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    BDI LProyeccion

    Uploaded by

    jose garcia
    This document provides an overview and instructions for using SQL SELECT statements. It covers the basic syntax of the SELECT statement and its capabilities like projection, selection, and joins. It also describes concepts like selecting specific or all columns, column aliases, arithmetic expressions, null values, concatenation, and removing duplicate rows with the DISTINCT keyword. The overall goal is to teach how to write and execute basic SELECT statements in SQL to retrieve and manipulate data from database tables.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BDI LProyeccion

    Uploaded by

    jose garcia
    18 views21 pages
    This document provides an overview and instructions for using SQL SELECT statements. It covers the basic syntax of the SELECT statement and its capabilities like projection, selection, and joins. It also describes concepts like selecting specific or all columns, column aliases, arithmetic expressions, null values, concatenation, and removing duplicate rows with the DISTINCT keyword. The overall goal is to teach how to write and execute basic SELECT statements in SQL to retrieve and manipulate data from database tables.

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    BDI_LProyeccion (1)

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    This document provides an overview and instructions for using SQL SELECT statements. It covers the basic syntax of the SELECT statement and its capabilities like projection, selection, and joins. It also describes concepts like selecting specific or all columns, column aliases, arithmetic expressions, null values, concatenation, and removing duplicate rows with the DISTINCT keyword. The overall goal is to teach how to write and execute basic SELECT statements in SQL to retrieve and manipulate data from database tables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views21 pages

    BDI LProyeccion

    Uploaded by

    jose garcia
    This document provides an overview and instructions for using SQL SELECT statements. It covers the basic syntax of the SELECT statement and its capabilities like projection, selection, and joins. It also describes concepts like selecting specific or all columns, column aliases, arithmetic expressions, null values, concatenation, and removing duplicate rows with the DISTINCT keyword. The overall goal is to teach how to write and execute basic SELECT statements in SQL to retrieve and manipulate data from database tables.

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    of 21

    Retrieving Data Using

    the SQL SELECT Statement


    Objectives

    After completing this lesson, you should be able to do


    the following:
    • List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
    • Execute a basic SELECT statement
    • Differentiate between SQL statements and
    iSQL*Plus commands

    1-2
    Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

    Projection Selection

    Table 1 Table 1

    Join

    Table 1 Table 2

    1-3
    Basic SELECT Statement

    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


    FROM table;

    • SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed


    • FROM identifies the table containing those columns

    1-4
    Selecting All Columns

    SELECT *
    FROM departments;

    1-5
    Selecting Specific Columns

    SELECT department_id, location_id


    FROM departments;

    1-6
    Writing SQL Statements

    • SQL statements are not case-sensitive.


    • SQL statements can be on one or more lines.
    • Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
    across lines.
    • Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
    • Indents are used to enhance readability.
    • In SQL*plus, you are required to end each SQL
    statement with a semicolon (;).

    1-7
    Column Heading Defaults

    • SQL*Plus:
    – Character and Date column headings are left-
    aligned
    – Number column headings are right-aligned
    – Default heading display: Uppercase

    1-8
    Arithmetic Expressions

    Create expressions with number and date data by


    using arithmetic operators.
    Operator Description
    + Add
    - Subtract
    * Multiply
    / Divide

    1-9
    Using Arithmetic Operators

    SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300


    FROM employees;

    1-10
    Operator Precedence

    SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


    FROM employees; 1

    …
    SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)
    FROM employees;
    2

    1-11
    Defining a Null Value

    • A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,


    unknown, or inapplicable.
    • A null is not the same as a zero or a blank space.
    SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
    FROM employees;

    1-12
    Null Values
    in Arithmetic Expressions

    Arithmetic expressions containing a null value


    evaluate to null.
    SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct
    FROM employees;

    1-13
    Defining a Column Alias

    A column alias:
    • Renames a column heading
    • Is useful with calculations
    • Immediately follows the column name (There can
    also be the optional AS keyword between the
    column name and alias.)
    • Requires double quotation marks if it contains
    spaces or special characters or if it is case-
    sensitive

    1-14
    Using Column Aliases

    SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm


    FROM employees;

    SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"


    FROM employees;

    1-15
    Concatenation Operator

    A concatenation operator:
    • Links columns or character strings to other
    columns
    • Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
    • Creates a resultant column that is a character
    expression
    SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"
    FROM employees;

    1-16
    Literal Character Strings

    • A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is


    included in the SELECT statement.
    • Date and character literal values must be enclosed
    by single quotation marks.
    • Each character string is output once for each
    row returned.

    1-17
    Using Literal Character Strings

    SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id


    AS "Employee Details"
    FROM employees;

    1-18
    Duplicate Rows

    The default display of queries is all rows, including


    duplicate rows.
    SELECT department_id
    FROM employees; 1

    …
    SELECT DISTINCT department_id
    FROM employees; 2

    1-19
    Summary

    In this lesson, you should have learned how to:


    • Write a SELECT statement that:
    – Returns all rows and columns from a table
    – Returns specified columns from a table
    – Uses column aliases to display more descriptive
    column headings
    • Use the iSQL*Plus environment to write, save, and
    execute SQL statements and iSQL*Plus
    commands
    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
    FROM table;

    1-20
    Practice 1: Overview

    This practice covers the following topics:


    • Selecting all data from different tables
    • Describing the structure of tables
    • Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying
    column names
    • Using iSQL*Plus

    1-21

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