Lewis structure

Prepared by:
Ms. Angelika R. Lee, SST1
recall: limiting and excess reagent

Pick a glassware

1 2 3 4
 back

Define Electronic
Configuration?
 back

What are the four

Quantum Numbers?
 back

What is the
importance of
quantum numbers?
 back

What is the electron

configuration of element
H?
 01
Lewis structure
 Learning Competencies
• Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70 )
• Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76)
• Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic
elements of the representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77)
• Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-78)
• Describe the geometry of simple compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-
81)
Learning objectives
• Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions
• Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple
molecules
• Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular
compounds;
• Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the
nonmetallic elements of the representative blocks
 Lewis structure
A Lewis structure is a structural representation
of a molecule where dots are used to show
electron positions around the atoms and lines
or dot pairs represent covalent bonds between
atoms.
The purpose of
drawing a Lewis dot
structure is to identify
the lone electron
pairs in molecules to
help determine
chemical bond
formation.

Lewis structures can

be made for
molecules that
contain covalent
bonds and
for coordination
compounds.
I. FORMATION OF THE COVALENT BOND
It was Gilbert Lewis who suggested that the chemical bond is formed by sharing
of electrons in atoms.

For the hydrogen molecule, this is depicted by the two electrons are shared
equally between the two atoms forming a covalent bond. The bond is typically
depicted by a single line, H - H. The electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms keeping the atoms together to form a molecule.
Show the formation of the covalent bond for the F2 molecule
The representation of the covalent compound above is called the
Lewis structure. In the Lewis structure, shared electrons that form a
bond is represented by a line or a pair of dots; lone pairs are
represented by dots above the atom. Only valence electrons are
included in Lewis structures.
a. From the Lewis structure of F2, how many electrons are around
each fluorine atom in F2?
Answer: There are eight electrons fulfilling the octet rule. By sharing
the electrons, each fluorine atom fulfils the octet rule.
 Electron dot structure
Valence electrons are involved in forming chemical bonds. Chemists used a
shorthand method to visually represent valence electrons. This is called as
the electron-dot structure.

An atom’s electron-dot consists of the element’s symbol, which represents

the atomic nucleus and inner-level electrons, surrounded by dots
representing all of the atom’s valence electrons.

Steps in writing the electron-dot structure of an atom:

1. Write the symbol of the given atom.
2. Determine its valence electron. This is equal to the number of dots at the
sides of the atom.
3. Draw a dot or dots to represent the valence electron/s one at a time on
the four sides of the symbol. (Dots may be placed in a sequence.)
4. Then paired up the dots.
In combining with other atoms, only outer electrons, the
valence electrons, are involved. To keep track of these
valence electrons, the Lewis dot symbol is used. The Lewis
dot symbol consists of the symbol of an element and one
dot for each valence electron in an atom of the element.

See examples below.

 Octet rule
The octet rule in chemistry is the principle that bonded
atoms share their eight outer electrons.
(A pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms is called
a bond pair. A pair of electrons that is not shared between two
atoms is called a lone pair.)
This gives the atom a valence shell resembling that of a
noble gas. They have completed outer electron shells, which
make them very stable. Other elements also seek stability,
which governs their reactivity and bonding behavior.
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
C, N, O and F should always be assumed to obey the octet
rule.

B and Be often have fewer than 8 electrons around them in

their compounds.

Second row elements never exceed the octet rule.

Third row and heavier elements often satisfy the octet rule
but can exceed the octet rule by using their empty valence d
orbitals.
 02
FormuLA OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
 FormuLA OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
Chemical Nomenclature
The primary function of chemical nomenclature is to ensure that a
spoken or written chemical name leaves no ambiguity concerning to what
chemical compound the name refers. The most widely accepted format for
nomenclature has been established by IUPAC.
Molecular compounds are made when two or more elements share
electrons in a covalent bond to connect the elements. Typically, non-
metals tend to share electrons, make covalent bonds, and thus, form
molecular compounds.
 Rules for Naming Molecular Compounds
1. Remove the ending of the second element, and add “ide” just like in ionic compounds.
2. When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the number of a given
element present in the compound.

3. If there is only one of the first element, you can drop the prefix. For example,
CO is carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
4. The a or o at the end of a prefix is usually dropped from the name when the
name of the element begins with a vowel. As an example, four oxygen atoms, is
tetroxide instead of tetraoxide.
Examples of Molecular Compound Names:
• SO2 is called sulfur dioxide
• SiI4 is called silicon tetraiodide
• SF6 is called sulfur hexafluoride
• CS2 is called carbon disulfide
GUIDE IN WRITING THE LEWIS STRUCTURES OF SOME COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Let us consider the following steps:
1. Determine the total valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule.
For molecules – sum all valence electrons for all the atoms
For polyatomic anions add the number of negative charges -
For polyatomic cations - subtract the number of positive charges
2. Choose the central atom, it is usually the least electronegative element
in the compound and it is usually the first atom in the molecular formula
or the atom with higher covalency. Write the sequential arrangement of the
atoms in a molecule, (the so called skeleton). Chemists usually list this
central atom first in the chemical formula (as in CCl4 and CO32−, which
both have C as the central atom), which is another clue to the compound’s
structure. Hydrogen and the halogens are almost always connected to only
one other atom, so they are usually terminal rather than central.
3. Draw dots around the atoms and in between the elements or atoms in the
skeleton formula to distribute the electrons.
Note: A dash ( ) is used to connect two dots which represents the covalent bond
between two atoms. The dots are arranged to satisfy the OCTET RULE (with
eight valence electrons in each atom/element), but hydrogen has two only.

4. If there are not enough electrons to give eight electrons to each atom (except
hydrogen), shift unbonded electrons as necessary, or change single bonds to
double or triple bonds.
5. Finally, count the electrons to verify the total number of electrons distributed
around each atom to satisfy the duet rule for hydrogen and octet rule for the
second-row elements but there are exceptions to the rule.
 02
geometrical shapes of some
simple compounds
 geometrical shapes of some simple compounds
The shape of molecules can be predicted by the combination of the Lewis
theory and VSEPR theory. VSEPR (pronounce as vesper) model means
valence shell electron-pair repulsion model. It is formed from molecules
of nonmetals
STEPS IN APPLYING VSEPR MODEL
1. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.
Example: BeCl2, Beryllium chloride
Find the valence electron of Be, Beryllium and Cl, Chlorine
2. Count the electron pairs and arrange them to minimize repulsion
by putting the pairs as far apart as possible.
3. Determine the positions of the atoms from the way the electron
pairs are shared.
4. Name the molecular structure from the positions of the atoms.
SUMMARY OF MOLECULAR GEOMETRICS
FIGURE 1. The common molecular shapes.
FIGURE 2. The common molecular shapes in 3-D.
 RESOURCES
La Union Schools Division. Quarter 2: General Chemistry 1
Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 2 Week 4 and 5 - ACNHS
 THANKS!
Does anyone have any questions?
Angelika Ranit Lee
09338224416

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by

Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images
by Freepik