Distributed Generation

Microgrids
Smart Grids
SCADA

1
Introduction
The IEEE defines distributed generation as the generation of
electricity by facilities that are sufficiently smaller than central
generating plants so as to allow interconnection at nearly any
point in a power system.

Dondi et al. [1] defines distributed generation as a small source of

electric power generation or storage (typically ranging from less
than a kW to tens of MW) that is not a part of a large central
power system and is located close to the load.

[1] Dondi et al., “Network integration of distributed power generation,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 106, 2002, pp. 1–9.

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 Typical Electrical Generation, Transmission and
Distribution Diagram

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg

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Distributed Generation (DG)

Connection of distributed generators

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 Benefits and Classification of DG
Benefits of DG:
An effective integration of distributed energy resources brings the following benefits:

● reduced central generation capacity;

● increased utilization of transmission and distribution network capacity;

● enhanced system security; and

● reduced overall costs and CO2 emissions.

Classification:

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 Distribution System

Conventional distribution system Distribution system with distributed

generation

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Micro-grid
 What is Microgrid?
• It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed
to provide power for a small community.

• It enables local power generation for local loads.

• It comprises of various small power generating sources

that makes it highly flexible and efficient.

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 What is Microgrid?...

• It is operated both on-grid and off-grid mode.

• Excess power can be sold to the utility grid.
• Size of the microgrid may range from housing
estate to municipal regions.

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 Microgrid Components

• Distributed Generator
• Loads
• Immediate storage
• Controller

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 Smart Grids
Throughout the world, energy policy is developing rapidly with the aims of providing electrical
energy supplies that are

1. Low or zero-carbon to reduce the production of greenhouse gases and mitigate climate change.

2. Secure and not dependent on imported fossil fuel.

3. Economic and affordable by industry, commerce and all sections of society.

These objectives of energy policy converge in the use of distributed generation; renewables and
cogeneration (combined heat and power, CHP). Recently, the name smart grids has become
common to describe the future power network that will make extensive use of modern
information and communication technologies to support a flexible, secure and cost-effective de-
carbonized electrical power system.

Smart grids are intelligently controlled active networks that facilitate the integration of distributed
generation into the power system.

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 Smart Grids…
A smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of
all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order
to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent
monitoring, control, communication and self-healing technologies to:

● better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and
technologies;
● allow electricity consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of
the system;
● provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply;
● significantly reduce the environmental impact of the total electricity
supply system; and
● deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply.
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 Drivers for change
• Grid reliability
• Aging assets, heightened load

• Environment:
• Global climate concerns
• State mandates for green power

• Energy Security:
• Homeland security
• Dependence on foreign oil

• Customer Choices:
• Growing needs and expectations
• Desire for greater flexibility and options

Source: Smart Grid City: A blueprint for a connected, intelligent grid community, Xcel Energy
 General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers
To improve efficiency and reliability, several market drivers and new opportunities
suggest that the smart grid must:

1. Satisfy the need for increased integration of digital systems for increased
efficiency of the power system. In the restructured environment, the deregulated
electric utility industry allows a renovation of the market to be based on system
constraints and the seasonal and daily fluctuations in demand. Competitive markets
increase the shipment of power between regions, which further strains today’s
aging grid and requires updated, real-time controls.

2. Handle grid congestion, increase customer participation, and reduce uncertainty

for investment. This requires the enhancement of the grid’s capability to handle
demand reliably.

3. Seamlessly integrate renewable energy systems (RES) and distributed generation.

Stakeholder Functions
• Stakeholders range from utility and
energy producers to consumers, policy-
makers, technology providers, and
researchers.

• An important part of the realization of

the smart grid is the complete buy–in or
involvement of all stakeholders.
 Smart House
Added green power
sources

High-speed,
networked
connections

Plug-in hybrid
electric cars Customer interaction
with utility

Real-time and green Smart thermostats,

pricing Signals appliances and in-home
control devices

Source: Smart Grid City: A blueprint for a connected, intelligent grid community, Xcel Energy
 Smart Grids
Smart Grid Conventional Grid
Digital Electromechanical
Two-way communication One-way communication
Distributed generation Centralized generation
Sensors throughout Few sensors
Self-monitoring Blind
Self-healing Manual restoration
Adaptive and islanding Failures and blackouts
Intelligent customer metering Old-fashioned customer metering
Remote checking/testing Manual checking/testing

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Overview of the technologies required for the
Smart Grid
1. Information and communications technologies: These include:

(a) two-way communication technologies to provide connectivity

between different components in the power system and loads;
(b) open architectures for plug-and-play of home appliances; electric
vehicles and microgeneration;
(c) communications, and the necessary software and hardware to
provide customers with greater information, enable customers to trade
in energy markets and enable customers to provide demand-side
response;
(d) software to ensure and maintain the security of information and
standards to provide scalability and interoperability of information and
communication systems. Deparment of EEE, KUET 20
2. Sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies: These include:

(a) Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) to provide advanced protective relaying,

measurements, fault records and event records for the power system;
(b) Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and
Control (WAMPAC) to ensure the security of the power system;
(c) Integrated sensors, measurements, control and automation systems and
information and communication technologies to provide rapid diagnosis and
timely response to any event in different parts of the power system. These
will support enhanced asset management and efficient operation of power
system components, to help relieve congestion in transmission and
distribution circuits and to prevent or minimize potential outages and enable
working autonomously when conditions require quick resolution.

Deparment of EEE, KUET 21

(d) smart appliances, communication, controls and monitors to
maximize safety, comfort, convenience, and energy savings of homes;

(e) smart meters, communication, displays and associated software to

allow customers to have greater choice and control over electricity
and gas use. They will provide consumers with accurate bills, along
with faster and easier supplier switching, to give consumers accurate
real-time information on their electricity and gas use and other
related information and to enable demand management and demand
side participation.

Deparment of EEE, KUET 22

3. Power electronics and energy storage: These include:
(a) High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission and back-to-back schemes and Flexible
AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) to enable long distance transport and
integration of renewable energy sources;
(b) Different power electronic interfaces and power electronic supporting
devices to provide efficient connection of renewable energy sources and
energy storage devices;
(c) Series capacitors, Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) and other FACTS
devices to provide greater control over power flows in the AC grid;
(d) HVDC, FACTS and active filters together with integrated communication and
control to ensure greater system flexibility, supply reliability and power
quality;
(e) Power electronic interfaces and integrated communication and control to
support system operations by controlling renewable energy sources, energy
storage and consumer loads;
(f) Energy storage to facilitate greater flexibility and reliability of the power
system. Deparment of EEE, KUET 23
24
Communication Infrastructure
An essential development of the Smart Grid (Figure 3.1) is to extend
communication throughout the distribution system and to establish
two-way communications with customers through Neighborhood
Area Networks (NANs) covering the areas served by distribution
substations. Customers’ premises will have Home Area Networks
(HANs). The interface of the Home and Neighborhood Area Networks
will be through a smart meter or smart interfacing device.

25
Control & Automation

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What is SCADA?
SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION) is a
system that is used for monitoring, analyzing and controlling
an industrial process.

A SCADA system is capable of real time monitoring and

management of physical asset dispersed over very large
geographical area.

Source: Puneet Singh Thakur, A Presentation On SCADA System, M.E.(Digital Instrumentation).

27
Image credit: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/scada-as-heart-of-distribution-management-system

A SCADA system controlling an electricity distribution network

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SCADA system general layout

Control centre Field site

Source: Puneet Singh Thakur, A Presentation On SCADA System, M.E.(Digital Instrumentation).

29
Common system components
• Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
• Programmable logic Controller (PLC)
• Telemetry system
• Human machine interface
• Data Acquisition Server
• A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on
the process and sending commands (control) to the SCADA
system.
• Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory
system to the remote terminal units.
• Various process and analytical instrumentation.

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Security Issues

More Communications…More Vulnerability

 Cyber Security in the Smart Grid

Cyber security is defined as security from threats conveyed by computer or computer

terminals and the protection of other physical assets from modification or damage from
accidental or malicious misuse of computer-based control facilities.

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PMUs - Phasor measurement units
 Mitigation Approach to Cyber Security Risks
• Identifying and classifying the information that needs to be protected
• Defining detailed security requirements
• Procuring a system that is designed to meet the specified security
requirements and includes the capability to be upgraded to meet evolving
security standards
• Testing the security controls during the test and installation phase
• Developing a remediation plan to mitigate the risks for identified
vulnerabilities
• Installing a system with built-in management, operational, and security
controls
• Monitoring and periodically assessing the effectiveness of security
controls
• Monitoring of communication channels