Senior High School

General Biology I
Module 4:
Stages and Significance of Mitosis
and Meiosis

AIRs - LM
LU_General Biology I_Module4
 GENERAL BIOLOGY I
Module 4: Stages and Significance of Mitosis and Meiosis
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Rochelle O. Mendoza

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LU_General Biology I_Module4

 Senior High School

General Biology I
Module 4:
Stages and Significance of Mitosis
and Meiosis

LU_General Biology I_Module4

 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for a better
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the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
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If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

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Thank you.

LU_General Biology I_Module4

 Target

Cell division is essential to all living organisms. It plays a vital process in the
continuity of life through sexual reproduction. Mitosis and meiosis are both involving
in cell division to make new cell. Mitosis occurs to non- sex cells necessary for growth
and development. Meiosis is required to sex cells for sexual reproduction to occur.

The differences and similarities of mitosis and meiosis can be identified on the
stages, number of chromosomes of the new cell, type of cell, and how many times
the cell divides.

In your previous lessons you have learned the different organelles of a cell and
its function. The cell cycle and its phases and stages were discussed briefly in the
previous module.

This module will provide you information and activities to enrich your
knowledge and understanding on the stages of mitosis and meiosis.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6 (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-

f-7)
2. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/ meiosis.
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9)

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Pretest

Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of mitosis?

A. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
B. Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase
C. Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase, Telophase
D. Anaphase, Telophase, Metaphase, Prophase

2. How many chromosomes are present at anaphase if a cell contains 16

chromosomes at the start of mitosis?
A. 8 B. 16 C. 32 D. diploid chromosome number

3 How many chromosomes are present at Anaphase I if a cell contains 16

chromosomes at the start of meiosis?
A. 8 B. 16 C. 23 D. diploid chromosome number

4. Which of the following type of cell division produces gametes essential for
the continuity of life?
A. Cytokinesis B. Meiosis
C. Mitosis D. Synapsis

5. Which terms are incorrectly matched?

A. Prophase I: synapsis
B. Interphase: DNA replication
C. Metaphase: centromere division
D. Cytokinesis: cell plate formation

6. Which of the following describes the importance of meiosis?

A. Meiosis builds tissues.
B. Meiosis produces gametes.
C. Meiosis replaces damaged cells.
D. Meiosis allows growth of organisms.

7. It is the one responsible for growth in organisms.

A. Mitosis B. Meiosis
C. Oogenesis D. Spermatogenesis

8. Which type of cell division is responsible in making individuals genetically

unique from others?
A. Mitosis B. Meiosis
C. Neither mitosis nor meiosis D. A, B and C

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 9. Which of the following pertains to cell's way of neatly arranging long
strands of DNA?
A. Mitosis B. Meiosis
C. Neither mitosis nor meiosis D. A, B and C

10. Siblings share DNA with parents and each other but are not identical to
one another because every fertilization event produces new combinations
of traits. Which phase does this event occur?
A. Mitosis B. Meiosis
C. Neither mitosis nor meiosis D. A, B and C

STAGES OF MITOSIS AND

MEIOSIS

Jumpstart

Chromosomes play a vital role in cell division. They are in the nucleus of a
cell; each chromosome contains the DNA which comprises the genes. Cell division is
important in retaining or reducing the number of chromosomes. Having a correct
number of chromosomes is critically important to all living organisms.

Activity: Look at the figure below and share your understanding on it in your class.

Source: Stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6 - Google Search

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 Discover

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis and meiosis undergo series of stages to divide and produce daughter
cells. Every stage in cell division has its own characteristics for the cell to reproduce.
How is mitosis differing from meiosis? What are the characteristics of each stage?

I. Mitosis (apparent division)—is nuclear division; the process by which the nucleus
divides to produce two new nuclei. Mitosis results in two daughter cells that are
genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which they came.

Cytokinesis - is the division of the cytoplasm. Both mitosis and cytokinesis last for
around one to two hours.

Prophase - is the preparatory stage, during prophase, centrioles move toward

opposite sides of the nucleus.
• The initially indistinct chromosomes begin to condense into visible threads.
• Chromosomes first become visible during early prophase as long, thin, and
intertwined filaments but by late prophase, chromosomes are more compacted
and can be clearly discerned as much shorter and rod-like structures.
• As the chromosomes become more distinct, the nucleoli also become more
distinct. By the end of prophase, the nucleoli become less distinct, often
disappearing altogether.

Metaphase - is when chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres

become aligned in one place, halfway between the two spindle poles. The long axes
of the chromosomes are 90 degrees to the spindle axis. The plane of alignment is
called the metaphase plate.

Anaphase - is initiated by the separation of sister chromatids at their junction point

at the centromere. The daughter chromosomes then move toward the poles.

Telophase - is when daughter chromosomes complete their migration to the poles.

The two sets of progeny chromosomes are assembled into two-groups at opposite
ends of the cell. The chromosomes uncoil and assume their extended form during
interphase. A nuclear membrane then forms around each chromosome group and
the spindle microtubules disappear. Soon, the nucleolus reforms.

II. Meiosis - reduces the amount of genetic information. While mitosis in diploid cells
produces daughter cells with a full diploid complement, meiosis produces haploid
gametes or spores with only one set of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction,
gametes combine in fertilization to reconstitute the diploid complement found in
parental cells. The process involves two successive divisions of a diploid nucleus.

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A. First Meiotic Division
• The first meiotic division results in reducing the number of chromosomes
(reduction division). In most cases, the division is accompanied by cytokinesis.

Prophase I - has been subdivided into five substages: leptonema, zygonema,

pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis.

• Leptonema - Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible. The
number of chromosomes present is the same as the number in the diploid cell.

• Zygonema - Homologue chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each

other in a highly specific manner. The pairing is called synapsis. And because
the pair consists of four chromatids it is referred to as bivalent tetrad.

• Pachynema - Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker. A form of

physical exchange between homologues takes place at specific regions. The
process of physical exchange of a chromosome region is called crossing-over.
Through the mechanism of crossing-over, the parts of the homologous
chromosomes are recombined (genetic recombination).

• Diplonema - The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each
other. It is at this point where crossing-over is shown to have taken place. The
area of contact between two non-sister chromatids, called chiasma, become
evident.

• Diakinesis - The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and
the chiasma often terminalize or move down the chromatids to the ends. This
delays the separation of homologous chromosomes.

In addition, the nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down.

Metaphase I - The spindle apparatus is completely formed, and the microtubules are
attached to the centromere regions of the homologues. The synapsed tetrads are
found aligned at the metaphase plate (the equatorial plane of the cell) instead of only
replicated chromosomes.

Anaphase I - Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite
poles. The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere
regions.

Telophase I - The dyads complete their migration to the poles. New nuclear
membranes may form. In most species, cytokinesis follows, producing two daughter
cells. Each has a nucleus containing only one set of chromosomes (haploid level) in
a replicated form.

B. Second Meiotic Division

• The events in the second meiotic division are quite similar to mitotic division.
The difference lies, however, in the number of chromosomes that each

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 daughter cell receives. While the original chromosome number is maintained
in mitosis, the number is reduced to half in meiosis.

Prophase II - The dyads contract.

Metaphase II - The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide.

Anaphase II - The sister chromatids (monads) move away from each other and
migrate to the opposite poles of the spindle fiber.

Telophase II - The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes. A
nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows.
The chromosomes uncoil and extend.


Cytokinesis - The telophase stage of mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis. The two

nuclei are compartmentalized into separate daughter cells and complete the mitotic
cell division process. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by the formation of a
constriction in the middle of the cell until two daughter cells are formed. The
constriction is often called cleavage, or cell furrow. However, in most plant cells this
constriction is not evident. Instead, a new cell membrane and cell wall are assembled
between the two nuclei to form a cell plate. Each side of the cell plate is coated with
a cell wall that eventually forms the two progeny cells.

MEIOSIS MITOSIS
1. Requires two nuclear divisions 1. Requires one nuclear divisions
2. Chromosomes synapse and cross 2. Chromosomes do not synapse nor
over cross over
3. Centrosomes survive Anaphase I 3. Centrosomes dissolve in mitotic
anaphase
4. Halves chromosome number 4. Preserves chromosome number
5. Produces four daughter nuclei 5. Produces two daughter nuclei
6. Produces daughter cells genetically 6. Produces daughter cells genetically
different from parent and each other identical to parent and each other
7. Used only for sexual reproduction 7. Used for asexual reproduction and
growth

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 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1: Study the diagrammatic representation and answer the

questions below, based your answer on Figure 2. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=Meiosis+and+its+chromosome

Questions to Answer:
1. How many chromosomes attach to each spindle fiber during Metaphase I?
2. How many chromosomes are there in the cell at Metaphase I?
3. How many chromosomes are in the cell at Anaphase I? Are the chromosomes
single-stranded or double-stranded?

Enrichment Activity 2: Match the term to the description. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Telophase
D. Metaphase
E. Anaphase

_____1. The sister chromatids are moving apart.

_____2. The nuclear envelope fades from view.
_____3. A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes.
_____4. The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided.
_____5. The cytoplasm is located at the equator of the cell.

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_____6. The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view.
_____7. The division (cleavage) furrow appears.
_____8. The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell.
_____9. Chromatids line up along the equator.
_____10. The spindle is formed.

Deepen

Directions: Choose one from the topics below and construct a model of it. You may
use recycled or indigenous materials. The scoring rubric on the next page will be
used in assessing your outputs.
1. Meiosis I
2. Meiosis II
3. Stages of Mitosis

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Quality of Great care taken Construction was Construction Construction
Work in construction careful and accurately appears careless
process so that accurate for the followed the or haphazard.
the structure is most part, but 1- plans, but 3- Many details
neat, attractive 2 details could 4 details need refinement
and follows plans have been refined could have for a strong or
accurately. for a more been refined attractive
attractive for a more product
product. attractive
product.
Accuracy All aspects of the All aspects of All aspects All aspects of the
cycle model are the cycle model of the cycle cycle model are
completed with are completed model are completed with
no mistakes. with 1 mistake. completed 4-5 mistakes.
with 2-3
mistakes.
Construction / Appropriate Appropriate Appropriate Some
Materials materials were materials were materials appropriate
selected and selected and were selected materials were
creatively there was an and modified selected but
modified in ways attempt at to create a minimal
that made them creative model modification was
even better. modification to attempted to
Student went make them even create structure
above and beyond better.
criteria for
project.

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS

Jumpstart

Activity 1

Directions: Use the image below to help you determine whether each statement
describes mitosis, meiosis, or both. Place an “x” in the correct box. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=mitosis+v+meiosis

MITOSIS MEIOSIS BOTH

1. There are two rounds of division in the process.
2. Four total cells are produced.
3. Duplicated chromosomes separate during the
process.
4. DNA is copied during interphase.
5. At the end, the chromosome number is the
SAME as the original cell.
6. The process produces body cells.

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 7. The process produces cells that are the SAME
as the original cell.
8. The process produces cells that are DIFFERENT
from the original cell.
9. The process produces sex cells (sperm & egg)
10. The process produces cells with HALF the
number of chromosomes.

Discover

Significance of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis and Meiosis result in eukaryotic cell division. The primary difference
between these divisions is the differing goals of each process. The goal of mitosis is
to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Mitosis
happens when you grow. You want all your new cells to have the same DNA as the
previous cells. The goal of meiosis is to produce sperm or eggs, also known
as gametes. The resulting gametes are not genetically identical to the parent cell.
Gametes are haploid cells, with only half the DNA present in the diploid parent cell.
This is necessary so that when a sperm and an egg combine at fertilization, the
resulting zygote has the correct amount of DNA—not twice as much as the parents.
The zygote then begins to divide through mitosis.

Significance of mitosis for sexual reproduction:

Mitosis is important for sexual reproduction indirectly. It allows the sexually

reproducing organism to grow and develop from a single cell into a sexually mature
individual. This allows organisms to continue to reproduce through the generations.

Significance of Meiosis and Chromosome:

Number Chromosomes are the cell's way of neatly arranging long strands of
DNA. Non-sex cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Meiosis
makes sex cells with only one set of chromosomes. For example, human cells have
46 chromosomes, with the exception of sperm and eggs, which contain only 23
chromosomes each. When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg, the 23 chromosomes from
each sex cell combine to make a zygote, a new cell with 46 chromosomes. The zygoteis
the first cell in a new individual.

Significance of Meiosis for Diversity:

One of the benefits of sexual reproduction is the diversity it produces within

a population. That variety is a direct product of meiosis. Every sex cell made from
meiosis has a unique combination of chromosomes. This means that no two sperm

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or egg cells are genetically identical. Every fertilization event produces new
combinations of traits. This is why siblings share DNA with parents and each other,
but are not identical to one another.

Aberrations That Alter Chromosome Number:

During cell division, chromosomes sometimes disappear. This occurs when

there is some aberration in the centromere, and spindle fibers cannot attach to the
chromosome to segregate it to distal poles of the cell. Consequently, the lost
chromosome never properly groups with others into a new nuclear envelope, and it
is left in the cytoplasm, where it will not be transcribed. Also, chromosomes don't
always separate equally into daughter cells. This sometimes happens in mitosis,
when sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase. One daughter cell thus
ends up with more chromosomes in its nucleus than the other. Likewise, abnormal
separation can occur in meiosis when homologous pairs fail to separate
during anaphase I. This also results in daughter cells with different numbers of
chromosomes.

Sources: https://www.google.com/search?q=mitosis+v+meiosis

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 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1. Make a table showing the significance of mitosis and

meiosis. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Main/Topic Main/Topic Main/Topic Main/Topic Main/Topic
Idea Sentence idea sentence idea sentence idea sentence idea sentence
is clear, is either is unclear and is unclear and
correctly unclear or incorrectly incorrectly
placed, and is incorrectly placed and is placed and is
restated in the placed and is restated in the not restated in
closing restated in the closing the closing
sentence. closing sentence. sentence.
sentence.
Supporting Paragraph(s) Paragraph(s) Paragraph(s) Paragraph(s)
Detail have three or have two have one have no
Sentence(s) more supporting supporting supporting
supporting detail detail detail
detail sentences that sentence that sentences that
sentences that relate back to relate back to relate back to
relate back to the main idea. the main idea. the main idea.
the main idea.
Elaborating Each Each Each Each
Detail supporting supporting supporting supporting
Sentence(s) detail detail detail detail
sentence has sentence has sentence has sentence has
three or more at least two one no elaborating
elaborating elaborating elaborating detail
detail detail detail sentence.
sentences. sentences. sentence.
Mechanics Paragraph has Paragraph has Paragraph has Paragraph has
and Grammar no errors in one or two three to five six or more
punctuation, punctuation, punctuation, punctuation,
capitalization, capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
and spelling. and spelling and spelling and spelling
errors. errors. errors.
Organization Details are in Details are in Some details Details are not
logical order logical order are not in in logical
which keeps which keeps logical order order.
the reader the reader which keeps
interested. somewhat the reader less
interested. interested.

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 Deepen

Directions: Answer the question below in a separate sheet of paper. The scoring
rubric below will be used in assessing your output.

1. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/ meiosis.

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Main/Topic Main/Topic Main/Topic Main/Topic Main/Topic
Idea Sentence idea sentence idea sentence idea sentence idea sentence
is clear, is either is unclear and is unclear and
correctly unclear or incorrectly incorrectly
placed, and is incorrectly placed and is placed and is
restated in the placed and is restated in the not restated in
closing restated in the closing the closing
sentence. closing sentence. sentence.
sentence.
Supporting Paragraph(s) Paragraph(s) Paragraph(s) Paragraph(s)
Detail have three or have two have one have no
Sentence(s) more supporting supporting supporting
supporting detail detail detail
detail sentences that sentence that sentences that
sentences that relate back to relate back to relate back to
relate back to the main idea. the main idea. the main idea.
the main idea.
Elaborating Each Each Each Each
Detail supporting supporting supporting supporting
Sentence(s) detail detail detail detail
sentence has sentence has sentence has sentence has
three or more at least two one no elaborating
elaborating elaborating elaborating detail
detail detail detail sentence.
sentences. sentences. sentence.
Mechanics Paragraph has Paragraph has Paragraph has Paragraph has
and Grammar no errors in one or two three to five six or more
punctuation, punctuation, punctuation, punctuation,
capitalization, capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
and spelling. and spelling and spelling and spelling
errors. errors. errors.
Organization Details are in Details are in Some details Details are not
logical order logical order are not in in logical
which keeps which keeps logical order order.
the reader the reader which keeps
interested. somewhat the reader less
interested. interested.

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 Gauge

Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which stage of cell cycle takes the longest to happen?

A. Anaphase B. Interphase C. Metaphase D. Prophase

2. This stage in interphase allows chromosomes to replicate

A. Anaphase B. Gap1 (G1) phase
C. Gap2 (G2) phase D. S phase

3. This stage of the cell cycle results in the formation of daughter cells.
A. Gap1 (G1) phase B. Gap2 (G2) phase
C. M (mitosis) phase D. S Phase

4. This stage of the interphase “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes

for error, and makes needed repair.
A. Gap1 (G1) phase B. Gap2 (G2) phase
C. M (mitosis) phase D. S Phase

5. Which of the following exemplifies metaphase?

A.

B.

C.

D.

6. How many daughter cells are formed when a cell undergoes mitosis?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 23

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7. If the parent cell contains 6 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will
each of the daughter cells have after mitosis?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

8. Which of the following is an advantage since sexual reproduction requires

more energy and resource?
A. It increases genetic diversity.
B. It can help prevent disease epidemics.
C. It can help us cope with environmental changes.
D. All of the above.

9. A diploid female lizard produces diploid offspring that are genetically

identical to herself. Which of the following type of reproduction would it
require?
A. Meiosis B. Mitosis
C. Mitosis, then meiosis. D. None of the above.

10. What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

A. Divides in half.
B. Doubles, then divides in half.
C. Divides in four for each daughter cell.
D. Doubles from the original cell, then divides in four for each daughter
cell.

11. Which of the following is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?
A. DNA replicates during mitosis but does not during meiosis.
B. Mitosis makes genetically identical copies; meiosis does not.
C. During mitosis, sister chromatids separate; they do not during
meiosis.
D. Mitosis increases chromosome number in each cell, while meiosis
decreases it.

12. Somatic cells reproduce by ____________ while sex cells reproduce by

____________.
A. Meiosis; mitosis B. Mitosis; mitosis
C. Mitosis; meiosis D. Meiosis; meiosis

13. Which of the following is NOT an application of mitosis?

A. Production of gametes
B. Development (e.g., baby in mother's womb)
C. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms
D. Repair (of a wound) in multicellular organisms

14. In both mitosis and meiosis, sister chromatids separate during anaphase,
but there are _____ haploid daughter nuclei produced by meiosis
compared to ______ diploid nuclei by mitosis.
A. 6, 3 B. 4, 2 C. 2, 4 D. 3, 6

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15. Which of the following is NOT a role of meiosis?
A. Meiosis produces gametes.
B. Meiosis only builds tissues.
C. Meiosis replaces damaged cells.
D. Meiosis allows growth of organisms.

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LU_General Biology I_Module4
17
PRE-TEST
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. B
LESSON 1
EXPLORE
Enrichment Activity 1
1. A pair of homologous chromosomes, each double-stranded attaches to each spindle fiber.
2. At metaphase I, there are four double-stranded chromosomes in the cell.
3. At anaphase I, there are also four double-stranded chromosomes in the cell.
Enrichment Activity 2
1. E 6. A
2. D 7. C
3. C 8. E
4. C 9. D
5. D 10. A
LESSON 2
JUMPSTART
Jumpstart
MITOSIS MEIOSIS BOTH
1. There are two rounds of division in the process. X
2. Four total cells are produced. x
3. Duplicated chromosomes separate during the process. X
4. DNA is copied during interphase. X
5. At the end, the chromosome number is the SAME as the X
original cell.
6. The process produces body cells. X
7. The process produces cells that are the SAME as the x
original cell.
8. The process produces cells that are DIFFERENT from X
the original cell.
9. The process produces sex cells (sperm & egg) x
10. The process produces cells with HALF the number of X
chromosomes.
Answer Key
LU_General Biology I_Module4
18
GAUGE
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. B
References
Printed Materials
Rabago, Lilia M. et al. (2003). Functional Biology Modular Approach. Quezon
City, Philippines: Vibal PublishingHouse, Inc.

Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High

School General Biology 1 (pp. 39-42). Quezon City, Philippines

Websites
Meiosis I and II. https://www.quora.com/How-many-chromosomes-in-one-
cell-on-the-end-of-meiosis-2

Phases of Mitosis. http://www.old-ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic2-

cells/25-cell-division.html

Specialized Cells. The Amoeba Sisters. .(2016, December 1) Retrieved July 25,
2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNe6RuK0FfA

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
[email protected]
[email protected]

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