Program : B.

Tech
Subject Name: Network Analysis
Subject Code: EC-305
Semester: 3rd
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Unit 5
Two port parameters: Z, Y, ABCD, Hybrid parameters, their inverse & image parameters, relationship
between parameters, Interconnection of two ports networks, Reciprocity and Symmetry in all parameter.

Introduction:
The I/O transfer properties of two-port networks are traditionally defined in terms of one or more of
several possible forward transfer characteristics and two driving-point impedance specifications. Among
the more commonly used forward transfer specifications is the voltage gain, say Av, which is the ratio of
the output voltage developed across the terminating load impedance to the Thévenin equivalent input
voltage.
Of these four variables V1, V2, i1 and i2, two can be selected as independent variables and the remaining
two can be expressed in terms of these independent variables. This leads to various two part parameters
out of which the following three are more important.
1. Z – Parameters (or) Impedance parameters
2. Y – Parameters (or) Admittance parameters
3. H – Parameters (or) Hybrid parameters.
4. T- Transmission Line Parameters.

Two-ports and impedance parameters

- Two-port networks:

- It is assumed that a two-port network contains no independent sources but may include controlled
sources.

- Three-terminal networks (with a common ground):

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- Two-port in the s-domain:

1. Z – Parameters (or) Impedance parameters

- Impedance parameters: common ground two-port with current sources.

V 1   z z   I1 
    11 12   

V2   21 22   I 2 
z z

- z  V 1 / I1 I 2  0 : input impedance with open output.

- Open circuit impedance parameters:

- z  V 1 / I 2 I1  0 : reverse transfer impedance with open output.

11

21  V 2 / I1 I 2  0 : forward transfer impedance with open output.

12
- z
- z
22  V 2 / I 2 I1  0 : output impedance with open input.

- Equivalent s-domain diagram:

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6.
- Indirect method for finding z parameters: Treat I 1 and I 2 as source currents and use standard
analysis techniques.
- Direct method for finding z parameters: open circuit techniques.
- Existence test: independent current sources may be connected to the input and output ports without
violating KCL.

Example : z Parameters by the Indirect Method

Example : z Parameters by the Direct Method

- Reciprocal networks: z z .
12 21
- Reciprocal theorem:

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- A linear circuit that contains no controlled sources will be reciprocal.

Example : z Parameters of a Tee Network

12.

14.2 Admittance, hybrid, and transmission parameters,

 I1   y y  V 1 
- Admittance parameters (y parameters): dual of the impedance parameters.

  11 12   
 I 2  y21 y 22  V 2 
- Short circuit admittance parameters:

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- y
11  I1 /V 1 V 2  0 : input admittance with shorted output.
- y  I 1 /V 2 V 1  0 : reverse transfer admittance with shorted output.

21  I 2 /V 1 V 2  0 : forward transfer admittance with shorted output.

12
- y
- y
22  I 2 /V 2 V 1  0 : output admittance with shorted input.
- Existence test: independent current sources may be connected to the input and output ports without
violating KVL.

14.
- The y parameters can be found by the indirect and the direct method.

Example 14.4 y Parameters by the Indirect Method

15

Example : y Parameters by the Direct Method

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16

Hybrid parameters (or) h – parameters:-

If the input current i1 and output Voltage V2 are takes as independent variables, the input voltage V1 and
output current i2 can be written as

V1 = h11 i1 + h12 V2
i2 = h21 i1 + h22 V2

The four hybrid parameters h11, h12, h21 and h22 are defined as follows.

h11 = [V1 / i1] with V2 = 0

= Input Impedance with output part short circuited.

h22 = [i2 / V2] with i1 = 0

= Output admittance with input part open circuited.

h12 = [V1 / V2] with i1 = 0

= reverse voltage transfer ratio with input part open circuited.

h21 = [i2 / i1] with V2 = 0

= Forward current gain with output part short circuited.

The dimensions of h – parameters are as follows:

h11 - Ω
h22 – mhos

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h12, h21 – dimension less.

→ as the di e sio s are ot alike, ie they are hy rid i ature, a d these para eters are alled as
hybrid parameters.

I = 11 = input ; 0 = 22 = output ;
F = 21 = forward transfer ; r = 12 = Reverse transfer.

Notations used in transistor circuits:-

hie = h11e = Short circuit input impedance

h0e = h22e = Open circuit output admittance
hre = h12e = Open circuit reverse voltage transfer ratio
hfe = h21e = Short circuit forward current Gain.

The Hybrid Model for Two-port Network:-

V1 = h11 i1 + h12 V2
I2 = h1 i1 + h22 V2
↓
V1 = h1 i1 + hr V2
I2 = hf i1 + h0 V2

V 1   h h   I1 
 I 2   h11 h12 V 2
  21 22 

- h  V 1 / I 1 V 2  0 : input impedance with shorted output.

- Hybrid parameters:

- h  V 1 /V 2 I 1  0 : reverse voltage ratio with open input.

11

21  I 2 / I1 V 2  0 : forward current ratio with shorted output.

12
-h
- h  I 2 /V 2 I 1  0 : output admittance with open input.
22
- Existence test: an independent current sources may be connected to the input port and an
independent voltage source may be connected to the output port without violating KCL and KVL.

17.

Example 14.6 Calculating h parameters

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18.

 V 1  A B  V 2 
- Transmission parameters (ABCD parameters):

     
 I 1  C D  I 2 

- A  V 1 /V 2 I 2  0 .
- Transmission parameters:

- B  V 1 / I 2 V 2  0 .
- C  I1 /V 2 I 2  0 .
- D  I1 / I 2 V 2  0 .
- A: reverse voltage ratio with open output.
- -B: reverse transfer impedance with shorted output.
- C: reverse transfer admittance with open output.

Existence test: the ABCD parameters exist only if V 2oc  0 and I 2sc  0 .
- -D: reverse current ratio with shorted output.
-

Example :7 Calculating ABCD Parameters

19.

- Parameter conversion: with one set of parameters for a particular two-port, other sets of parameters
can be obtained if they exist.

(Table :1 Two-port equations)

- The conversion between z and y can be done by matrix inversion.

- Conversions involving hybrid or transmission parameters need to be done by algebraic manipulation.

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(Table :2 Parameter conversions)

Example :8 Parameters of a Tee Network

20.

:3 Circuit analysis with two-ports

- Terminated two-ports: A two-port is terminated with a source and a load. The source may be replaced
by a Thevenin or Norton model and the load may be replaced by an equivalent impedance.

Voltage transfer function: H (s)  V 2 /V 1 .

- Typical network functions:

Current transfer function: H (s)  I 2 / I 1 .
v

Equivalent input impedance: Z (s)  V 1 / I1.
i

i
 Equivalent output impedance: Z o (s)  V 2 / I 2
Vs 0.

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21.

(Table :3 Relations for Terminated Two-Ports)

Example :9 Calculating a Transfer Function

Example :10 A Mid-Frequency Transisstor Amplifier

22.

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- Interconnected two-ports (assuming the interconnection does not change the properties of individual
two-ports).

V 1b  V 2a , I1b  I 2a .
- Cascade connection:

T cas  T a T b .

24.
Example :11 A Cascade Amplifier

25.

zser  za  zb

- Series and parallel connections

y par  y  y

a b

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26.

27.

28.

Example :12 A High-Frequency Amplifier

29.

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30.

Transmission Lines Parameters

The ABCD parameters are also referred to as the transmission parameters, where the following matrix is

 A B
defined as the transmission matrix:

T  
C D

V1  V2 
With this notation, becomes:

    
 1   I2 
T
I
Two comments about this:

V2  1  1 
a. It is easy to get the receiving end (V2, I2) as a function of the sending end quantities (V1, I1):

    
V

 2   I1  The reason why this is easy is because

T
I

cosh x  sinh2 x 1 and therefore the determinate of T is

of the hyperbolic identity:
2

|T|=AD-BC=1

 D  B
and therefore

T 1 
 C A 
 
b. It is easy to express sending end or receiving end quantities as a function of the other when there are
multiple two- ports chained together. Figure 1 illustrates the case of two 2-ports chained together.

I1a I2a I1b I2b

V1a a b V2b

If we know Ta and Tb, where

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  Ab
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 Aa
T  Ba  T  Bb 
C D  C D 
 a a  b b 
a b

V1  V2  V2  1 V1 

then it is easy to show that

   T     T  
 I1   I 2 ,  I 2   I 1 
TTT T 1  Ta 1Tb 1
where

a b,

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