1. In doing research, some basic steps are needed in order to complete the study.

The following
steps outline a simple and effective strategy for writing a research paper. Depending on the
familiarity of the researcher with the topic and the challenges may encounter along the way,
researcher may need to these steps.

a.Identify and develop your topic

Selecting a topic can be the most challenging part of a research assignment. Since this is the
very first step in writing a paper, it is vital that it be done correctly.

 Select a topic within the parameters set.

 Select a topic of personal interest to you and learn more about it. The research for and
writing of a paper will be more enjoyable if you are writing about something that you
find interesting.
 Be original.

Once you have identified your topic, it may help to state it as a question. You will need to come
up with questions that you will be looking for answers in the process of your study.

b. Do a preliminary search for information

c. Locate materials

d. Evaluate your sources

e. Make notes

f. Write your paper

g. Cite your sources properly

h. Proofread

The eight steps are necessary to make a successful research paper that will be concise, reliable,
and valid.

2. While there might be many reasons for conducting a literature review, following are four key
outcomes of doing the review.

 Literature review serves as assessment of the current state of research on a topic. This is
probably the most obvious value of the literature review. Once a researcher has
 determined an area to work with for a research project, a search of relevant information
sources will help determine what is already known about the topic and how extensively
the topic has already been researched.
 It helps as an identification of the experts on a particular topic. One of the additional
benefits derived from doing the literature review is that it will quickly reveal which
researchers have written the most on a particular topic and are, therefore, probably the
experts on the topic.
 Literature review is an identification of key questions about a topic that need further
research. In many cases a researcher may discover new angles that need further
exploration by reviewing what has already been written on a topic.
 Lastly, it is a determination of methodologies used in past studies of the same or similar
topics. It is often useful to review the types of studies that previous researchers have
launched as a means of determining what approaches might be of most benefit in
further developing a topic.

Upon completion of the literature review, a researcher should have a solid foundation of
knowledge in the area and a good feel for the direction any new research should take.

3. Before beginning your paper, you need to decide how you plan to design the study.

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data. The commonly used research designs are:

Descriptive research design

 The goal of using a descriptive research design is to describe a research topic, so this
type of research is useful when you need more information about your topic.
Descriptive research design can also help you understand the "what," "where," "when"
and "how" of your research topic. The one question that a descriptive research design
does not answer is "why."

Experimental research design

 The experimental research design is especially useful when you want to test how
different factors affect a situation, making this design type very versatile. The
experimental research design uses the scientific method, which includes elements
Correlational research design

 The correlational research design format, like the causal format, identifies relationships
between variables. When you use a correlational research design, you measure
variables but do not alter them.

Case study

 Case studies are analyses of real-world situations to understand and evaluate past
problems and solutions. Therefore, case studies are useful when you want to test how
an idea applies to real life, and this research design is especially popular in marketing,
advertising and social science.

In order to help to gain a deeper understanding of any subject matter, knowing types of
research design plays a critical role in carrying out your thesis.

4. By the time you finish using the methods and tools you have selected for your study, you will
have several sets of information organized and stored. It is time that the data gathered should
be anlayze, presented and interpreted. The data presentation and analysis chapter presents
and analyses data collected from a research. Some of the major issues discussed in this section
include the response rate, the demographic profile of the respondents and the main research
findings which are discussed as per objective. Findings can either be presented orally or as a
written document.

Some general rules of data presentation:

 Always use past tense in describing results

 The main core of the result section consists of text, tables and graphics
 Text provides narration and interpretation of the data presented
 Leave the process of data collection to the methods section
 Simple data with few categories is better presented in text form
 Tables are useful in summarising large amounts of data systemically and graphics should
be used to highlight evidence and trends in the data presented.

The data interpretation after the analysis and presentation of data is another process need to
complete. Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data through some predefined
processes which will help assign some meaning to the data and arrive at a relevant conclusion.
It involves taking the result of data analysis, making inferences on the relations studied, and
using them to conclude.It is evident that the interpretation of data is very important, and as
such needs to be done properly. Therefore, researchers have identified some data
interpretation methods to aid this process.

5. The summary, conclusion and recommendations are the last part of the research work. It is
essential to have this in all research work, both qualitative and quantitative.When perusing a
research work, the readers go directly to the summary, conclusion, and recommendation and
see if they could point out what the dissertation is saying because it is common in this
chapter.The following steps will guide in write a good summary, conclusion and
recommendation:

In writing summary, it consists of findings that reveals and summarises the most critical factors
and outcomes of a study, including the best theoretical boundaries and the finality of the
substantiation for each result. It tells the reader what has been done, how it has been done,
and the study results. An engaging summary of findings allows the readers to see as many or
more minor findings and just about relevant data about each result, see effect estimates
presented in various ways, and view clarifications of the evidence supplied.

Before writing conclusion, let us know first what is conclusion, it is a synthesis of critical
elements, not just a description of the points or a re-statement of the problem statement. For
most research studies, one well-developed paragraph suffices as a conclusion. However, a two-
or three paragraph conclusion may be considered necessary in some situations. The following
should be done:

 Restate the research topic.

 Reiterate the thesis.
 Make a summary of the main points.
 Mention the relevance or outcomes.
 Wrap up your thoughts.

The recommemdations will give suggestions about the study outcome. You may have already
created suggestions for future studies in the discussion, but the recommendation is a great
place to explain, taking into account the potential ramifications of your research results for
practice and theory. The recommendations should be premised on the conclusions of the study.

Make sure not to undermine the research carried out when making recommendations for
additional research. Academic research aims to educate, demonstrate, and explore rather than
to instruct. Make sure not to undermine the research carried out when making
recommendations for additional research.