δm2/Δt = ρ2A2v2 ——–(Equation 3)
 Here, v2 is the velocity of the fluid through the
upper end of the pipe i.e.
through Δx2, in Δt time and A2, is the cross-
sectional area of the upper end.
 In this, the density of the fluid between the
lower end of the pipe and the upper end of the
pipe remains the same with time as the flow is
steady. So, the mass flux at the lower end of
the pipe is equal to the mass flux at the upper
end of the pipe i.e. Equation 2 = Equation 3.
 Thus,
 ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2 ——–(Equation 4)
 This can be written in a more general form as:
 ρ A v = constant
 The equation proves the law of conservation of
mass in fluid dynamics. Also, if the fluid is
incompressible, the density will remain
constant for steady flow. So, ρ1 =ρ2.
 Thus, Equation 4 can be now written as:
  A1 v1 = A2 v2
 This equation can be written in general form
as:
 A v = constant
 Now, if R is the volume flow rate, the above
equation can be expressed as:
 R = A v = constant
 This was the derivation of continuity
equation.

Daniel Bernoulli's Principle

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states

that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or
a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The
principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss
mathematician, who published it in 1738 in his
book Hydrodynamics.
A practical application of Bernoulli’s Principle is the
venture tube. The venture tube has an air inlet that
narrows to a throat (constricted point) and an
outlet section that increases in diameter toward
the rear. The diameter of the outlet is the same as
that of the inlet. The mass of air entering the tube
must exactly equal the mass exiting the tube. At
the constriction, the speed must increase to allow
the same amount of air to pass in the same
amount of time as in all other parts of the tube.
When the air speeds up, the pressure also
decreases. Past the constriction, the airflow slows
and the pressure increases.

 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Definition: 
Bernoulli’s theorem states that the
whole mechanical energy of the flowing liquid
includes the gravitational potential energy of
altitude, then the energy-related with the liquid
force & the kinetic energy of the liquid
movement, remains stable. From the energy
conservation principle, this theorem can be
derived.
Bernoulli’s equation is also known as
Bernoulli’s principle. When we apply this
principle to fluids in a perfect state, then both
the density & pressure are inversely
proportional. So the fluid with less speed will
use more force compare with a fluid that is
flowing very fast.

Bernoulli’s Theorem Equation

The formula of Bernoulli’s equation is the main
relationships among force, kinetic energy as well
as the gravitational potential energy of a liquid
within a container. The formula of this theorem can
be given as:

p + 12 ρ v2 + ρgh = stable
From the above formula,

‘p’ is the force applied by the liquid

‘V’ is the liquid’s velocity

‘ρ’ is the liquid’s density

‘h’ is the container’s height

This equation provides huge insight into the

stability among force, velocity, and height.

Derivation Bernoulli’s Theorem Equation

Consider a slight viscosity liquid flowing with

laminar flow, then the whole potential, kinetic, and
pressure energy will be constant. The diagram of
Bernoulli’s theorem is shown below.
Consider the ideal fluid of density ‘ρ’ moving
throughout the pipe LM by changing cross-section.

Let the pressures at the ends of L&M are P1, P2 &

the cross-section areas at L&M ends are A1, A2.

Allow the liquid to enter with V1 velocity & leaves

with V2 velocity.
Let A1>A2
From the continuity equation

A1V1=A2V2
Let A1 is above A2 (A1>A2), then V2>V1 and
P2>P1

The mass of liquid entering at the end of  ‘L’ in ‘t’

time, then the distance covered by the fluid is v1t.

Thus, the work done through force over the fluid

end ‘L’ end within’ time can be derived as

W1= force x displacement = P1A1v1t

When same mass ‘m’ goes away from the end of
‘M’ in time‘t’, then the fluid covers the distance
through v2t

Thus, work done through fluid against the pressure

because of ‘P1’ pressure can be derived by

W2=P2A2v2t
Network done through force over the fluid in‘t’ time
is given as
 W = W1-W2
= P1A1v1t- P2A2v2t
This work can be done on the fluid by force then it
increases its potential & kinetic energy.

When kinetic energy increase in fluid is

Δk = 1/2m(v22-v12)
Similarly, when potential energy increases in the
fluid is

Δp = mg (h2-h1)
Based on the relation of work-energy

P1A1v1t- P2A2v2t
= 1/2m(v22-v12) – mg (h2-h1)
If there is no liquid sink and source, then the fluid
mass entering at ‘L’ end is equivalent to the fluid
mass leaving from the pipe at the end of ‘M’ can
be derived like the following.

A1v1 ρ t = A2v2 ρt = m
A1v1t = A2v2t = m/ρ
Substitute this value in the above equation like
P1A1v1t- P2A2v2t

P1 m/ ρ – P2 m/ ρ
1/2m(v22-v12) – mg (h2-h1)
i.e, P/ ρ + gh + 1/2v2 = constant
 Applications

The applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem include the

following.
Moving Boats in Parallel
Whenever two boats are moving side by side in a
similar direction, then the air or water will be there
in between that moves quicker compare with when
the boats are on the remote sides. So according to
Bernoulli’s theorem, the force between them will
be decreased. Therefore because of the change in
pressure, the boats are pulled in the direction of
each other due to attraction.

Airplane
Airplane works on the principle of Bernoulli’s
theorem. The wings of the plane have a specific
shape. When the plane moves, the air flows over it
with a high speed as contrasted with its low
surface wig. Because of Bernoulli’s principle, there
is a difference in the flow of air above & below the
wings. So this principle creates a change in
pressure because of the flow of air on the up
surface of the wing. If the force is high than the
mass of the plane, then the plane will rise

Atomizer
Bernoulli’s principle is mainly used in paint gun,
insect sprayer, and carburettor action. In these,
due to the motion of the piston within a cylinder,
high speed of air can be supplied on a tube that is
dipped in the fluid to spray. The air with high
speed can create less pressure on the tube
because of the rise in the fluid.

Blowing of Roofs
The trouble in the atmosphere due to rain, hail,
snow, the roofs of huts will blow off without any
harm to another part of the hut. The blowing wind
forms a low weight on the roof. The force under
the roof is bigger than low pressure because of the
difference in pressure; the roof can be raised and
blown off through the wind.

Bunsen Burner
In this burner, the nozzle generates gas through
high velocity. Because of this, the force within the
stem of the burner will decrease. Thus, air from
the environment runs into the burner.

Magnus Effect
Once a rotating ball is thrown, then it moves away
from its normal path within the flight. So this is
known as the Magnus effect. This effect plays an
essential role in cricket, soccer, and tennis, etc.
Thus, this is all about an overview of Bernoulli’s
theorem, equation, derivation, and its applications.
Here is a question for you, what are the
 Limitation

 The fluid particle velocity in the middle of a tube

is utmost and reduces slowly in the direction
of the tube because of friction. As a result, simply
the liquid’s mean velocity must be in use due to
the particles of the liquid velocity is not
consistent.
 This equation is applicable to streamline the
supply of a liquid. It is not suitable for turbulent or
non-steady flow.
 The external force of the liquid will affect the
liquid flow.
 This theorem preferably applies to non-viscosity
fluids
 Fluid must be incompressible
 If the fluid is moving in a curved lane, then the
energy because of centrifugal forces must be
considered
 The flow of liquid should not change with respect
to time
 In unstable flow, a little kinetic energy can be
changed into heat energy & in a thick flow; some
energy can be vanished because of shear force.
Thus these losses must be ignored.
 The effect of viscous must be negligible

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.britannica.com/science/
Bernoullis-theorem
2. https://byjus.com/physics/derivation-of-
continuity-
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/
engineering/continuity-equation