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Relations and
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1 re

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Function
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RELATIONS Example: Let A= {1, 2, 3} be a set. Then R = {(1, 1).
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A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non empty set B is a (2,2),(3,3), (1,3), (2, 1)} is a reflexive relation on A. But
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subset of thecartersian product A xB. The subset is derived by R= {(1, 1).(3,3).(2, 1). (3,2)} is not a reflexive relation on
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describing arelationship between the first element and the second

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A, because2 EA but (2, 2) £ R,.
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element of the ordered pairs in A x B. The second element is Example: Arelation R on N defined by (x, y) € Rx2y
called the image of the first element.
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is a reflexive relation on N, because every natural number
DOMAIN OF A RELATION is greater than or equal to itself.
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The set ofall first elements ofthe ordered pairs in a relationR Note:
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form a set A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R.
) The identity relation on a non-void set A is always
RANGE OF A RELATION
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reflexiverelation on A. However, a reflexive on A is not
The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A toa set
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necessarily the identity relation onA. For example, the
Bis called the range ofthe relation R. The whole set B is called relation R= {(a, a), (b, b). (c, c), (a, b)} is a reflexive
the codomain of the relation R, Note that range c codomain.
relation on set A = {a, b, c} but is not the identity
Note: The total number of relations that can be defíned from a
relation onA.
set A to a set B is the number of possible subsets of
AxB. Ifn(A)=p and n(B)=q, then n(Ax B)=pq and the total (i) The universal relation on a non-void set Ais reflexIve.
5. Symmetric Relation:A relation Ron a set A is said to bea
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number of relations is 2P,
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TYPES OF RELATION:
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symmetricrelation iff (a, b) e R»(b, a) e R for all a, beA
i.e. aRb bRa for all a, beA
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In this section, we intend to define various types of relations on

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Example: Let L be the set of all lines in plane and let R be
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a given setA.
1. Empty/Void Relation:Let A be a set, then o CAXA and a relation defined on L by the rule (x, y) e Rx is
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so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the void or perpendicular to y. Then R is symmetric relation on L,
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empty relation on A. because L LL,L,LL, i.e. (L, L2) €R=(L2 L) ER.
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2. Universal Relation:Let A be a set, then AxAcAxA and Example: LetA= {1,2, 3,4} and let R, and R, be relation
so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the universal on A given by R, ={(1, 3). (1,4), (3, 1), (2, 2) (4, 1)} and
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relation on A. R,={(1, ),(2, 2),(3, 3), (1,3)}. Clearly, R, isa symmetric
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Note: The void and the universal relations on a set A are relation on A. However, R, is not so, because (1, 3) e R
respectively the smallest and the largest relations on but (3, 1) £ R
3. ldentity Relation: Let A be a set, then the relationl= {(a. Note:
a):a eA} on A is called the identity relation on A. ) The identity and the Universal relations on a non-
In other words, a relation I on A is called the identity void set are symmetric relations.
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relation ifevery element of A is related to itself only. i) A relation R on a set A is not a symmetric relation if
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Example: The relation l= {(1, 1). 2,2), (3, 3)} the

is there are at least two elements a, bEA such that (a, b)
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identity relation on setA= {1,2,3}. But relations R, = {(1, eR but (b, a) # R.
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1). (2, 2)} and R, = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} are not relation on a set A is not necessarily
(ii)A reflexive
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identity relations on A, because (3, 3) ¢ R, and in R symmetric. For example, the relationR= {(1, 1). (2,2).
element I is related to element I and 3. (3,3).(1,3)} is a reflexive relation on set A= {1,2,3} but
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4. Reflexive Relation:A relation R on set A is said to be

it is not symmetric.
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reflexive ifevery element ofA is related to itself. 6. Transitive Relation: Let A be any set. A relation R on A is
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Thus, R is reflexive >(a, a) e Rfor all a e A. A relation said to be a transitive relation iffa, b) e Rand (b, c) eR
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Ron a setA is not retlexive if there exists an elementa eA (a, c) e R for all a, b, c e A i.e. aRb& bRc= aRc for all
such that (a, a) £ R.
a,b, c EA.
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Note: The identity and the universal relations on a non- Example 2:Show that the relation R in the set {1,2, 3} given by
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void set are transitive. R={(1, 1). (2, 2). (3, 3), (1, 2). (2 3)} is reflexive but neither
7. Equivalence Relation:A relation R on a set A is said to be symmetric nor transitive.

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an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and Sol. Ris reflexive, since (1, 1). (2,2) and (3, 3) lie in R. Also, R is

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transitive. notsymmetric, as (1,2) eRbut (2,1) ER. Similarly, Ris not
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transitive, as (1,2) e Rand (2,3) E Rbut (1,3) ¢ R.
BRAIN
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TRAIN YOUR Example 3: Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers
given by R= {(a, b): 2 divides a b} is an equivalence relation.
-

Example 1:Check the following relations for being reflexive,

Sol. Ris retlexive, as 2 divides (a-a) for all a e Z. Further, if(a,
symmetric, transitive and thus choose the equivalence relations
b) eR, then2 divides a-b. Therefore, 2 divides b-a. Hence,
if any (b, a) e R, which shows that R is symmetric. Similarly, if(a,
) aRbiff Jal s b, a, b e set of real numbers. b) ER and(b, c) e R, then a-band b-care divisible by 2.
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i) a Rbif a < b, a, b,E N.
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Now, a-c=(a-b)+(b-c) is even. So, (a-c) is divisible
Gii) a Rbiff ja- b|> a,
b e R
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by 2. This shows that R is transitive. Thus, R is an

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a
(iv) a Rb iff divides b a, b e N.
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equivalence relation in Z.
Sol.
DEFINITION
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(1) Not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive
"A function from X toY is a rule or correspondence that assigns
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Let a=-2 and b= 3, (-2, 3) E R Since |-2 $3 is true
to each element of set X, one and only one element of set Y",
Since -2 =2 -2 hence relation is not Reflexive
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where X and Y are two non empty sets.
Since 3| -2 is wrong hence relation is not symmetric
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Let the correspondence be f° then mathematically we
Now Let a, b, c be three real numbers such that
write f: X>Y where y=ffx), x € Xand y e Y. We say that 'y' is
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and |b| sc
asb the image of x under f (or x is the pre image ofy).
lalsb b20, so |b| S c>b sc Sowe can say that for a function, following two conditions must
Hence Jasc is true so the given relation is transitive.
be satisfied:
(i) Not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive.
Amapping f: X>Y is said to be a function ifeach element
Since no natural number is less than itself hence not
in the set X has its image in set Y. It is possible that a few
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reflexive,
elements in the set Y are present which are not the images
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If a < b then b < a is false. Hence not symmetric.

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of any element in set X.
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Ifa<b then b < c clearly a < c. Hence transitive

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() Every element in set X should have one and only one
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(1) Not retlexive, symmetric, not transitive.
image. That means it is impossible to have more than one
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image for a specific element in set X. Functions can't be
la-a= 0; hence it is not reflexive.
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multi-valued.
For y x)(y is a function ofx), x is called independent
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la-bs b-al=la-bl variable and y is called dependent variable.
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Hence symmetric.
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Let a = 1,b=-1 and c=

la-b=2 so (a, b) eR, b-cl= lot a function NOt a function

So (b, c) E R Y
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so(a,c) eR.
la--
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But
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Hence R is not a transitive relation.
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Function Function
(iv) Retlexive, not symmetric, transitive
Let us take an example of y2 = x. Here y cannot be a
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function ofx as y = tvx and for each value ofx e R, we get

ie. every number divides itself, hence R is
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Since=l
a two values of y e R, which is in contradiction to the above
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retlexive. specified conditions, for a relation to be a function. So y = tvx

is not a function but is a relation. Let us take an another example
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If a divides b thenb does not divide a (unless

off: R> R, y=x'. Here for each and every value ofx e R, we
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(a=b) hence the relation is not symmetric.

If a divides b and b divides c then it is clear that a will have unique value ofy e R. As both the conditions are satisfied,
divide c. Hence transitive. y=x is said to be a function of x. Graphically, ifa line parallel to
FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII
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y-axis cuts the graph ofthe relation between x and y, in not more Remark: Every funetion from A to B satisfied the following
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then one point, the relation is said to be a function in x or in other Relation:
words, y is said to be a function of x. (1) fcAxB

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2) Notation: V aeA 3 beB | b=f{a)

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yY *******

Ysf***
(For all) (there exist) (such that)
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(3) (a, b) e f& (a, c) e f=b=c
(4) Inagraphical representation ofa finction y=fx).
X. If vertical line cuts the curve more than once then it is not a
function. It is called as vertical line test
DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A
FUNCTIOON
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y is not a function ofx y is a function ofx
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Let f:A->B, then the set A is knownm as the domain off& the set
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
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Bis knowm as co-domain of f. Ifa member 'a' ofA is associated

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to the member 'b' ofB, then'b' is called the f-image of'a' and we
EXAMPLE 4: For which of the following, y can be a function of
write b= ffa). Further 'a' is called a pre-image of 'b. The set
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x. (x E R, y eR)
Ma): y aEA} is called the range off. Clearly f{A)CB.
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) (x-h+(y-k}=r Ifonly expression of fx) is given (domain and codomain are not
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i) y=4ax mentioned), then domain is set of those values of 'x' for which f
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(ii) x*=y(iv) x° =y° (v) 3y=
(logx)} (x) is real, while codomain is considered to be (-oo, oo) (except in
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ITFs)
Sol. ) (x-h +(y-k}=r?
A function whose domain and range are both subsets of real
yy=ktyr-(x-h* numbers is called a real function.
Here for each value ofx e R, we get two values of y E K. So this
Algebraic Operations on Functions : Iff& g are real valued
is not a function.
functions ofx with domains A and B respectively, then both f&
(i) y2=4ax y=ty4ax g are defined in AnB. Now we define f+g, f-g. (f.g) &
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This is also not a function with the same reason mentioned (f/g) as follows: us
above.
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() (f+g)(x)= f{x)+g(x) 1,

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domain in each case is AnB
(1) y=tx, not a function with same reason mentioned above.
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(i) (f.g))=tx). gts)
(iv)x°=y' >y=x
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Here for each and every value ofx e R, we get a unique value of (x) domain is lxeAnB0}.
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ii)|(x)= g(x)
{x
yeR, so this relation is a function in x.
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y=0gx) TRAIN YOUR BRAIN

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(V) 3y=(logx)
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Example 5 : Find the domain of the following functions:
x
Here for all values of e Rwe can't find y e R, as logx is not
defined for xeRU {0}. )tx)= vx -x-6 + V6-x
So this is also not a function. (Gi)
fx)= y3x- x3
"Function" as an ordered pair:
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f:A->B
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f:(1,x),(2, x), (3. y)}
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A iv) f{x)= sinx +V16-x

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(V) y=log (x-11x + 24)

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y=ylog, (cos(sin x))

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(vi)
fcAxB
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where A x B is the cartesian product of two set A & B Sol. (1) x-x-620 and 6-xž0
={(1,x), (2, x), (3, x). (1, y), (2.y).(3,y)} (x-3)(x+2)20 and xs6

RELATIONS AND FUNCTTON-

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(Iv) Sin X20 and l6-x*20
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2nm SxS(2n+ I)nT

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and 4Sx$4

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x23 or x s-2 re xEO,6

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:. Domain is [-4, -r]u [0,Tt]
xE0-2]U3,o)
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(V) y=log (x*-1 1x +24)
xE--2]U[3,6] ( 4)

Here 'y' would assume real value, if

(i) 3x-x'20 x-3xs0
x-3) s0 xx- 3 )(x+ 3 )s0 X-4>0and 1, x?- 1lx+24>00
xe-0V3]U[0, 31 and #5, (x-3) (x-8)>0
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x>4
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- x>4 and
5,x <3orx>8
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3
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x>8 Domain (y)=(8, oo).
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x+2 and20
()+20
() (vi)y= ylog, (cos(sin x))
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+X
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Here 'y' would assume real value if,
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Now 0 x22 or x<-2
log (cos (sinx)) 20 cos (sinx) 21|
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1-X20 cos(sinx) = 1
as -l s cos0 s 1

AISo -1<x<1
1+X =0 x= nT, n
sinx E l1

Hence, the given function has empty domain i.e. domain Hence domain consists of the multiples of t i.e. Domain
of function = ¢.
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{nm: ne I}
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IMPORTANT TYPE OF FUNCTIONS
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1) Trigonometric function:
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Function Domain Curve Range
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) Ax)=sin x XER yEI,1
y
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Sinx
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T 3T2
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-2 -3t/2
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(ii) fx) = cos x xER yeH,1]

Y = cos X
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ii) fx)= tan x xER-(2n+ 1),n E yeR

y
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tanx
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3T
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FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII

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(iv) f(x)= cot x xER-nT, n eI yER
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AY cotx

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(V) f(x) = cosec x XER-nT, nEl ye -o,l]U[l, o)
y cosec x
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(vi) fx)= sec x xeR-(2n+1),nel ye-o,-l]U[I, o)
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@

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-Tt/2 3T/2

(2) Polynomial Function: Ifa function fdefined by (x) = a,"

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) Ax)= +5x +x+(x'+ 5)"5-> algebraic function.
+a,x-+a,x*2+ a, where a, a, a, ERneW
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Ifa,+0, then fx) is called n degree polynomial fiunction +5x2)3/5
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and Domain x E R. () fx)= +3 x +5x +6 + ln x
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Note:
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transcendental function
) Ifn is odd, then polynomial is of odd degree. Its range is
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always R. X+|
(i) fx)= Wx +7 +enx+ 2 algebraic function. y
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sp
() Ifn is even, then polynomial is of even degree. Its range is +7
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never R re
is an algebraic function ofx, ifit is a function that satisfies
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1) A polynomial function of degree one with no constant an algebraic equation ofthe form P,(x) y+P,(x) y-l+.+
term is called odd linear function.
P(x)y+P,(x) =0. Where n is a positive integer and P,(x),
{x)= ax, a#0
i.e.
Px).. are polynomials in x, eg. x'+y'-3xy=0.
iv) f(x)= axt b, a #0 is a linear polynomial function. Note:
(V) fx)= c, (c#0), is a non linear function (its degree is zero).
)All polynomial functions are algebraic but converse is not
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(vi) fx)=0 isa polynomial function whose degree is not defined true.
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(vii) There are only two polynomial functions, satisfying the (1) Function which are not algebraic are called as
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transcendental function.
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relationfx).f=x)+f They are: e.g. exponential function, logarithmic funetion.

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(4) Rational Function : It is a function of form

(a) f{x)=x"+ 1 &&
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(6) fix)=1-x", where n is a positive integer. where gx) & h(x) are polynomial function
fx)h.
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(3) Algebraic Function: A function is called an algebraic

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function, ifit can be constructed using algebraic operations and h(x)# 0

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such as additions, subtractions, multiplication, division

taking roots etc. on algebraic expressions eg.x)= x-3x+2
x2-4
RELATIONS AND FUNCHON-
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5) Logarithmic function: fx)=logx, where x>0,a>0,a*l numbers x and y firom the origin and |x+ yl represents the distance
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abase, x> number or argument of log. ofnumber x+yfrom the origin (or distance between 'x*' and-y
measured along the number line).

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Case-I:0<a<1Case-II:a>1
x-yl2 x|-lyl

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x)= log xfx)= log,x
Here again the equality sign holds ifx and y either both are non-
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negative or non-positive (i.e. x. y2 0). (x|-ly) represents the
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fx)T () difference of distances of numbers x and y from the origin and |x
-yl represents the distance between 'x' and 'y' measured along
(1,0) the number line. The last two properties can be put in one
X
compact form i.e., x-lyl s|xtyls|x|+ lyl.

TRAIN YOUR BRAIN

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Domain x (0, co) Range: yER
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E

Example 6 : Solve the following inequalities for real values of x:

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(6) Exponential function: fx)=a', where a>0, a*la>Base ) x-1<2
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X>Exponent Gi) Ix-3>5
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Case-I:0<a<l:/1\x Case-II:a>1 (üi) 0<|x-1|S3
ega-1/2, f{x)=|
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eg. a=2, fx) =2*
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(iv) x-11+2x-3=|3x-4|(v)
f(x)
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Sol. ) Since both the sides of the given inequality are
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non-negative for all x's, when squaring them, we get
(0,1)
the inequality (x- 1P<4.
o Which is equivalent to the given inequality.
We then have: x-2x-3 <0 (x+ )(x-3)<0
Domain: x ERRange:y e (0, o) xe(-1,3).
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(7) Absolute value function (Modulus function): Alternate method ()
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X,X20
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y -x x<0 ; x-1 ifx-120
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Since x-1|=)-(x- - <0
ifx
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1
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X-1<2, ifx- 20
1

y= X -(x-1)<2, ifx- <0 1

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Of

xe[1,3)u-1,1)
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xe(-1,3).
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Alternate method (ii)

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We may regard |x- 1|as the distance on the number line
Domain: xeR; Range: y e R*U{0} between points x and 1.
Basie properties of |x | Hence, we have to indicate on the number line all such
Ilx||=|x| points x which are at a distance less than 2 from the
Geometrical meaning of |x - yl is the distance between x point 1. Desired solution is (-1,3).
5

and y.
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x|>a x>a orx<-a ifa eR* and xeR

-a<x<a
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ifa e R' and x e ¢

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x|<a () x-3>5
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xyl=|x|lyl x-3<-5 or x-3>5

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x<-2 or x>8
oo)
xe0,-2)U(8,
ec

ec

ec

(ii) 0<|x-1|s3
sp

sp

sp

x+yls|x|+|yl Here x-|>0 x*1

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re

It is a very useful and interesting property. Here the equalty Also, Ix- 1|s3 -3 Sx-1 $3,
@

sign holds ifx and y either both are non-negative or non-positive -2sxs4, x*l ®xe-2, 1)u(1,4
y
i.e. x. 20). (|x +|yD represents the sum of distances of
|
(iv)Since 3x-4=x-1+2x-3,3x-4|=x-1|+|2x-3
(x-1)(2x-3)20
10 FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII
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xE-0, 1]u[3/2, +oo). 1;x>0
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(8) Signum function: y= sgn (x) = 0;x = 0

ec

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ec
SlIt is clear that x*-4#0 -1;x0

sp

sp

sp
Generally, we can also write
X#2,-2 re

re

re
s Xx0
@

@
Now » -1s s Sgn(x)=X
x =0
|0
Let us take up,
5

5
x- x- -l+ V29)
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x+2)0x-2)j
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z0

p
(x+2) (x-2
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ax

ax
Domain xER; Range: ye {-1,0, 1}
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tm
(9) Greatest integer function (step-up function): The finction
x)= [x] is called the greatest integer function and is defined
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--V29 -1+29 as follows:
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sp

sp
=*e- 2.2) oj.0 xis the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
re

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Then x]=xifx is an integer = integer just less than x ifx is
@

@
not an integer.
Now let us take up, Examples: [3]=3,[2.7]=2,-7.8]=-8, [0.8]=0
In other words if we list all the integers less than or equal
tox, then the integer greatest among them is called greatest
x-3-x +40 -x+X*lko integer of x. Greatest integer of x is also called integral part
(x-4) (x-4) ofx. y=x) = [x]
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Domain: R; us Range: I;

-4)x-X-0
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tm

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ec

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(x +2x-2
x-2 2
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20
(x+2)(x-2
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@

-2
15 Properties:
i) [x] sx<[x]+1|

-5 1+5(2.).Gi) i) x+m]=Xnn E
X E(-,-2) ii) x]+Fx]=(-1; x¢l
5

(10) Fractional part function:

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From 1) and (i) y=fx)= {x}=x-[x]

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Domain: xe R.Range: [0, 1)
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f(x) Eg 2.3=2+0.3-> fractional part

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(0.1
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Integer part
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@

RELATIONS AND FUNCTON- 11

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PropertiesS: Example 10: Find the domain of following functions.
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i) Fractional part of any integer is zero. ) fx) = In(-2 + 3x-x*)
(i) {x+n}= {x},n elI

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(1)
f(x) =e x-1

(-x=xel
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sp

sp
(ii) {x}+{R}={1; otherwise
(i) {x}+ Gi) Ax)=sin(2x +a-b), (a, b e R)
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Sol. ) fx)= In(-2+ 3x-x)
Important properties ofgreatest integer function and fractional
@

@
for fx) to define, -2+ 3x-x?>0
part ofx. -3x+2<0 (x- 1)(x-2) <0
() x]2n>x2nor x e [n, co) , n eI xE(1,2)
Ix]>n> x2n+1 or x e [n+ 1,co), n eI So domain (t): xe(1,2)
Ix]snx<n+1or x e(-0,, n +1) ,n elI
x]nx<nor x E (-0, n) neI (1) f(x)=e x-1 *
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5
Gi) IIx ]]=[x].[{x}]=0, {[x]}=0
for fx) to define, x- 140
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Gii) [n+x]=n+ [x]where n eI
X*£l1
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so domain (f)>x eR-{1,-1}
0,ifx einteger
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iv) Ix]+[-x]=1-1,ifx einteger (1) x)= sin(2x +a-b)
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for fx) to define, 2x+a-beR
1.e. x ER
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0,ifx Einteger
sodomain (f)>x e R
(v){x}+{-x}=
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sp

sp
Range: Range of y = f(x) is the collection of all outputs
corresponding to each real number of the domain. To find the
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(vi)
x+ylx]+[y]+1, if {x}+ {y} 21 range of function:
@

@
i) ,neN,xeR
First of all find the domain ofy=fx).
() If domain is a set having only finite number of
points, then range is the set of corresponding f{x)
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN values.
(n) If domain of y = f(x) is R or R- {Some finite points,
then express x in terms of y. From this find y for xK
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Example 7 : Solve the inequality [x]-3[x]+2s0.
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Sol. xP-3x]+2s0
us
to be defined or real or form an equation in terms
of x & apply the condition for real roots.
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(x]-1)(]-2)s0

p
Example 11: Find the range of the following functions
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ax
1s]s$2 G) ix)=log, (sinx s* +1) where 0<x<a/2.
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Isx<3 >xe[l, 3).
Example 8: Solve the equation 4[x]=x+ {x} i) ix)=log, (2 sin xt tan x-3x+ 1)
whereSxS
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Sol. We are given that, 4x]5x+ {x}=}+2{x}
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sp

sp
3x]=28x} > {x}= .) Sol. ) 0<x<t2 0<sin x-<l
.
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re

As0s{x}<1>0s, [x]<1 Range of log, (sin xinx+ 1) for 0<x < n/2 re
=Range of log, (x*+ 1) for 0 <x< 1
@

@
x]=00sx<1
from (i), {x} =- (0)=0 Let h(x) =x*+1 = ete+ 1

Hence x 0 is the only solution

Example 9 :Solve the equation, x?-4x+ [x]+3 =0
. hx)= e* (1 +log, x) =>h'(x)>0 for x> 1/e and

Sol. Weare given that, x*-4x+ [X]+3 =0 h(x) <0 for x < 1/e
.. h(x) has a minima atx= 1/e
*-4x+x- {x} +3=0
5

x 1/x_
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x*-3x+3= {x} 0<x*-3x+3 <1 o1/x lim lim

Nowx$x+ Also lim h(x) = 1+ e* =1+ eXo-1/x*)

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p
=x2otor 0
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x-3x#3>0 for all x x eR

eR
= 1
+e"= 2 and m
X>I
h(x)=2
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Now consider x2-3x+3<1

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*-3x+2<0 =(x-1)(x-2)<0
0<x<1=1+| <(x*+1)<2
1<x<2
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x]=1| e
Now from the original equation we have x*- 4x + 4 =0
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(x-2}=0
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x=2, which does not satisfy 1 <x<2 log. 14 log, (x+1) < log, 2
Thus the given equation does not have any solution.

FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as
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A B
(1,2)

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(0.2)

sp

sp

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f(x)
1+(1/e) re

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X OR
@

@
1/e

.Range of f(x) =| log, 1+e log2

i) Let h{x) =(2 sin x + tan x-3x +1)

h(x)=(2 cos x + sec x-3)
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2 cos x-3 cos x+1 Remark:
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cos (i) Anyfunction which is entirely increasing or decreasing in
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X
its domain, is one-one.
h'x)> 02 cos' x-3 cos? x+ 1>0
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i) Ifany line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph ofthe function
atmost at one point, then the function is one-one.
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:-Iy| cosx+>0Yxe6, 7/3] (2) Many-One function:A function f: A>B is said to be
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a many one function iftwo or more elements of A have
h{x) is an increasing function ofx
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the same fimage in B. Thus f: A> Bis many one iffor
h(t/6) sh(x) < h(T/3)
@

@
XX,EA, fx)= fx,) but x, #X,
Diagrammatically a many one mapping can be shown as
log2+Aislog, h(x) s log, (1+ 2/3-)

Range of f{x) is
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1og- 2 log1+2/3- us
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OR
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(11) Equal or ldentical Functions : Two functions f& g are
said to be equal if:
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) The domain of f = The domain of g D,=D
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(i) The range of f= The range of g R=R
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(ii) fx)= gx), V x e their common domain.
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TRAIN YOUR BRAIN Remark:
@

@
) A continuous function f{x) which has atleast one local
maximum or local minimum, is many-one. In other words,
Example 12: Let fx)= and g(x)= then D,: R-{0} if a line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function
atleast at two points, then fis many-one.
andD, R-{0}. D,=D ii) Ifa function is one-one, it cannot be many-one and vice
Hence both functions are identical
5

versa.
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(ii) Iffand g both are one-one, then fog and gof would also
Example 13: Let fix) = sin x and g(x)= then D,: x ER
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Cosecx be one-one (if they exist).
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andD:xE R- {nr} D,#D

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Hence both functions are non-identical f(x)

A(x)= 3x +5 00-+1
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CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
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(1) One-One Function (Injective mapping): A function f:

A Bis said to be aone-one function or injective mapping
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(O, )
ifdifferent elements of A have different fimages in B. Thus
@

sX
for E A&
ix,), Mx) EB, fx,)={x)ex=x, or x = 3x * 5 = * *1
Graph of )

x, fx,)* x,).
Graph of f)

RELATIONS AND FUNCTTON-

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(3) Onto-funetion (Surjective mapping): Ifthe function f: A Note: Any polynomial function f: R>Ris onto, if degree
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B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the f is odd, into, if degree of fis even.
image of atleast one element in A, then we say that fis a Remark:

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function of A 'onto' B. Thus f: A > B is surjective iff v i) Ifa function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa.

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beB, 3 some a e A such that f(a)=b. i) Iffandg are both onto, then gof or fog may or may not be
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Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as onto.
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A Thus a function can be one of these four types
a) one-one onto (injective & surjective)

Note that: ifrange = co-domain, then fx) is onto.

(4) Into function : If f: A->B is such that there exists atleast (b) one-one into (injective but not surjective)
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one element in co-domain which is not the
fimage of any element in domain, then fx) is into.
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Diagramatically into function can be shown as
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(C) many-one onto (surjective but not injective)
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ec

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Note that: a many-one function can be made one-one by (d) many-one into (neither surjective nor injective)
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redefining the domain of the original function.
@

@
Methods to determine one-one and many-one:
Letx,,x, e domain offand ifx, #x,=> fx) + fx) for every (ii) Iffis both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective
X,X, in the domain, then fis one-one else many-one. function. Bijective functions are also named as invertible,
Conversely if fx,)= fx) = x, =x, for every x, x, in the
non singular or biuniform functions.
domain, then fis one-one else many- one.
(iv) Ifa set A contains n distinct elements then the number of
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5
If the function is entirely increasing or decreasing in the
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domain, then fis one-one else many-one.

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different functions defined from A->A is n"& out of it n!
are one-one
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p
Any continuous function f(x), which has at least one local
The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f&
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maxima or local minima is many-one.
g are two bijections such that gof is defined, then gof is
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All even functions are many one.
also a bijection.
All polynomial functions ofeven degree defined in Rhave
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ec
at least one local maxima or minima and hence are many
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
sp

sp

sp
one in the domain R. Polynomial functions of odd degree
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re

can be one-one or many- one.

re
a rational function then fx,) = Rx) will always be x-8x30
+18
@

@
Iffis Example 14 : Show that the function f()= is not
satistied when x, = x, in the domain. Hence we can wTite
one-one.
f(x)- f(x,)= (x, -
x,) g(X,, x,) where
some function in x, and x,. Now if ol. Aunetion is one-one if f{x,=Ix)>x, =x, (only)
8(X, X,) is
Now
gxX,)=0 gives some solution which is different from x,
X, and which lies in the domain, then fis many-one else
fx,)=fx)
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one-one. xi-8x +18x-8x, +18

Draw the graph of y= fix) and determine whether f{x) is x-4x, +30 x +4x, + 30
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ax

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- 12x,x
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one-one or many-one.
12xx, + 12x; -12x-312x, +312x, = 0
Methods to determine whether a function is onto or into: {12x,x, + 12(x, +x)-312} =0
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(x,-x)
If range = codomain, then fis onto. If range is a proper
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subset of codomain, then fis into. 26-X2

xX, or *i
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sp

sp

Solve fx)= y for x, say x = g(y). 1+X.

Now, ifg(y) is defined for each y e codomain and g(y) e Since fx,)={x,) does not imply x,=x, alone, f{x) is not a
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domain of ffor all y e codomain, then f{x) is onto. If this one-one function.
@

requirement is not met by at least one value of y in Example 15 :Iff: X->[1, co) be a function defined as f(x) = 1 ++
codomain, then f{x) is into. 3x. Find the super set of all the sets X such that fx) is one-one.
FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII
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Sol. Note that f{x) 21 (f1)-2)f1)-1)=0
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1+3x21 x20 xe[0, o) But f1) as fx) is injective.
1

Moreover for x, X, [0, o), x, # X, l)=2...(i)

ec

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ec
E
1+3xj #1+3x, > fx,)+ fix) Now puttingy = 1/x in equation (1), we get

sp

sp

sp
Thus f: [1, o) is one-one for X e [0, o).
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Example 16: Let f: N->I be a function defined as ffx)=x- 1000.
f+2-9++a)or foJ +2
@

@
Show that fis an into function.
Sol. Let fx)=y=x-1000
x=y+ I000=g(Y) (say) = fx)+1
Here g(y) is defined for each y e I, but g(y) £ N for y
1000.
-
Hence fis into. or
Ro-o+
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BIJECTIVE FUNCTION
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The function which is one-one and onto both is called bijective

p
or -1+1 =0
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ax

ax
function.
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tm

tm
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN or fx)f
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ec
sp

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sp
Example 17: Show that f: R->R, fx) not bijective.
is
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re
1+|X
Sol. Let x, and x, be both positive. or fix)- (IV)
@

@
x)=ix) 1+|x,1 l+|x,| Letftx)-1-ex)=f
X2
1+X, 1+X .from equation (iv), we get g(x) =1 which is only
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Ifx, and x, are both negative, then possible when g(x) =+x"
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p
fx)=+X"+ or fx)=+x'+
1 1 or 65=+4+
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ax

ax

ax
X 4=64=(4
fx,)=x)1-x, 1-x or
.
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n=3
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If x, and x, are of opposite Sign, then .f(x)=x'+1 or f{x)-1 =x'
neglecting negative sign)
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A2

1+x4|x, cannot be true since the denominators FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONN

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re
@

@
are positive. ie. ifx, and x, are ofopposite sign, then they Functional Equation is an equation where the unknown is a
cannot have the same image. function. On solving such an equation we obtain one or more
functions as solutions. If x, y are independent variables, then
Hence the function is one-one But ify= 1+Ix then y is ) fxy)=tx) + fiy)= fix)=k In x or x)=0.
numerically less than 1.Hence the function cannot take i) Axy)=fx). fy) > fx)=x*, neR
5

values greater than or equal to I. (i) x+y)={x). Ay)fx)=a*, a>0

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Therefore the function is not onto, hence not bijective. (iv) fx+ y)=ix)+ fy){x)=kx,
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Example 18 :Let fbe an injective function such that f(x) {y) +2

p
where k is a constant.
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ax

ax

ax

=f{x) + f{y)+ fxy) V x, y e R. If f4)=65 and f0) #2, then show

BRAIN
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thatfx)- 1=x vxeR RAIN YOUR

Sol. Given that fx) fy)+2=fx)+ fy)+ fxy)...)
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ec

Putting x = y = 0 in equation 0. we get RO) fo) +2 Example 19: If fx + y+ 1)=(Vi) + yf(y) P and RO)=1
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sp

f0)+f0)+f0) VX.yER Determine fx).

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re

or (RO)+2=3R0) or (fi0)-2)(M0)-1)=0 or fi0)= (:: 1

Sol. Given fix + y+ 1)=(Jfx) + /f(y) ¥
@

RO)#2)...(ii) Putting x =y = 0; then f(1) =

( Jrco)+ yf(o)
Again putting x =y =l in equation (1) and repeating the -(1+1=22
above steps, we get
RELATIONS AND FUNCTmON-
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Again putting x =0, y=1 Then f2)=(Jfco) + /f¢0) Properties of composite functions
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=(1+2 =3 ) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof

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ec
and for x= 1, y= 1, (3)=(,VA1)+f0) ) fog

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sp
= (2+2=42 i) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f,g, h are
re three functions such that fo(goh) & (fog) oh are defined,

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Similarly fx)=(x+1}
then fo(goh) = (fog) oh.
@

@
Example 20: Let f: R- {2}>R function satistying the 101owng
Example 21 Describe fog and gof wherever is possible for the
functional equation,
following functions
0 fx)= wx+3, gx)=1 +x?
100x + 80, Yx ER-2.
2tix)+
3f-2= (i) fx)= Vx. e)= *-1
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5
Sol )Domain offis -3, o), range off is [0, o).
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Determine f(X).
Domain ofg is R, range of g is [1, o).
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p
2x+29) For gofx)
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Sol. We have, fx)=- X-2+ 50x +40...) .
Since range of fis a subset of domain of g,
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tm
domain ofgof is [-3, oo) {equal to the domain off}
2X +29
Replacing x in the given functional equation
byX-2
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ec
gof(x)=g{fx)} =g(Vx+3)=1 +(x+3)=x+4. Range of
we get,
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sp
gof is [1, o).
For fog(x)
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re
(,2x+29+29| since range ofg is a subset of domain of f,
.
@

@
domain of fog is R {equal to the domain ofg}
x-2 -+5o 40
x-2) 2|2x*-2 fog()-fe)}=1+*)=V2+4
Range of fog is |2, o).

2x+2 +40.. (i) fx)= Vx .g0x)= x-1.

-r)+50 40
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Domain offis [0, o), range off is [0, o).
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Domain of g is R, range ofg is [-1, )
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p
() putting (i) in (1), we get, For gofx)
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ax

ax

ax
Since range offis a subset of the domain of g,
/2x +29)
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tm

tm
9 domain of gof is [0, oo) and g{f{x)}= g(vx)= x- 1. Range of
)-75
fix)Rx)-75-2-60+ 50x +40 gof is [-1,o)
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ec
Forfog(x)
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sp

sp
Since range of g is not a subset of the domain of f
9
re

re

x+75 [0, co) re

)-x)=20-50 . ie.
1,)c
@

@
fog is not defined on whole of the domain of g
Domain of fog is {xeR, the domain ofg g(x)e [0, o), the

75
(2x+29) domain off}.
t)-20-50x+ Thus the domain of fog is D= {xeR: 0 Sg(x) < o}
i.e. D={xcR: 0Sx-1}={xeR: xs-1 orx21}
=--1]u[1,o)
5

(2x +29)
us

us

us

fx)=16-40x+60 (x-2) fog ()-fg)} ={x-1)= v-1 Is range is [0, o)

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Example 22: Two functions are defined as under,
ax

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ax

ax

COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
- X+l xs1 lsx<2
tm

tm

tm

tm

Let f. X> Y, and g: Y,>Zbe two functions and the set D= {x

EX: fx) E Y,}. IfD # ¢, then the function h defined on D by h(x)
f(x)2x +1 I<xs2, 8(x) ={*
x+2, 2SxS3
ec

ec

ec

= g{ftx)} is called composite function

of gand f and is denoted
sp

sp

sp

Find fog and gof.

by gof. It is also called function of a function.
re

re

re

g(x)+1, gx) s1
Remark: Domain of gof is D which is a subset of A (the domain Sol. (fog) (x) ={8X))2g(x) 1,
@

of f. Range of gof is a subset of the range of g. IfD = X, then

+ 1<g(x)s2
fX)cY, Let us consider, g(x) S 1

FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII

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) x1, -1Sx<2 In this case fix) becomes the variable and we will drawthe
tm

tm

tm

tm
-1sxs1,-1sx<2-1sxs1 graph of fx).
(i) x+21,2sxs3>xŠ-1,2<xs3> xE¢ From the graph we observe that

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Let us consider, < g(x) 2, s
1

-1 fx)<2~xe-2, 1) and fx) =x+1

sp

sp

sp
sx<2
(i) 1<xs2,-1
re 2 sfx)) 3 x=land fx)=x+1

re

re
xe-2.-1)u1, 21 x
@

@
+1)
-1Sx*2 1<xs / gfx))= x+3 = 4,
-2Sx<ll
x =1
iv) 1<x+2s2, 2sxs3
-1<xs0,2Sxs3, xE¢ ie.gfix))=x+ 1},-2 sxsi
x+1 -1Sxl
ThusRgx))= 2x
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5
+1 1<xsv2
us

us

us
9x) = X +2
yT
Now, let us consider gof
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bt**mmmmmmmem**** *****

p
r(x), -1s f(x) < 2 2x +
ax

ax

ax

ax
fx) = 3
******************************* *******
gof g(tx)F f(x)+2, 2s f(x)s3 **************************************
tm

tm

tm

tm
(X)= 2
**************m***mum***************** ***********mmmmemmem*********

s fx) <2:
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Let us consider -1
) -1sx+ 1<2, xsl -2x<1, xsl
sp

sp

sp
-2<x<l ***** ***********************
TX
*************************************************
re

re

re
(i) -1 s2x+ 1 <2,1 <x$2
@

@
-1Sx< 1/2, 1<xs2 >xe¢
Let us consider 2 fx) <3:
GENERAL DEFINITION
(ii) 2sx+1<3,xsl »1Sxs2, xsl x=l (1) ldentity function: A function f: A>A defined by f{x)=>x
(iv) 2s2x+1 s3, 1<xs2 1s 2x 2, 1<x$2
1/2sxS 1, 1<xs2 x E¢
V xeAiscalled the identity of A & denoted by Ex:f I
:

R'>R"; fx) = en* and f: R-> R; f(x) = (n e*

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5
x+1), -2<x<l Every Identity function is a bijection.
us

us

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gtx)) x+3, x =I (2) Constant function: A function f: A > B is said to be
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constant function. Ifevery element of set A has the same
Ifcan also be written as g(fx)
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ax

ax

ax
= (x+ 1,-2 Sxs1.
functional image in set B i.e. f: A->B; f{x)=c V xEA&
tm

tm

tm

tm
g(x)+1, cEBis called constant function.
Graphical method:
{gK))2g(x)+1, 1<g(x) S 2
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3) Homogeneous function: A function is said to be
homogeneous w.r.t. any set of variables when each of its
sp

sp

sp
Here g(x) becomes the variable that means we would draw
the graph g(x). It is clear that term is of the same degree w.r.t. those variables.
re

re

Ex. (i) fx, y)=x +y2+ 5xy

re
gx)sl y xeH, 1]
@

@
Symbolically if, ftx, ty) = t". f{x, y), then fx, y) is a
and 1
<g) s2 v xe (1, v2] homogenous function of degree n.
(4) Bounded Function : A function y = f(x) is said to be
fg)=
x+1-1sxsi bounded if it can be express is the formof a s f(x) s b
2x +1, 1<xv2 where a and b are finite quantities.
{x} <1; -1 sgn (x)« 1 but e is
5

Ex:-1 s sin xs1 0s

fx). -1sf(x) <2
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Now, g(t(x))=f(x)+2, not bounded.

2sf(x) S 3
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Ex: Any function having sir eton range like constant
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function.
g)=x+ 2 y has been
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(5) Implicit function & Explicit function: If

expressed entirely in terms of 'x' then it is called an explicit
ec

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gx) 2 function. Otherwise the function is non as implicit function

sp

sp

sp

Corresponding to each implicit equation there can be one,

re

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two or more explicit finction satisfying it

@

Ex:y=x+ 4x* + 5x -Explicit fiunction

1
2 3 Ex:X+y= sin y> Implicit equation
Ex:y=1-x> Explicit function
RELATIONS AND FUNCTTON-
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EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS Example 24:f{x)=(tan x') e* sgnx is
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Iffunction be defined in symmetric interval [-x, x] (a) an even function
(b) an odd function

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Iff(-x)= f (x) for all x in the domain of f then fis said to be an
even function. (c)neither even nor odd function(D) none of these

sp

sp

sp
e.g. f(x)= cOS X g(x) =x* + 3. Sol.fx)=(tan (x')) esgn (x
re

re

re
Iff-x)=-f(x) for allx in the domain of f then fis said to be an
@

@
O (0) e* o ( =Oxe®*o
odd function.
= OxeF=0xE=O
e.g. f(x)=sin x g(x)=x*+x.
PERIODIC FUNCTION
Remark:
A function x)is called periodic if there exists a positive number
(a) f(x) -fG =0 f (x) is even & f(x) +f(-x) = 0 TCT>0) called the period of the function such that f(x
f(x) is odd. +T)=fx). for all values of x and x+ Twithin the domain
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(b) A function may be neither even nor odd. of f(x). The least positive period is called the principal or
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined.
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fundamental period of f

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(d) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis & e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over
every odd function is symmetric about the origin . 27t& tan xis periodic over t
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(e) A function (whose domain is symmetric about origin) can Remark:
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be expressed as a sum of an even & an odd function. e.g. (a) A constant function is always periodic, with no
sp

sp

sp
fundamental period.
f(x) =
(K)+f(-x) fx)-f-x)
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2 (b) If fix) has a period p, then f( and fx) also has aa
@

@
EVEN ODD period p.
The only function which is defined on the entire number (c) if fx) has a period T then flax + b) has a period T/|a|
Tine & is even and odd at the same time is (d) If f{x) has a period T, & g(x) also has a period T, then
fx)=0 f(X)
period of fx)+ g(x) or ofvis LC.M ofT, &T, provided
() Iffand g both are even or both are odd then the function
their L.C.M. exists. However that L.C.M. (ifexists) need
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5
fg will be even but if any one of them is odd and other not to be fundamental period. If L.C.M. does not exists
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us

even then fg will be odd.

us
f(x)
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then fx)+ g(x) or fix). g(x) or isnonperiodice.g. Isin

p
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ax

ax
fix)+ g( fx)-gx) )g) Rxgb) (go) (fo g)
x| has the period n, Jcos xl also has the period t
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
.
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sin x + lcos x also has a period t. But the fundamental

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even jeven even ven Odd odd

period of |sin x|+ |cos x| is t/2.

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odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
Cven odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even evcn (e) Ifgis a function such that gof is defined on the domain of
sp

sp

sp
fand fis periodic with T, then gof is also periodic with T as
re

re

one of its periods. Further if

re
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN!
@

@
#gis one-one, then T is the period of gof
Example 23: Which of the following functions is odd ? #g is also periodic with T as the period and the range of
(a) sgn x+ x20 b)Ix-tanx fis a subset of [0, T], then T is the period of gof
(c) x*cot x (d) cosec x5s ()Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
Sol. Let's name the function of the parts (A), (B), (C) and (D) as
TRAINYOUR BRAIN:
5

fx). g(x), h(x) & (x) respectively. Now

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(A) f-x)=sgn (-x)+ (-xP=-sgn x+ x0 x) & #-ix) Exanmple 25 :Find period of the following functions
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fis neither even nor odd.
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) fx)= sin +cos

(B) tan x 2 3
g(-x)=R-tan(-x)=x|+
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(ii) fx)={x} +sin x

g is neither even nor odd.
ii) x)= coS x. cos 3x
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C)h(-x)= (G} cot (-x)-=-*-cot x)=x' cot x=h(x)

sp

sp

sp

h is an even function v) fx)= sin -cos )-tan) 2x

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(D) o(-x) = cosec (-x)) = cosec (-x*) = -cosec x

@

Sol.
-(x)
. d is an odd function.
(i) Period of sin x/2 is 47 while period of cos x/3 is 6n. Hence
period of sin x/2 + cos x/3 is 12n {LC.M. or 4 &6 is 12}

FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII

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i) Period of sin x=2m; Period of {x} = 1;but LC.M. of 2n &
is not possible .. it is aperiodic
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
tm

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tm

tm
1

ec

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Example 26: Find the inverse of the function
(ii) fx)=oos x.cos 3x, Period of fx)is L.C.M. of| x<l

sp

sp

sp
re x)= XS4

re

re
4Tt Dut 2t may or may not be the fundamental period The X>4
@

@
fundamental period can be where
X<l
n Sol. Given f(x)=1{X)R/ ISxs4
n eN. Hence cross-checking forn=1,2,3... we find nto X>4
be fundamental period Let f{x) =y>x=f(y) ..(1)
fT+x)=(-cos x) (-cos 3x) = f{x) yl
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2T 27t X Is/y s4
(iv) Period of fix) is L.C.M. o 3/2 1/3 T y/64, y*/64 >4
3/2
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ax

ax
4T 27 y<l
=LC.M. of 67,
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tm
=127 Isysl6
F164, y> 16
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ec
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
sp

sp

sp
Let f: A->B bea one--one & onto function, then their exists y<I
y. 1Sysl6
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re
a unique function f'y)=
g: B>A such that f{x)=y gy)=x, V xEA & y/64, y>16
@

@
yeB. Then g is said to be inverse off. Thus g=fl B->A : [From(1)1.
(x), x)| (x, Ax)) € f}. X<T
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION: Hence X, 1sxs16
(a) The graphs offand g are the mirror images of each other f (x) 64, X>I 6
in the liney=x. For example f{x) =a* and g(x) = log, x are
5

5
inverseof each other, and their graphs are mirror images
us

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Example 27: A function us f:| 4odefined as,

of each other on the line y =x as shown below
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f(x)= x*-3x+4. Then compute f) and find the solution of
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ax

ax
the equation, f(x) = f (x).
a
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tm
f(x)a, Sol. f(x)=y=x*-3x+4x-3x+ (4-y) =0
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ec
(0, 1) f)= a', 0 < a<1
3 9-4 (4-y)3+4y -7
sp

sp

sp
X=
/(1,0) (7,0) 2
re

re

**** re
. 9)= log.X
3+ 4x-7
@

@
fy) =
2

graphs of f(x) & f(x) intersect each other at y=x

(b) Normally points of intersection offand f' lie on the straight
f(x)=x x*-3x+y=x x=2
line y=x. However it must be noted that f(X) and r'(x) may Example 28: Determine f(x), ifgiven function is invertible
intersect otherwise also. e.g f{x)= 1/x
) f:-,-1)>-o,-2) defined by
5

(c) In general fog(x) and gof(x) are not equal. But iffand g are
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fx)=(x+ 1}-2
inverse of each other, then gof=fog. fog(x) and gofx) can be
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p
equal even iffand g are not inverse of each other. e.g. f{x)=
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ax

ax

ax

x+ 1,g(x)= x+2. However iffog(x)= goftx)=x, then gx)=

(6i)
f 6 1,definedby
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tm

f'x)
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(d) Iffand g are two bijections f: A-> B, g: B>C, then the fx)=sin
sp

sp

sp

inverse of gof exists and (gof)l = f ogi

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(e) If f(x) and g(x) are inverse function of each other, then
Sol. (7) )-1-V-x -2
@

f(g))g') (11)
27t
+sinlx
RELATIONS AND FUNCTTON- 19
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TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHSS Drawing the graph ofy=a. f(x) from the known graph of
tm

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tm
Drawing the graph ofy=f(x)+b, be R, from the known y=f(x)

ec

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graphofy= fx)

sp

sp

sp
y= a fx), a>1
TX)
re

re

re
-y= a f(x), 0 <a< 1

(X) + b, b> 00

/Y=
@

@
y fx)
y= T+ b, b < 0
AO

It is clear that the corresponding points (points with samex

co-ordinates) would have their ordinates in the ratio ofl:a
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us
Drawing the graph ofy=f(ax) from the known graph ofy
It is obvious that domain of fx) and f{x) + b are the same.
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=fx)

p
Le ustakeany paint x, in the domain of fx).
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ax

ax
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tm
YIx-oXo) y= f(ax),.
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1 <*

Y= f(ax), 0 <a< 1

The corresponding point on f(x) + b would be f{x,)+b

sp

sp

sp
b>0 fx,) + b> f{x,) it means that the corresponding
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re

re
point on fx) + b would be lying at a distance 'b units
@

@
above the point on f{x).
b<0 fx)+ b< fix,) it means that the corresponding
point on f(x) + b would be lying at a distance "b° units Let us take any pointx, domain of f{x). Let ax=x, or x=
E
below the point on flx). a

Accordingly the graph of fix) + b can be obtained by Clearly ifO<a<1 then x> x, and f{x) will stretch by 1/a
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us

translating the graph of f(x) either in the positive y-axis us

units against y-axis, and ifa> 1,x<x, then fix) will compress
direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y-axis direction
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by 'a units against y-axis

p
ifb <0), through a distance |b| units.
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ax

ax

ax
Note that the point of maxima and minima are on the line
Drawing the graph ofy=f(x+a), a eR from the known
tm

tm

tm

tm
parallel to the x-axis for both the curves above.
graph ofy =fx) Drawing the graph of y=If(x)l from the known graph of
ec

ec

ec
y f(x)
sp

sp

sp
Hx)=x)iffx)20 and |Rx=-i)ifix)<0. Itmeans
re

re

y= f(x)
thatthe graph of fx) and lix)I would coincide if fx)20
re
y=f*a) a>o
@

@
f(x + a), a <0

Xalal
and the portions where fx) <0 would get inverted in the
Xot|a
upward direction.

Let us take any point x, E domain of f(x), and set x +a =x

5

= fx)|
y= fx))
us

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us

or x=x,-a. a>0>x<x, and a s0

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p
x>X That means x, and x,-a would give us same
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ax

abscissa for f(x) and f(x+ a) respectively. **

y=
tm

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tm

TX)
tm

As such for a>0, graph of fx + a) can be obtained simply

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by translating the graph of fx) in the negative x-direction

through a distance 'a' units. Ifa<0, graph of f x + a) can
sp

sp

sp

The figure would make the procedure clear.

be obtained by translating the graph of f{x) in the positive
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X-direction through a distance 'a' units.

@

20 FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII

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Topicwise Questions

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RELATIONS
x+Xt2 x ER
@

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1. The relation R defined in N as aRb b is divisible bya 10. Range of the function f(x) = i
x+X+1
s
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric (a) (1, o) b) (1,11/71
(6) Symmetric but not transitive (c)(1,7/3 (d) (1, 7/5]
() Symmetric and transitive TYPES OF FUNCTION
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5
(d) None of these 11. Mapping f: R -> R which is defined as
us

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us
2. IfA is the set of even natural numbers less than 8 and Bis
f(x) = cos x, x ER will be
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the set of prime numbers less than 7, then the number of

p
a) Neither one-one nor onto
ax

ax

ax

ax
relations from A to B is (b) One-one
(a)2 (b)
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tm

tm
(C) Onto
(d) One-one onto
3
(c) 2
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ec
3. Let R be a reflexive relation on a set A andI be the identity 12. Let f:R-{n}->R be a function defined by
sp

sp

sp
relation on A. Then m
=
T(x) n. Then
re

re

re
(a) Rcl (b) IER where m #
X-n
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@
(c) R=I (d) R=21 (a) fis one-one onto (6) fis one-one into
4. The relation "is subset of on the power set P(a) of a set (C) fis many one onto (d) fis many one into
A is
(a) Symmetric (b) Anti-symmetric 13. Let f(x) = X4
X+4
for x>2, then the function
(c) Equivalency relation (d) Reflexive
f:-0,-2]u[2, *o)-1,1) is
5. Let Rbe a relation over the setN x Nand it is defined by
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5
(a) One-one into (6) One-one onto
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us

(a, b)Rlc, d)=a+d =b+c. Then R is (c) Many one into

us (d) Many one onto
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defined by f(x)= sinx-v3 cos x +1 is

p
(a) Reflexive only (6) Symmetric only 14. If f:RS
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ax

ax

ax
(c) Transitive only (d) An equivalence relation onto, then the interval of S is
tm

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tm

tm
6. The number of reflexive relations of a set with four (a) -1,3 (b) [1,1]
(c) 10,1] (d) [0,-1]1
elements is equal to
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15. IfR denotes the set of all real numbers then the function
(a) 216 (6) 212
sp

sp

sp
:RR defined f(x) = x]
(c) 28 (d) 2 (a) One-one only
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re

(6) Onto only

re
7. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined
@

@
(c) Both one-one and onto
by nRmn factor of m (i.e., njm). Then R is
isa (d) Neither one-one nor onto
(a) Reflexive and symmetric
IDENTICAL FUNCTION & FUNCTIONAL
(6) Transitive and symmetric
EQUATION.
(c) Equivalence
(d) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
16. Let f0)=sin 0 (sin + sin 3 0). Then f0)
5

FUNCTION DOMAIN AND CO-DOMAIN AND (a) 20 only when 0 20

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us

RANGE 6) s0 for all real

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p
(c) 20 for all real
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ax

8. The domain of sin"(log, x) is (d) s0 only when 0 s0

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tm

tm

(a) [0,11 (b) [0, o]

f(a)
() [1/3,3] 17. If f(x) nen
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(c) R =
-1 f(a+1)
sp

sp

sp

9. Domain of the function v2-x-

re

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(a) f-a)
@

(a) (-3, 1) (b) 3,1]

(c) -3,21 (d) 3,1) ()fa)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTHON
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18. If f(x) = cos(logx), 24. Which of the following function is even function
tm

tm

tm

tm
+1

ec

ec

ec
then fx (y)- |has the value (a) fx) =
-1

sp

sp

sp
re

re

re
3-a*
@

@
(a) coslog ys cos log| -

() f(x)= (d) f(x) = sin x

a +aX

(b)coslogx'ys +cos log 25. If f(x)=log,then f(x) is

2
1-x
(a) Even function
5

5
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us

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(c) cos logx'y -
coslog 6) fx,f(x,) = f(xj +X2)
pl

pl

pl

p
f(xi) =f(x- X2)
ax

ax

ax

ax
(d);| coS log x"y -cos log r(x2)
tm

tm

tm

tm
) Odd function
ec

ec

ec
19. If o(x) = a^ , then {o(p)}° is equal to
sp

sp

sp
26. The function f(x) = log(x + Vx* +1) ,is
(a) o(3p) (6) 36(p)
re

re

re
(a) An even function
@

@
(c)60(p) d) 20(p) (6) An odd function
COMPOSITE FUNCTION (c) A Periodic function
X ) Neither an even nor odd function
20. If f(x)= X#-1. Then, for what value of a is PERIODIC FUNCTION
X+1**
27. If f:R>R is a function satisfying the property fx +1) +
f(f(x)) = x
5

5
fx+ 3)=2Vx ER then the period (may not be fiundamental
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()2 (6)- period) of f(x) is
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pl

p
(C) (d)-1 (a) (6) 4
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ax

ax

ax
) 7 (d) 6
-1,
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tm

tm

tm
If x<0 28. Iffx)= cos (ax) + sin (bx) is periodic, then which of the
21. Let g(x) = 1+x-x] and f(x) = {0, If x =0, then for followings is false-
ec

ec

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1, if x>0 (a) a and b both are rational
sp

sp

sp
(6) non-periodic ifa is rational but b is irrational
re

re

all values ofx the value of fog(x) (c)non-periodic ifa is irrational but b is rational
re
@

@
(a) x (6) (d) none of these
29. Function f(x) = sin x+ tan x +sgn (x*-6x+ 10) is
(c) f(x) (d) g(x)
(a) periodic with period 27
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTION b) periodic with period n
22. Letthe function fx)=3x2-4x+8 log(1+|x |)be defined on ()non-periodic
the interval [0, 1]. The even extension of f{x) to the interval
5

(d) periodic with period 4t

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-1,0 is
30. The period of f(x) =x-[x], ifit is periodic, is
pl

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(a) 3x2+4x +8 log(1 + |x|)

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ax

ax

ax

ax

(b) 3x2-4x+8 log(1+|x)

()3x2+4x-8 log(1 +|x |D (a) f(x) is not periodic (b)
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(d) 3x4x-8 log(1 + | x)

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() (d) 2
23. If f(x)=2x0 +3x + 4x* then f (x) is INVERSE OF FUNCTION
sp

sp

sp

(a) Even function 31. Iffx)=x$-1 and domain off= {0,1,2,3}, then domain of
re

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(6) An odd function f-is-

@

(c) Neither even nor odd (a){0,1,2,3} (b) {1,0,-7.,-26

(d) both even-odd (c)-1,0,7,26} (d) {0,-1,-2,-3}
FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII
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34. Let A=N*Nand * be the binary operation on A defined
y =Xe-e
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tm

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32. The inverse of the function X by(a, b) *(c, d)= (a+ c, b+ d). Find the identity element
e +e
for * on A, if any.

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ec
(a)
T+X
(b) loo 2+X
101-x 2-x (a) 1

sp

sp

sp
(b) 2
()log re

re

re
(d) 2 log (1+x)
() 3
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MISCELLONEOUS
(d) does not exists
33. The function f(x)= log10 cOs(27mx) exists - 35. Number of binary operations on the set fa, b} are
(a) 2
(a) for any rational x
(6) 22
(6) only when x is a positive integer
5

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() 23
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(c)only when x is fractional (a) 24
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p
(d) for any integer value ofx including zero
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tm

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tm

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ec

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Learning Plus
sp

sp

sp
re

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6. Let R and S be two non-void relations on a set A.
RELATIONS
@

@
Which of the following statements is false
1. Let R be a reflexive relation on a set A and Ibe the identity R
(a) and S are transitive »RuS transitive is
relation onA. Then (6) Rand S are transitive>RoS is transitive
(a) RcI (b) IcR (c) Rand S are symmetric>RUS is symmetric
(c) R=I (d) R=21 (d) Rand Sare reflexive >RnSis reflexive
2. Ris a relation over the set of real numbers and it is given 7. Let R be a relation on the set N be defined by {(x,»))x,y
5

5
us

us

by nRm nm 20. Then R is EN, 2x+y=41). Then Ris us

(a) Reflexive
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(a) Symmetric and transitive

p
6) Symmetric
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(b) Reflexive and symmetric
() A partial order relation (c) Transitive
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tm

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(d) An equivalence relation (d) Not Retlexive, symmetric, transitive
ec

ec

ec
3. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then the relation 8. Let R be a relation defined by
sp

sp

sp
R {(a, b) :1+ ab>0} on S is
R ={la,b)| a2 b,a,be R}. Then R, is
re

re

(a) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive

(a) An equivalence relation on R
re
b) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
@

@
(c) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (6) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(d)Reflexive, transitive and symmetric Symmetric, Transitive but not reflexive
(d) Neither transitive not reflexive but symmetric
4. LetR- {(3,3),(6,6), 9,9). (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12).
(3,6)}, be relation on the setA = {3, 6,9, 12} The relation
.

9. The domain of the function f(x) =

sin(x-3)
- is
is
5

v9-x2
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us

us

(a) reflexive and transitive only

(6) reflexive only (a) [1,2)
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(6) 12,3)
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ax

ax

ax

ax

(c) an equivalence relation ()[1,2] () [2,3]

(d) reflexive and symmetric only 10. Range of fx) = (n (3x3-4x +5) is
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5. Let Wdenote the words in the English dictionary. Define

ec

ec

ec

therelation Rby: R= {(, y) E Wx w| the words xandy () (6) [(n 10, co)
sp

sp

sp

haveat least one letter in common. ThenRis-

(a) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
re

re

re

(6) reflexive, symmetric and transitive

@

(c) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive

(d) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
12
RELATIONS AND FUNCTION
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11. Which of the following functions are not injective 19. Let ffx) = ax*+ bx+c, where a, b, care rational and f: Z>
tm

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tm

tm
Z, where Zis the set of integers. Then atbis
mapping-
(a) fx)=x+ (a) a negative integer
1,xEHI,)

ec

ec

ec
(b) an integer

sp

sp

sp
(c) non-integral rational number
(b) g(x)=x+ XE (0, co)
re (d) None of these

re

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20. Which one of the following pair of functions are
(c) h(x)= x+ 4x-5;xe (0, o)
@

@
identical ?
(d) k(x)= e;x e [0,)
12. The function f: [2, o)Y, defined by fx) =x-4x + 5 is (a) e
(6) tan
and x
(tan x) & cot (cot x)
both one-one and onto if
(a) Y=R (6) Y=[1,o) (c) cos x+ sin x and sin" x + cos x
() Y=[4, ) (d) Y=[5, oo)
X and sgn
5

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13. Let f (e, o)-> R be defined by f{x) = In (/n(ln x)), then (d) (x) where sgn(x) stands for signum
us

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us
X
(a) fis one one but not onto
function.
pl

pl

pl
(6) fis onto but not one one

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ax

ax

ax

ax
(c) fis one-one and onto
(d) fis neither one-one nor onto 21. Iffx)= cos(Cn x), then fx) fy)- 1J-ton) has
tm

tm

tm

tm
14. The function f: R-> Rdefined by fx) = 6*+6Nis
ec

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(a) one-one and onto the value
sp

sp

sp
(b) many-one and onto
(C) one-one and intoo
re

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re
(a)-I
(a) many-one and into
@

@
(c)-2 (d) None of these
x2-4
15. Let f be a function from R to R given by f(x) 21 22. Ify=f(x) satisfies the condition

Then fx) is
(a) one-one and into (6) one-one and onto fx+ x+(x*0), then fix) is equal to
5

5
(C) many-one and into (d) many-one and onto (a)-x2+2 (b) x?-2
-
us

us

(c)x-2, x eR-
us
{0} (d)x2-2, xl E [2, co)
sn
pl

pl

pl
Ifftx)= cos

p
16. sin x, where [.] denotes the 23. Iffa)=1 and fn+ 1)=2f{n)+ ifn2 1 1, then ffn) is equal
2
ax

ax

ax

ax
O
tm

tm

tm

tm
greatest integer function, then which of the following is (a) 2+11 (b) 2
not correct? (c) 2"-1 (d) 2--1
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24. A function f :

R> R satisfies the condition

sp

sp

sp
(a) f0)=1 x fx)+ 1-x)=2x-x. Then fix) is:
- x2+1
re

re

a)-x2-11 (b) re
@

@
(c) x-1 (d)-x+1
(d) fr)=0
25. If x and y satisfy the equation y = 2 [x] +3 andy=3
17. Which of the following pair of functions are identical? x-2] simultaneously, where [.]denotes the greatest
integer function, then [x + y] is equal to
(a) fix)= sin' x+ cos xand g(x)= (a)21 (b) 9
(c)30 2
5

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26. The function f{x) is defined in [0, 1] then the domain of

(b) f{x)=tan x+ cotx and g{x)=,
definition ofthe function f(n (1-x)] is given by
pl

pl

pl

:
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ax

ax

ax

ax

(a) xe {0}
(c) fix)= sec x+ cosec x and g(x)= 2
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tm

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b) xeFI+e-1]u[l+ 1+el
(d) All of these
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(c) xE(o, o)
18. Iffx)-2 sin6+4 cos (x+6) sin x. sin 6+cos (2x+20) then (d) None of these
sp

sp

sp

27. If'f and 'g' are bijective functions and fog is defined,
re

re

re

value of f(x) +f then fog must be:

@

(a) injective (6) surjective

(a) (b)
()-1 (d) () bijective d) into only

FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII

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31. Let fx) x (2 x), 0 sx $2.
= -
Ifthe definition of 'f is
tm

tm

tm

tm
28. The function fx) = [x]
+, x £ I is a/an (where .] extended over the set, R-[0,2] by f(x +2)=fx), then "f

ec

ec

ec
Is a
denotes greatest integer function)

sp

sp

sp
(a) periodic fiunction of period1
() Even re (6) odd

re

re
(6) non-periodic function
(c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these
@

@
(c) periodic function of period 2
29. It is given that f(x) is an even function and satisty the (d) periodic function of period 1/2
32. Let f: NN where f(x)=x+(-1)* then fis
xf(x*)
relationf(x)= then the value of f10) is (a) Inverse of itself
2+tan x.f(x2)
(b) even function
5

5
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us

us
(a) 10 b) 100 ()periodic
(d) identity
pl

pl

pl
(c) 50 (d) None of these

p
ax

ax

ax

ax
33. If [x] stands for the greatest integer function, then the
TCX
value of
tm

tm

tm

tm
30. The period of sin xt
4
cos
2
tcos x], where (x]
ec

ec

ec
|1, 999
denotes the integral part ofx is
2 100021000 21000
sp

sp

sp
(a) 8 (b)12
re

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() 24 (d) Non-periodic (a) 498 (6) 499
@

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(c)S00 (d) So1

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

5

5
us

us

us
pl

pl

pl
MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCHING/ 5. Let f: -1, 1]>[0,2] be a linear function which is onto,

p
ax

ax

ax

ax
NUMERICAL then fx) is/are
For the function fix)= (n (sin - fog,x),
tm

tm

tm

tm
1. (a) 1. X (b) 1+x
(c)x-1 (d) x+2
ec

ec

ec
(a) Domaini
is2 (b) Range is-o, n 6. If f and 'g' are bijective functions and gof is defined
sp

sp

sp
then gof must be
re

re

(a)injective (6) surjective

re
(c) Domain is (1,2]
@

(d) Range is R
@

@
(c) bijective (d) into only
2. Let D=-1, 1] is the domain of the following functions,
state which of them are injective?
(a) fix)=x* b) gt)=x
7. Let
f:R-s R-s5beafunction defined
() h(x)= sin 2x (d) k{x)=sin (Tx/2)
5

3. Let f: I>R(wherel is the set of positive integers) be a

-X -25 | then which ofthe following is{are)
us

us

us

as
function defined by fx)= Vx , then fis: f()5J2x-1)
pl

pl

pl

p
ax

ax

ax

ax

(a) one- one (6) many one

CORRECT?
tm

tm

tm

tm

(c) onto (d) into

r(r(f(r(2017))-2017
ec

ec

ec

1), where f(x) = sin

sp

sp

sp

4. Iff R>I-1, ,(where [ 6) fx)=f- (x) has more than 3 real roots
re

re

re

(c)f(x) is a bijective function

@

denotes the greatest integer function), then

(a) f(x) is onto (b) fx) is into
(c) f(x) periodic
is d) f(x) is many one
RELATIONS AND FUNCTON
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13. Number of positive solution of the equation 2f, (x)-1=0
Let fx)=| and gx)=4x(1-x), 0sxs1,
tm

tm

tm

tm
8. 0sxsl 1s (are)
1+x (a) 4 3
b)

ec

ec

ec
then
(c) 2 (d)1

sp

sp

sp
14. Number of integral solution ofthe equation f, (x) = £(x) is
(a) fog= 1-4x+4x
1+4x-4x20SxS1
re (are)

re

re
(a) (b) 2
@

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) 3 (d) 4
1-4X-4x 1

10g144X-4x2 2
SxSI 15. Iff, (x)=log,, (f,(X)+2), then range off,(x) is
8x(1- x) (a)[1,9
c)gof (1+x)2 0Sxs|
5

5
us

us

us
8x(1+x) (d) [1,27]
.0 SxsI
pl

pl

pl
(d) gof (1+x

p
16. Match the column:
ax

ax

ax

ax
ColumnI Column-I
tm

tm

tm

tm
9. Which (a) The period of the function (p) 1/2
of following pairs of fiunctions are identical.
y sin (2rt + /3)+ 2 sin
ec

ec

ec
(a) fx)=e (3Ttt+ t/4)+ 3 sin St
and g(x) = seclx
sp

sp

sp
(6) y=sin (Tx); is a many one (q) 8
(6) fx)= tan (tan x) and g(x) = cot (cot x)
function for x e (0, a), where
re

re

re
(c) fx)= sgn(x) and gx) = sgn (sgn(x)
x} denotes fractional part of x,
@

@
(d) f(x) = cot x. cos x and g(x) = cot x- cos'x
then a may be
(c) The fundamental period of the )2
Comprehension-1 ( No.10 TO 12)
function y
Let fx)-+ +ax+b vxeR
5

5
Isin(T/4)x| sin(T/4)x
us

us

10. Least value of'a' for which f(x) is injective function, is

cos(7/4)x
us
cos(7/4)x 1)
pl

pl

pl

p
( (b) 1 (d) If f:[0, 2]>[0, 2] is bijective (S)0
ax

ax

ax

ax
function defined by
tm

tm

tm

tm
1 f(x)= ax+ bx +c, where a, b, c
(c) ( are non-zero real numbers, then
ec

ec

ec
2
fb) is equal to
sp

sp

sp
11. Ifa=-1, then f{x) is 17. Let f(x)= sin x, g(x)= cos'x and h(x)= tan-' x. For what
(a) bijective (b) many-one and onto interval of variation ofx the following are true.
re

re

one-one and into

re
(C) (d) many-one and into Column-I Column-II
@

12. fx) is invertible iff

(a) r)+sa)=a/2 (P) 0, o)

() f)+gv1-x*=o [0,
(a)
ac.beR )ac
.beR (q)
5

2h (x) -o 1)
us

us

us

beR d ael-beR
pl

pl

pl

p
ax

ax

ax

ax

1+X
hx)+ ha)=h1-x
Comprehension-2 ( NO. 13 TO 15) c) (s) -1,0
tm

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tm

tm

x NUMERICAL VALUE BASED

ec

ec

ec

Consider the function fx)=

-1, -1sxsl
(nx, 1<x se 18. Let fbe a function satisfying 2tx)-3f(1/x)=x* for anyx*
sp

sp

sp

0, then absolute value of f{b) is

Let f(x)=x)
re

re

re

£(x)=|xDI
19. Iffx)+fx+4)=fx+2)+fx +6) Vx E R , and f5)= 10,
@

f,(x)=f-x)) 100
Now answer the following questions. then
r=l
f5 +8r) equal to
FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII
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20. Absolute value of the parameter a, for which the function 24. An odd function is symmetric about the vertical line
tm

tm

tm

tm
x)=1+ ax, a #0 is the inverse of itself, is x=a(a>0) and if 2f(1+ 4r)] = 8, then find the value of

ec

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ec
21. If f (x) = -
f(x) and g(x) = f ¢(x) and F(x) =
fa).

sp

sp

sp
re 25.Let f: R®R such that

re

re
(G-1-4)- and given that F(5)= 5, then F(10) is fx-fy))=ffy)) + x fy)+f{x)-1 Vx,y E R.
@

@
Then find the value of|(f{16)| -125.
26. The function fsatisties the functional equation 3 f(x) +
cqual to
22. If fx) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously 2f| | =
10x+30 for all real x*1. The value of f
then fc)-f(b) is equal to (7) is equal to
27. The total number of solutions of [x]*= X+2 {x}, where []
5

5
23. Iffis a function such that f(0)= 2, ffa) = 3 and fix +2)=
us

us

us
and {.} denote the greatest integer and the fractional part
2fx)-fx + 1) for every real x then f5) is functions, respectively, is equal to
pl

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pl

p
ax

ax

ax

ax
tm

tm

tm

tm
JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions
ec

ec

ec
sp

sp

sp
re

re

re
JEE-MAIN
defined as fix)=
@

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PREVIOUS YEAR'S 4 The function f: R 5 ,is
RELATIONS JEE Main - 20171
1. IfR={(x, y);x,y e Z, x+ 3y2 8} isa relation on the set (a) neither injective nor surjective.
(6) invertible.
of integers Z, then the domain of R-' is:
(c)injective but not surjective.
JEE Main-2020 (September)|1
5

5
(d) surjective but not injective
us

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(a) {0,1} 6)-2,-1, 1,2} 5. Let S= {x eR:x20 and

us
()-1,0, (d)2,-1,0, 1,2
pl

pl

pl
1}
21x -3|+vx(/x

p
-6)+6=0. Then S
ax

ax

ax

ax
2. Let R, and R, be two relation defined as follows:
JEE Main - 2018|I
tm

tm

tm

tm
JEE Main-2020 (September) (a) contains exactly one element.
R,= {(a, b) e R? :a+b eQ} and
ec

ec

ec
b) contains exactly two elements.
R,= {(a,b) e R? a*+ E EQ}, where Q is the set of the (c) contains exactly four elements.
sp

sp

sp
:

d) is an empty set.
rational numbers. Then:
re

re

re
(a) Neither R, nor R, is transitive.
@

@
6. For x eR-[0, 1]. let f,(x)= f(s) =l-X and
(b) R, is transitive but R, is not transitive
(c) R, and R, are both transitive.
,(x)= 1-x
be three given functions. If a function,
d) R, is transitive but R, is not transitive.
Jx) satisfies (foJof,) (x) = f{(x) then J(x) is equal to
FUNCTION
JEE Main 2019 (January)
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us

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3.
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(c) f,(x) (d) fx)

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S=xeR:)=S(-)}: then S
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f:A>R as f[x)= then fis
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(a) is an empty set. JEE Main -

2019 (January)|
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(b) contains exactly one element (a) injection but nor surjective
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(c)surjective but not injective
(d) contains more than two elements
(d) neither injective nor surjective
RELATIONS AND FUNCTnON
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 Page 24 of 27

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8. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f
and g be defined as f, g: N>N such that
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16. For x let f(x)= vx. g(x) = tanx and
n

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if n is odd
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n
re if n is even h(x)= -X* If o (x) =
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JEE Main - 2019 (January) equal to :
1JEE Main - 20194pril
(a) onto but not one-one.
(6) one-one but not onto. (a) tan (b) tan T
() both one-one and onto. 2 2
()neither one-one nor onto.
Let a function f: (0,
5TT
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()tan 12 (d) tan
2
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Then fis: JEE Main
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17. Ifg(x)=x+x-1 and (gof) (x) =4x-10x+5, then
(a) not injective but it is surjective
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(6) injective only
(C) neither injective nor surjective Is equal to JEE Main-2020 (January)|
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(d) both injective as well as surjective
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10. Let f(x)=sin x+ cos x) for k= 1,2,3...Then for all x
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11. LetAx)=a* (a>0)be written
is an even function of , asfX)=S(x) +Sx), where/f (x)
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(a) 2/,),(V) (b) 25,8)J,(V)
18. The inverse function of fx) =
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(c) 2(x+y) £,x-y) () 2 f,(x+y)f,(x-y)
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(a) R{-1,0) (6) R-1,0)
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n-1
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(a) AeS) *{S) (6) AgS))=S
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15. Let f(x) log.(sinx), (0 < x< t) and g(x) = sin"'(e)
=
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(x2 0). If a is a positive real number such that 20. The domain of the function
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a=(fog)(a)and b=(fog)(@), then:

x)=sin-LXI+5)
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(a) aa- ba- = 00

a(b) ao + ba-a=-2a x+1) S JEE Main-2020 (September)|
(c) aa + ba + a=0 (d) ba a=1 aa- -

-o-a]u [a,o). Then a is equal to:

28 FULL COURSE STUDYMATERIAL JEE-XII

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 Page 25 of 27

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21. Let A= {a, b, c} and B= {1,2, 3, 4. Then the number of
cosec
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one-one s

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22. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a fiunction, f: R-
re (--0,.) (6)0)

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-a»Rbe defined by fx) = Further suppose

that for any real number x #-a

a+X
and f(x) #-a, (fof)(x) =x.
( -0)
28. Consider function f:A>B3 and
Then
2 s equal to
g:B>C(4, B,CC R) such that (gof)l exists, then :
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(a) fand g both are one-one
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(a)-3 (b)

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3 (b) f and s both are onto
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(c) S is one-one and g is onto
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(c) (d) 3
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23. If {p} denotes the fractional part of the number p, then (d) is onto and 8 1s one-one
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3 300 29. Let N be the set of natural numbers and a relation R on
8 1s equal to:
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(x, y) E NxN:
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(a)
the relation R IS

3 (a) symmetric but nether reflexive nor transitive

() (d)
8 b) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
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(d) an equivalence relation
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Where N is the set of all natural numbers, then the value
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f(4)
of f2) 1S
30. Ifthe domain of the function sin is
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4
(a)
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(b)
9 the interval (a,B], then a +p is equal to: re
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(a) (b)2
25. Let f:N> N be a function such that

f(m+n) = f(m) +f(n) for every n e N. If f(6) 18,

m, =
() (d)1
then f(2)s(3) is equal to:
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JEE-ADVANCED PREVIOUS YEAR'S
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(a) 6 (b) 54
(c)18 (d) 36 1. Let fx)=xand g(x) =sin x for allxeR. Then the set of all
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satisfying (fogogo 1) (x) = (g ogo) ().

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Sr) =sin-!x
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(-1)2 (a)+ntne {0, 1,2,.

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(a) (6)-2.01 b) +/n n e {1,2,

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2n7t, n e {..-2,-1,0, 1,2,..

(d) 2n7, n e{ 2,-1,0, 1,2,...

RELATIONS AND FUNCTmON 29
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 Page 26 of 27

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2. The function f: [0, 3] [1, 29], defined by
(
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(b) onto but not one-one f(x) = (log(sec x + tanx))*. Then JEE Advanced-20141

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(c) one-one but not onto (a) f(x) is an odd function
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3. Let f:(-1, 1)>IR be such that fcos 40)= 2-secs 09
for (d) f(x) is an even function

f 6 4
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(are) IT JEE-20121
trigonometric functions take only the principal values,
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then the correct option(s) is(are)
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(a) cos B>0

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(6) sin ß <0
(c)cos(a+B)>0 (d) cos a<0
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6. Let the functionf: [0,11-R be defined by f(x) =
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(t 2
3 JEEAdvanced) -
2020
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ANSWER KEY

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Topicwise Questions
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (6) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (6) 22. (a) 23. (6) 24. (6) 25. (d) 26. (6) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (d)
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Learning Plus
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31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (
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Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions
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11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15.(
16. (a)q. r, (6)-> q, 1, (c) q. (d)- 17. (a)> 9, (6)- s, (c)>p. (d) >r
18. ([1.75] 19. [1000] 20. [0001] 21.[0005] 22.10000] 23. [0013] 24. [0.875] 25. [0002] 26. [0004]
27. [O004
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JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTTON 31

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