TWIN BLOCK APPLIANCE

INTRODUCTION

 Twin Blocks are constructed to a protrusive bite that effectively modifies the
occlusal inclined plane by means of acrylic inclined planes on occlusal bite
blocks.
 The purpose is to promote protrusive mandibular function for correction of
the skeletal Class II malocclusion.
 The occlusal inclined plane acts as a guiding mechanism causing the
mandible to be displaced downward and forward.
 The unfavorable cuspal contacts of a distal occlusion are replaced by
favorable proprioceptive contacts on the inclined planes of the Twin Blocks
to correct the malocclusion and to free the mandible from its locked distal
functional position.
 Twin Blocks are designed to be worn 24 hours per day.
 Upper and lower bite blocks interlock at a 70° angle when engaged in full
closure. This causes a forward mandibular posture to an edge-to-edge
position with the upper anteriors.
 In the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusion, appliance design is
modified by the addition of sagittal screws to advance the upper anterior
teeth.
 Control of the vertical dimension is achieved by sequentially adjusting the
thickness of the posterior occlusal inclined planes to control eruption.
 Treatment of Class III malocclusion is achieved by reversing the occlusal
inclined planes to apply a forward component of force to the upper arch and
a downward and distal force to the mandible in the lower molar region.
  The inclined planes are set at 70° to the occlusal plane with bite blocks
covering lower molars and upper deciduous molars or premolars, with
sagittal screws to advance the upper incisors.

PHILOSOPHY

 The basic philosophy behind the twin block therapy was if the mandibular
inclined planes are in a distal relation to that of maxilla then the force acting
on the mandibular teeth will have a distal force vector leading to a class II
growth tendency. The aim of the twin block is to modify these inclined
planes and cause more favourable growth pattern. Secondly, since it could
be worn 24 hours, the masticatory forces can be transmitted via the
appliance to the dentition and then to the bony trabeculae thereby
influencing the rate of growth and the trabecular structure of the supporting
bone.

HISTORY

 Clark originally introduced a 45°inclination on the blocks in his 1982 and

1988 articles.
 The original Twin-block traction technique relied on extraoral traction and
intermaxillary elastics from the Concorde face-bow to enhance the inclined
plane effect of the 45° incline on the blocks.
 A year later in 1989, Trenouth introduced the concept of forward reflex
posturing using a 70° incline on the blocks to create an artificial forward bite
of accommodation.
 This meant that the extraoral traction and intermaxillary elastics on the
original Clark appliance could be dispensed with, because they were no
longer necessary for the appliance to function efficiently.
  Most of the time during the day is spent with the mandible in the rest
position, with tooth contact only occurring during swallowing, speech, and
mastication.
 A 70° block incline maintains the mandible in a forward position even when
it is open in the rest position. This is because the hinge axis of opening is
approximately 70° to the occlusal plane as demonstrated by Posselt on
mandibular movement.
 This allows 24-hour forward posturing when the masticatory system is at
rest as well as in function. Thus, the Twin-block is more a postural appliance
than a functional one.
 Such forward posturing has been shown to lead to distraction of the
mandibular condyle from the glenoid fossa. There is a clear mechanism to
explain the resulting skeletal response that is well documented in the
literature.
 This forms the basis of the tropic premise postulated by Mew that a jaw that
is constantly postured forward will grow forward.

VARIOUS FORCES IN ORTHODONTICS

Orthodontic force

 Fixed appliances are designed to apply light orthodontic forces that move
individual teeth. Schwarz (1932) defined the optimum orthodontic force as
28 g/cm2 of root surface.
 By applying light forces with archwires and elastic traction, fixed appliances
do not specifically stimulate mandibular growth during treatment. A bracket
or “small handle” is attached to individual teeth. Pressure is then applied to
those teeth by ligating light wires to the brackets.
  The resulting forces applied through the teeth to the supporting alveolar
bone must remain within the level of physiological tolerance of the
periodontal membrane to avoid damage to the individual teeth and/or their
sockets of alveolar bone.

Orthopedic force

 Orthopedic force levels are not confined by the level of tolerance in the
periodontal membrane but rather by the much broader tolerance of the
orofacial musculature.
 The forces of occlusion applied to opposing teeth in mastication are in the
range of 400–500 g and these forces are transmitted through the teeth to the
supporting bone. Occlusal forces form a major proprioceptive stimulus to
growth whereby the internal and external structure of supporting bone is
remodeled to meet the needs of occlusal function. This is effected by
reorganization of the alveolar trabecular system and by periosteal and
endochondral apposition.
 The investigations of Graf (1961, 1975) and Witt & Komposch (1971) have
shown that for 1 mm of anterior displacement the forces of the stretched
retractor muscles amount to approximately 100 g. A construction bite of 5–
10 mm will therefore transmit considerable forces to the dentition through
the functional receptors.
 Orthopedic forces would exceed the level of tolerance of the periodontal
tissues if applied to individual teeth. However, these forces are spread
evenly in the dental arches by appliances that are not designed to move
individual teeth, but to displace the entire mandible and promote adaptation
within the muscles of mastication.
  The muscles are the prime movers in growth, and bony remodeling is related
to the functional requirements of muscle activity. The goal of functional
appliances is to elicit a proprioceptive response in the stretch receptors of the
orofacial muscles and ligaments and as a secondary response to influence the
pattern of bone growth correspondingly to support a new functional
environment for the developing dentition.

OBJECTIVES OF FUNCTIONAL TREATMENT

 In the natural dentition a functional equilibrium is established under

neurological control in response to repetitive tactile stimuli as the teeth come
into occlusion. A favorable equilibrium of muscle forces between the
tongue, lips and cheeks is essential for normal development of the dental
arches in correct relationship.
 Any persistent deviation from normal function is associated with
malocclusion. Discrepancies in arch relationships due to underlying skeletal
and soft-tissue factors result in unfavorable cuspal guidance and poor
occlusal function.
 The purpose of functional therapy is to change the functional environment of
the dentition to promote normal function. Functional appliances are designed
to control the forces applied to the dentition by the surrounding soft tissues
and by the muscles that control the position and movement of the mandible.
A new functional behavior pattern is established to support a new position of
equilibrium by eliminating unfavorable environmental factors in a
developing malocclusion.
  The natural occlusal forces acting on a mandible in distal occlusion do not
favor mandibular development to the patient’s full potential of growth. The
mandible is locked in a distal position by an unfavorable or distal driving
occlusion.
 Conversely, in a Class III malocclusion the maxilla is locked in a distal
relationship by unfavorable occlusal forces. Altered occlusal function in this
type of malocclusion has the effect of restricting maxillary development and
advancing the mandible.
 Functional therapy aims to unlock the malocclusion and stimulate growth by
applying favorable forces that enhance skeletal development. Growth studies
on experimental animals support the view that altered occlusal function
produces significant changes in craniofacial growth.

THE OCCLUSAL INCLINED PLANE

 The occlusal inclined plane is the fundamental functional mechanism of the

natural dentition. Cuspal inclined planes play an important part in
determining the relationship of the teeth as they erupt into occlusion.
 Twin Blocks modify the occlusal inclined plane and use the forces of
occlusion to correct the malocclusion. The mandible is guided forwards by
the occlusal inclined plane
 Twin Block appliances are simple bite blocks that are designed for full-time
wear.
 They achieve rapid functional correction of malocclusion by the
transmission of favorable occlusal forces to occlusal inclined planes that
cover the posterior teeth.
  The forces of occlusion are used as the functional mechanism to correct the
malocclusion

Occlusal inclined plane

TWIN BLOCKS COMBINED WITH ORTHOPEDIC TRACTION

Orthopedic traction

In most cases, full functional correction of occlusal relationships can be achieved

with Twin Blocks without the addition of any orthopedic or traction forces. Where
the response to functional correction is poor, the addition of orthopedic traction
force may be considered. In the early stages of development of the Twin Block
technique a method was devised to combine functional therapy with orthopedic
traction.

Indications

Confined to a minority of cases with growth patterns where maxillary retraction is

the treatment of choice. For example

 In the treatment of severe maxillary protrusion; to control a vertical growth

pattern by the addition of vertical traction to intrude the upper posterior teeth
  In adult treatment where mandibular growth cannot assist the correction of a
severe malocclusion

THE CONCORDE FACEBOW

Before Twin Blocks were developed, the author used extraoral traction with
removable appliances as a means of anchorage to retract upper buccal segments to
correct Class II malocclusion In the early years using Twin Blocks, tubes were
added to clasp for extraoral traction on the upper appliance to be worn at night so
as to reinforce the functional component for correction of a Class II buccal
segment relationship.

A method was developed to combine extraoral and intermaxillary traction by

adding a labial hook to a conventional facebow and extending an elastic back to
attach to the lower appliance in the incisor region. This development was based on
previous experience of functional appliances that were worn part time and were
slow and unpredictable in correcting arch
 Concorde facebow

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL OF ORTHOPEDIC FORCE

Additional orthopedic forces may help to control vertical growth by applying an

intrusive orthopedic force to the upper posterior teeth. A high pull headgear is used
to apply an intrusive force to the upper molars to resist the vertical component of
growth and to reduce the anterior open bite. The Concorde facebow is a unique
method of delivering an intrusive force to upper molars and, at the same time, a
protrusive force to the mandible and the lower dentition. The direction of extraoral
force is especially important in the treatment of patients with a vertical growth
pattern.

A vertical orthopedic force to the upper appliance applies an intrusive force to the
upper posterior teeth and palate, and limits downward maxillary growth. Intrusion
of the upper posterior teeth allows the bite to close by a favorable forward rotation
of the mandible, and facilitates correction of mandibular retrusion in vertical
growth discrepancies. The addition of traction is optional in reduced overbite
cases, and many cases respond well to treatment without traction. Traction is
indicated in severe discrepancies with vertical growth which are unfavorable for
functional correction. A vertical component of traction force is particularly
effective in controlling this type of malocclusion.
 Vertical extraoral traction force to intrude upper posterior teeth

The Concorde facebow is adjusted so that it lies just below the level of the upper
lip at rest, with the ends of the outer bow sloping slightly upward above the level
of the inner bow. The resulting extraoral traction applies an upward component of
force that helps to retain the upper appliance.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING

Clinical examination

 Clinical examination provides the fundamental guideline in case selection

for functional therapy. A retrusive mandible can be detected by examining
the profile and the facial contours with the teeth in occlusion.
 The patient is then instructed to close the incisors in normal relationship by
protruding the mandible, with the lips closed lightly together. The change in
facial appearance is a preview of the anticipated result of functional
treatment. If the profile improves with the mandible advanced, this is a clear
 indication that functional mandibular advancement is the treatment of
choice.
 Clinical diagnosis has the advantage of providing an accurate prediction of
the three dimensional (3D) change in the facial contours as a result of
mandibular advancement, and is more important than the diagnostic profiles
defined by lines and angles drawn on a cephalometric X-ray. Important
clinical guidelines in treatment planning for Class II division 1 malocclusion
are now considered.

Photographic Records

 Facial and dental photographs are an invaluable diagnostic aid to establish

the objectives of treatment and to monitor progress. Photographs are used to
predict the change in facial appearance that will result from treatment.
Profile and fullface photographs with the mandible in the retrusive position
show the appearance before treatment, and are repeated with the mandible
advanced to give the projected optimum improvement in facial appearance.
 An additional set of photographs of the patient using a digital camera may be
taken on the patient’s first visit and the patient may receive a printed copy.
The improvement observed in the profile when the mandible is postured
forward with the lips closed shows the potential for functional therapy. This
improves motivation by allowing the patient to observe the rapid
improvement in appearance during the first few months of treatment. It must
be stated that the response is dependent on full cooperation during treatment.
Orthodontic Records

 Successful orthodontic treatment is dependent on a disciplined approach to

record taking and diagnosis, as well as careful monitoring of progress in
treatment. Inadequate records may reflect a poor standard of treatment. In
general the standard of orthodontic care is directly related to the quality of
the orthodontic records.
 The essentials for orthodontic records are a diagnostic report supported by
study models, X-rays and photographs to establish the condition of the case
before treatment and to record progress during treatment.
 Radiographic examination is necessary to identify and locate all unerupted
teeth. This is accomplished routinely by a panoral X-ray with intraoral films
if required for individual teeth. Temporomandibular joint X-rays are also
extremely important, especially in today’s litigious society, to establish the
condition of the joint before treatment. Cephalometric analysis of a lateral
skull X-ray gives detailed information to support clinical diagnosis.

Examination of models

 An equally simple guideline helps to predict occlusal changes by checking

the occlusion resulting when the mandible postures downward and forward
 to reduce the overjet. This can be observed directly in the mouth, but is best
confirmed on study models by sliding the lower model forwards and
observing the articulation of the mandibular dental arch with that of the
upper model.
 In an uncrowded Class II division 1 malocclusion with an overjet of 10 mm
or more, it can be seen that a good buccal segment occlusion will result from
advancing the mandible and, at the same time, laterally expanding the
maxilla to match the width of the mandibular dental arch in the projected
advanced position. If the arches are crowded with irregular teeth, the upper
and lower models will often not fit when the lower model is advanced.
 Depending on the degree of irregularity, a first phase of arch development
may be necessary to correct arch-form before the mandible can be advanced
to correct the occlusion. Alternatively, appliance design may be modified to
improve arch form during the Twin Block phase, if the irregularity is less
severe.
 If retroclined or irregular upper incisors would prevent the mandible from
advancing into a class I buccal segment occlusion, provision must be made
to advance the upper incisors with springs or screws to accommodate the
mandible in correct occlusion. This often applies in a Class II malocclusion
when an overjet of less than 9 mm is present with a full unit distal occlusion.
It is necessary to procline the upper incisors to release the mandible
forwards. The same restriction applies in Class II division 2 malocclusion,
and appliance design must be modified accordingly.

The “Richter Scale”

It is helpful in treatment planning to classify the degree of difficulty of the

malocclusion as mild, moderate or severe.
In arch length discrepancy:

• Mild crowding is in the range 1–3 mm

• Moderate crowding is classified as 4–5 mm
• Severe crowding is 6 mm or more.
This is a sliding scale (the author describes it as the “Richter scale”)
expressing degree of difficulty for dental correction by nonextraction
therapy. The higher the value, the more difficult it is to resolve crowding
permanently without extractions.
Two factors improve the prognosis for nonextraction therapy in moderate or
severely crowded dentitions:
1. Early treatment by arch development to increase arch width before
permanent premolars and canines erupt.
2. Lingual positioning of the lower dentition relative to the skeletal base
requires a non-extraction approach.
The “Richter scale” can also be applied when the measure of convexity is
used to determine the skeletal discrepancy:
• A skeletal convexity of 1–3 mm is within the range of normal
• 4–5 mm convexity is a moderate Class II skeletal discrepancy
• 6 mm or more is severe Class II. The higher the convexity, the more likely
that functional orthopedics is indicated to improve the skeletal relationship.

BITE REGISTRATION IN TWIN BLOCK TECHNIQUE

 Bite registration for Twin Blocks originally aimed for a single activation to
an edge-to-edge incisor relationship with 2 mm interincisal clearance for an
overjet of up to 10 mm. Allowance was made for individual variation if the
patient had difficulty in maintaining an edge-to-edge position on registering
 the occlusion. This proved to be successful in correcting the overjet and
reducing the distal occlusion in the majority of cases.
 Where the overjet was more than 10 mm, an initial advancement of 7 mm or
8 mm was followed by reactivation of the appliance after occlusion had
corrected to the initial bite registration. Normally, a single further activation
was sufficient to fully correct the overjet and distal occlusion. In the early
stages of using Twin Blocks it was noted that some patients had difficulty in
maintaining the forward posture and occluding correctly on the inclined
planes. These patients usually had a vertical growth pattern with weak
musculature and were unable to maintain the forward mandibular posture
consistently. They could bite registration for Twin Blocks originally aimed
for a single activation to an edge-to-edge incisor relationship with 2 mm
interincisal clearance for an overjet of up to 10 mm. Allowance was made
for individual variation if the patient had difficulty in maintaining an edge-
to-edge position on registering the occlusion. This proved to be successful in
correcting the overjet and reducing the distal occlusion in the majority of
cases. Where the overjet was more than 10 mm, an initial advancement of 7
mm or 8 mm was followed by reactivation of the appliance after occlusion
had corrected to the initial bite registration. Normally, a single further
activation was sufficient to fully correct the overjet and distal occlusion. In
the early stages of using Twin Blocks it was noted that some patients had
difficulty in maintaining the forward posture and occluding correctly on the
inclined planes. These patients usually had a vertical growth pattern with
weak musculature and were unable to maintain the forward mandibular
posture consistently.
 They could be identified early in treatment as they tended to posture the
mandible back and meet the blocks together behind the inclined planes. This
 difficulty can be avoided by relating bite registration to the patient’s freedom
of movement and by registering the protrusive path of the mandible.
 The George bite gauge has a millimeter gauge to measure the protrusive
path of the mandible and to determine accurately the amount of activation
registered in the construction bite. The total protrusive movement is
calculated by first measuring the overjet in centric occlusion and then in the
position of maximum protrusion. The protrusive path of the mandible is the
difference between the two measurements. Functional activation within
normal physiological limit by checking the protrusive path the adjustment
may be related to the patient’s physiological movements.
 The young patient usually has more freedom of movement while there is
generally more restriction in the adult. In Class II division 1 malocclusion,
young patients commonly have a protrusive path of 13 mm and will tolerate
activation up to 10 mm. Beyond this range the muscles and ligaments cannot
adapt to altered function and the patient will tend to posture out of the
appliance. If the overjet is larger than 10 mm the initial activation should
only partially reduce the overjet. The appliance is then reactivated during the
course of treatment
The George Bite Gauge has a millimeter gauge to measure the protrusive
path of the mandible

Lateral views to show method of bite registration

 Lateral views to show method of bite registration

BITE REGISTRATION (Class II division I)

 The procedure of bite registration for construction of Twin Blocks for a

Class II division 1 malocclusion with deep overbite
 Exact bite or Projet Bite Gauge is designed to record a protrusive bite for
construction of Twin Blocks. The blue bite gauge registers 2 mm vertical
clearance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower incisors, which is
an appropriate interincisal clearance for bite registration in most Class II
division 1 malocclusions with increased overbite.
 The incisal portion of the bite gauge has three incisal grooves on one side
that are designed to be positioned on the incisal edge of the upper incisor
and a single groove on the opposing side that engages the incisal edge of the
lower incisor.
 In Class II division 1 malocclusion a protrusive bite is registered to reduce
the overjet and the distal occlusion on average by 5–10 mm on initial
activation, depending on the freedom of movement in protrusive function.
The length of the patient’s protrusive path is determined by recording the
overjet in centric occlusion and fully protrusive occlusion.
 Provided the patient can posture forward comfortably, the bite may be
activated edge-to-edge on the incisors with a 2 mm interincisal clearance.
 This allows an overjet of up to 10 mm to be corrected on the first activation,
without further activation of the Twin Blocks.
 In registering the bite the wax is kept clear of the incisors, so that the
operator has an unobstructed view of the anterior teeth. This helps the
laboratory to position the models correctly in the squash bite.
 Projet bite Gauge Construction Bite for Deep Overbite with The Project

APPLIANCE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Labial Bow

 In the early stages of development, the upper Twin Block incorporated a

labial bow.
 It was observed that if the labial bow engaged the upper incisors during
functional correction it tended to overcorrect incisor angulation.
 Retracting upper incisors prematurely limits the scope for functional
correction which led to the conclusion that a labial bow is not always
required.
 If a labial bow is included in the appliance design, and it is activated
prematurely to retract upper incisors, this will act as a brake to limit the
functional correction by mandibular advancement.
TWIN BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

The appliance prescription includes all the details required for correction of
the individual malocclusion, with specific instructions on appliance design,
including springs and screws to correct individual teeth, or segmental
correction by transverse and/or sagittal correction, to improve archform.

The Delta Clasp

 The delta clasp was designed by the author to improve the fixation of
Twin Blocks.
 The delta clasp is similar to the Adams clasp (Adams, 1970) in
principle, but incorporates new features to improve retention, reduce
metal fatigue and minimize the need for adjustment.
 The retentive loops were originally triangular in shape (from which
the name “delta” is derived), or alternatively the loops may be circular
or ovoid, both types having similar retentive properties.
 In the permanent dentition, delta clasps are placed routinely on upper
first molars and on lower first premolars.
 They may also be used on deciduous molars. Additional interdental
ball-ended clasps, finger clasps or C-shaped clasps may be placed to
improve retention and provide resistance to anteroposterior tipping.
 Ball-ended clasps are routinely employed mesial to lower canines and
in the upper premolar or deciduous molar region to gain interdental
retention from adjacent teeth.
 The delta Clasp

Clasps on premolars and canines

The Base Plate

 Appliances may either be made with heat cure or cold cure acrylic.
 Heat cure acrylic has the advantage of additional strength and
accuracy. Making the appliances in wax first allows the blocks to be
formed with greater precision.
  Cold cure acrylic has the advantage of speed and convenience, but
sacrifices something in strength and accuracy. It is essential to use a
top-quality cold cure acrylic to avoid problems with breakage,
especially in the later stages of treatment, after trimming the blocks to
allow eruption in treatment of deep overbite.
 The inclined planes can lose their definition as a result of wear if a
soft acrylic is used.

Base plate with pre formed heat cure blocks

INDICATIONS FOR TWIN BLOCK THERAPY

1. Class II div 1 malocclusion with well aligned upper and lower arches
2. Class II div 2
3. Class I open bite
4. Class I closed bite
5. Class III
6. Having overjet of 10-12 mm with a deep bite
7. Horizontal growth pattern
8. Patient should preferably be in pubertal growth spurt
 9. Have a positive VTO
10. Can also be used in TMJ therapy
11. Anterior and posterior arch length discrepancy
12.Lateral arch constriction

CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR TWIN BLOCK THERAPY

1. Factors that are unfavorable for correction by Twin Blocks include cases
with vertical growth and crowding that may require extractions.
2. Although the majority of Class II malocclusions are suitable for correction
by Twin Blocks, there are some exceptions.
3. Examination of the profile is the most important clinical guideline. If the
profile does not improve when the mandible is advanced, this is a clear
contraindication for functional mandibular advancement, and an alternative
approach should be considered.
4. Maxillary incisors should not be too vertical or lingually inclined (as in class
II div1).
5. Maxillary incisors must be torqued correctly.
6. No skeletal or facial asymmetry.
 Upper and lower twin blocks

THE CLARK CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Some of the factors to be considered are:

Ricketts Triangle:

The Facial Wedge The Ricketts triangle defines the face in profile as a wedge-
shaped triangle attached to the undersurface of the cranial base.

• The base of the triangle extends from basion to nasion and defines the cranial
base plane.

• The facial plane extends from nasion tangent to the chin at pogonion to define
the angulation of the face in the anterior plane.

• The mandibular plane is the third leg of the triangle defining the angulation of
the lower border of the mandible.

• The triangle is bisected by the facial axis, extending from pterygoid to gnathion
to define the direction of growth of the chin.

The facial wedge defined by the Ricketts triangle is superimposed on the facial
rectangle to provide a good visual representation of the face with the component
parts orientated in a common framework.
 The Ricketts triangle

The facial rectangle:

A facial rectangle is formed to frame the face. The formation of a facial rectangle
helps to define the relative position and angulation of cranial, maxillary,
mandibular and dentoalveolar structures. The rectangular framework makes it
easier to identify areas where growth departs from normal in the facial pattern.
Perhaps the most obvious feature of the analysis is the visual simplification of the
underlying pattern that results from placing the face in a rectangle. It is easier to
recognize the pattern of the jigsaw puzzle when the pieces are fitted together in a
recognizable framework. The same principle lends itself to three-dimensional (3D)
analysis.

The facial rectangle

Balanced Facial Proportions

 If the structure of the face is superimposed on a rectangular framework with

horizontal and vertical axes, certain consistent criteria must be fulfilled in
order to achieve the harmonious facial balance that is characteristic of the
classical straight profile.
 Excellent facial balance results in the face growing correctly into the facial
rectangle so that the facial features relate closely to the anterior vertical To
achieve ideal facial proportions, the integral parts of the facial structure must
be well related in size, shape and position.
 In well-balanced faces the Frankfort and maxillary planes are approximately
parallel to the upper maxillary plane and optic plane, and relate closely to
the true horizontal in the natural head position.

Mesognathic pattern with good facial balance

Skeletal Planes

• Cranial base plane—nasion (N) to basion (Ba)

• Mandibular base plane—menton (Me) to gonion (Go)

• Facial plane—nasion to pogonion (P)

• Facial axis—pterygoid point (Pt) to gnathion (Gn)

• Condyle axis—center of the condyle to Xi-point

• Maxillary plane—anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS)

• A to Po—A-point to pogonion (P).

Dental Planes

• Functional occlusal plane—distal the intersection of the first molars to the

intersection of the first premolars

• The long axis of the upper incisor

• The long axis of the lower incisor.

Soft-Tissue Planes

• Nasal plane—the outline of the nose from root to tip

• Aesthetic plane—the tangent to the nose and chin.

Pre-treatment Post-functional
Angular Parameters Normal Value
Value Value

Cranial base angle 27⁰+/-3⁰

(Ba-N to FH Plane) Ideal(29⁰-30⁰)

Mandibular-Plane 26⁰+/-4⁰
Angle (Go-Me to FH
Plane)

Cranio-mandibular
Angle (Ba-N to 53⁰+/-5⁰
mandibular plane)

Facial Plane Angle (N

Pog to N vertical) -3⁰+/-3⁰

27⁰+/-3⁰
Facial Axis Angle (Pt-
Ideal(29⁰-30⁰)
Gn to Ptv vertical)

Condylar Axis Angle

27⁰+/-4⁰
(Co-Xi to Ptv vertical)

Mandibular Arc 26⁰+/-4⁰ at 8 yr

(Co-Xi to Xi- Pm) (↑ 0.5⁰/yr)

Craniomaxillary Angle
(Ba-N to maxillary 27⁰+/-3⁰
plane)

Maxillary Deflection
(Maxillary plane to FH 0⁰+/-3⁰
plane)
 Pre Post Functional
Dental Parameters Normal Value
TreatmenValue Value

Upper incisor to N
25⁰+/-7⁰
vertical

Lower incisor to N
25⁰+/-4⁰
vertical

Interincisal angle 128⁰+/-6⁰

upper mola to pterygoid Pt. age+/-3mm

Lower incisor to A-Pog

+1mm+/-2mm
line

Pre-treatment Post-functional
Linear Parameters Normal Value
Value Value

A point to Facial plane 2.5mm at 8 yr

(mm) (↓ 0.1mm/yr)

A point to N vertical 0mm Mixed

(mm) +1mm Adult

Mand. Position -10mm at 8 yr

(Pg to N vertical)(mm) (↓0.75mm/yr)

 Soft Tissue Pre-treatment Post-functional
Normal Value
Parameters Value Value

Nasal angle
(Angulation of nose to
N vertical)

-2mm at 8
Lower lip to E plane
(↓ 0.2mm/yr)

TWIN BLOCKS IN MIXED DENTITION

The primary indication for twin blocks in early mixed dentition is in Class II,
division 1 malocclusion in which prominent upper incisors rest outside the lower
lip and are not protected by the lips.

Twin blocks can fulfil three objectives at this stage of development:

1. They can reduce overjet and correct distal occlusion

2. They can control overbite if the overbite is deep or anterior open bite is
present
3. They can improve arch form by transverse or sagittal development

These objectives are achieved using a similar approach to treatment as is used

in the permanent dentition, with modifications in appliance design to meet the
requirements of the mixed-dentition stage of development.

 The deciduous molars and canines may not provide adequate undercuts for
fixation, but this problem is easily overcome.
  In mixed dentition, the appliance design is modified by using C- shaped
clasps that may be directly bonded to deciduous teeth with composite to
temporarily fix the appliances in the mouth for 10 days to initiate full-time
appliance wear.
 After a few days the clasps can be freed and the composite left in place to
improve undercuts for fixation.
 In the initial stage the twin blocks may even be cemented or bonded directly
to the teeth in addition to the application of composite to secure the clasps.
 The fixation enables the patient to adjust to wearing the appliance full time
during the critical first few days.
 At this stage of development, the procedure of temporary fixation of twin
blocks to the teeth carries minimal risk, especially if first permanent molars
are fissure sealed.

Stages of Treatment

Stage 1: Active phase: Twin Blocks:

 During the active phase of treatment, twin blocks are worn full time.
 The objective is to correct arch relationships in the antero-posterior, vertical,
and transverse dimensions.
 Normally, overjet and overbite are corrected within 6 months, and the lower
molars have erupted into occlusion within 9 months.
 The average wear time for twin blocks is 6 to 9 months.

Stage 2: Support phase- anterior inclined plane:

 The objective of the second stage of treatment is to retain the corrected

incisor relationship until buccal segment occlusion is fully established.
  To achieve this objective, an upper removable appliance is fitted with an
anterior inclined plane to engage the lower incisors and canines.
 This appliance is worn full time initially to allow the buccal segment
occlusion to settle, it is then used as a retainer.
 The lower twin block appliance is left out at this stage, and the removal of
posterior bite-blocks allows the posterior teeth to erupt.
 Full-time appliance wear is necessary to allow time for internal bony
remodelling to support the corrected occlusion as the buccal segments settle
fully into optimal interdigitation.
 The upper and lower buccal teeth are usually in occlusion within 4 to 6
months.
 Full-time appliance wear is continued during the support phase for another 3
to 6 months to allow functional reorientation of the trabecular system before
any reduction of appliance wear occurs during the retention period.
 The support phase may be considered as important as the active phase.
Stability is excellent after twin block treatment, this can be attributed partly
to the support phase, during which a functional retainer is used to stabilise
the corrected incisor relationship while the buccal teeth settle fully into
occlusion.

ADJUSTMENT& CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Stage 1—Active Phase

Appliance Fitting

It is first necessary to check that the patient bites comfortably in a protrusive

bite with the inclined planes occluding correctly. To avoid irritation as the
appliance is driven home by the occlusion during the first few days of wear, it is
important to relieve the lower appliance slightly over the gingivae lingual to the
lower incisors. The clasps are adjusted to hold the appliance securely in position
without impinging on the gingival margin. If a labial bow is present, it should
be out of contact with the upper incisors.

Initial Adjustment–after 10 Days

 The patient should now be wearing the appliances comfortably and eating
with them in position. The initial discomfort of a new appliance should
have resolved and the patient should be biting consistently in the
protrusive bite. Patient motivation is reinforced by offering
encouragement for their success on becoming accustomed to the
appliance so quickly, and reassurance on any difficulties. The patient
should now be turning the upper midline screw one quarter turn per
week. In the treatment of deep overbite the upper bite block should be
trimmed clear of the lower molars leaving a clearance of 1–2 mm to
allow these to erupt. At this stage, it is important to detect if the patient is
failing to posture forward consistently to occlude correctly on the
inclined planes.
 This would indicate that the appliance has been activated beyond the level
of tolerance of the patient’s musculature. It would then be appropriate to
reduce the activation by trimming the inclined planes, to reduce the
forward mandibular displacement until the patient closes comfortably on
the appliances. The angulation of the inclined planes may be reduced to
45° if the patient is failing to posture consistently forward to occlude the
blocks correctly.
  This may be an early sign that progress will be slower than normal, due to
weakness in the patient’s musculature reducing the functional response.
This response is more likely in the patient who has a vertical growth
pattern. Mandibular advancement will then be more gradual, usually
requiring incremental activation of the occlusal plane.

Adjustment Visit–After 4 Weeks

 At the first monthly visit positive progress should already be evident with
respect to better facial balance.
 Photographs demonstrate this very clearly, and may be repeated at this
stage to record progress. Progress can be confirmed also by noting the
amount of reduction in overjet, as measured intraorally with the mandible
fully retracted. To monitor progress, the overjet should be measured and
noted on the record card at each visit. This allows any lapse in progress
or cooperation to be detected readily.

 There should be a steady and consistent reduction of overjet and

correction of distal occlusion. If cooperation is suspect it is advisable to
fix the appliance in place in the mouth to exert immediate control and
restore full-time appliance wear.
Routine Adjustment–Time Interval 6 Weeks

 A similar pattern of adjustment continues with steady correction of distal

occlusion and reduction of overjet. The upper arch width is checked at each
visit, until the expansion is sufficient to accommodate the lower arch in its
corrected position and no further turns of the screw are required.
 Trimming of the upper block continues until all the occlusal cover is
removed from the upper molars to allow the lower molars to erupt
completely into occlusion. The overjet, overbite and distal occlusion should
be fully corrected by the end of the Twin Block phase. A slight open bite in
the buccal segments should be limited to the premolar region. It is now
appropriate to proceed to the support phase.

Stage 2—Support Phase

 Antero posterior and vertical control remains equally important in the

support phase to maintain the correction achieved in the active phase.
 The purpose of the support phase is to maintain the corrected incisor
relationship until the buccal segment occlusion is fully established. To
achieve this objective, an upper removable appliance is fitted with an
anterior inclined plane to engage the lower incisors and canines. The lower
appliance is left out at this stage and removal of the posterior bite blocks
allows the posterior teeth to erupt into occlusion
 Many anterior inclined planes are mistakenly made too large and bulky
which causes discomfort for the patient, who may then be discouraged from
wearing such an appliance. There is no necessity for the anterior inclined
plane to extend much beyond the level of the incisal tips of the upper
incisors, provided it also extends far enough distally to engage the canines.
  The patient must understand the importance of wearing the support
appliance full time to prevent relapse at this critical stage of treatment. An
appliance that is comfortable and carefully designed is more readily
accepted by the patient.
 Vertical control is essential during the support phase after reduction of
overbite. To maintain the corrected vertical dimension, a flat occlusal stop of
acrylic extends forward from the inclined plane to engage the lower incisors.
The occlusal stop is an important addition to maintain the corrected
intergingival height as the posterior teeth erupt into occlusion.
..

Retention

Treatment is followed by a normal period of retention. As the buccal segments

settle in fully, full-time wear of the support appliance allows time for internal bony
remodeling to support the corrected occlusion. A good buccal segment occlusion is
the cornerstone of stability after correction of arch-to-arch relationships. Appliance
wear is reduced to night-time only when the occlusion is fully established.

CLINICAL RESPONSE TO TREATMENT

 Within a few days of fitting of twin block appliances, the position of muscle
balance is altered so greatly that the patient experiences pain when retracting
the mandible.
 This has been described as the pterygoid response or the formation of a
tension zone distal to the condyle.
  On removal of the appliance, the mandible is retracted and the condyle
compresses the connective tissue and blood vessels that have proliferated in
the tension zone behind the condyle.

TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR OPEN BITE AND VERTICAL GROWTH

PATTERNS

Early treatment is frequently effective in controlling the functional imbalance

associated with adverse soft-tissue behaviour patterns. Learning to eat with Twin
Blocks in the mouth encourages the formation of a good lip seal. When the overjet
is reduced, a lip seal can be formed more efficiently without the support of the
tongue. The oral musculature then adapts accordingly.

Reduced overbite or anterior open bite is often related to unfavourable vertical

growth and requires careful management. Elastic bands worn at night apply
vertical forces to maintain contact of the occlusal blocks. This encourages a
favourable mandibular rotation to reduce lower facial height by intruding posterior
teeth.

Elastic bands
 Maintain occlusal contact to intrude posterior teeth

Twin Blocks to Close the Bite

Palatal Spinner

A palatal spinner may be added to the upper appliance to help control an anterior
tongue thrust. The spinner is an acrylic bead that is free to rotate round a trans-
palatal wire positioned in the palate. The objective is to encourage the tongue to
curl upwards and backwards instead of thrusting forwards.

Spinner on tubing

Tongue guard
It is in the form of a recurved wire extending from the premolar region towards the
midline and is recurved to its point of attachment.

Modified anterior inclined plane with palate-free area to control tongue thrust

TEMPORARY FIXATION OF TWIN BLOCKS

The most crucial time to establish good cooperation with the patient is in the first
few days after fitting the Twin Blocks, when he or she is learning to adjust to the
new appliance. Twin Blocks have the unique advantage compared to other
functional appliances in that they can be fixed to the teeth. Such temporary fixation
guarantees full-time wear, 24 hours per day and excellent cooperation is
established at the start of treatment. There are two alternative methods of fixation
of Twin Blocks:

 The appliances may be fixed to the teeth by spreading cement on the tooth-
bearing areas of the appliance but not on the gingival areas. The appliance is
then inserted and secured in place with cement adhering to the teeth. Zinc
phosphate or zinc oxide cement is suitable for temporary fixation.
Alternatively, a small quantity of glass ionomer cement may be used, taking
care to ensure that the appliance can be freed easily from the teeth.
 Twin Blocks cemented in position

 Twin Blocks may also be bonded directly to the teeth by applying composite
around the clasps. This is a useful approach in mixed dentition when ball
clasps may be bonded directly to deciduous molars to improve fixation.
Patient maintenance
 After 10–14 days, when the patient has adapted to the Twin Block and is
wearing it comfortably, the appliance can be removed by freeing the clasps
with a sickle scaler. Sharp edges of composite can be smoothed over,
leaving some composite attached to the teeth. The altered contour of the
deciduous teeth will improve the retention of the appliance. If cooperation is
doubtful at any stage of treatment, the operator should not hesitate to fix the
appliance in for 10 days to regain control and restore full-time wear. After
10 days full-time wear the patient is more comfortable with the appliance in
the mouth than without it.

REACTIVATION OF TWIN BLOCKS

 As indicated previously, an overjet of up to 10 mm in a patient who is
growing well and has free protrusive movement may be corrected without
reactivation of the Twin Blocks during treatment.

 If growth is less favorable, or in treatment of larger overjets, or when the

protrusive path of the mandible is restricted, it is necessary to reactivate the
inclined planes more gradually in progressive increments during treatment.
Reactivation is a simple procedure that is achieved by extending the anterior
incline of the upper Twin Block mesially to increase the forward posture.
Cold cure acrylic may be added at the chairside, inserting the appliance to
record a new protrusive bite before the acrylic is fully set. Even in cases with
an excessive overjet, a single reactivation of Twin Blocks is normally
sufficient to correct most malocclusions.

Acrylic to the anterior incline of the upper inclined plane to reactivate

Twin Blocks.

 It is important that no acrylic is added to the distal incline of the lower Twin
Block, especially in the treatment of deep overbite. Extending occlusal
 acrylic of the lower block distally would prevent eruption of the lower first
molar. It is necessary to leave the lower first molars free to erupt so that the
overbite is reduced by increasing the vertical dimension
 If the patient’s rate of growth is slow or the direction of growth is vertical
rather than horizontal, to advance the mandible more gradually over a longer
period of time to allow compensatory mandibular growth to occur. This can
be taken into account by reactivating Twin Blocks progressively to extend
the inclined plane of the upper bite block mesially.

PROGRESSIVE ACTIVATION OF TWIN BLOCKS

Progressive activation of the inclined planes is indicated as follows:

 If the overjet is more than 10 mm it is advisable to step the mandible

forward, usually in two stages. The first activation is in the range of 7–10
mm. The second activation brings the incisors to an edge-toedge occlusion
 In any case where full correction of arch relationships is not achieved after
the initial activation, an additional activation is necessary.
 If the direction of growth is vertical rather than horizontal, the mandible
maybe advanced more gradually to allow adequate time for compensatory
mandibular growth to occur.
 Phased activation is recommended in adult treatment, where the muscles and
ligaments are less responsive to a sudden large displacement of mandible.
  In the treatment of TMJ dysfunction, care must be exercised so as not to
introduce activation that is beyond the level of tolerance of injured tissue. It
is best to be conservative and advance the mandible slowly to a position that
is comfortable and will allow the patient to rest and function without
discomfort

Twin Blocks in treatment of vertical growth and anterior open bite

INTEGRATION OF TWIN BLOCKS WITH FIXED APPLIANCES

Several indications exist for the integration of twin blocks with fixed appliances. A
combined fixed and functional approach is necessary for correction of more
complex malocclusions in which skeletal and dental factors require a combination
of orthopedic and orthodontic techniques.

Depending on the timing of treatment and the features of the individual case,
alternative approaches may be considered to resolve multifactorial problems.

 First, a preliminary stage of treatment with fixed appliances may be

indicated before the fitting of twin blocks if upper and lower arch form does
not match and the arches need to be leveled or aligned before functional
correction. This technique may be useful if crowding is moderate or severe
and cannot be resolved by twin blocks alone. Depending on the severity of
the problem, lingual appliances may be fitted for interceptive treatment and
arch development or full, bonded, fixed appliances may be used if required.
 Second, because no anterior wires are used in twin blocks, brackets may be
fitted in the labial segments during twin block treatment, and a segmented
arch may be included. This allows the clinician to correct alignment while
reducing overjet, correcting distal occlusion, reducing overbite, and
correcting the transverse dimension. All these objectives can be achieved
simultaneously during the twin block phase of treatment.
 A third possibility is that a full lower fixed appliance may be fitted during
the support phase. Alternatively, a lower lingual appliance may be fitted at
this stage to allow the premolars to erupt while retaining the correct arch
form.
 Finally, twin blocks may be combined with bonded fixed appliances by two
different approaches. Simple, removable twin blocks may be constructed to
fit over a fixed appliance, and ball clasps may be used for retention. Another
option is to construct fixed twin blocks designed for full-time wear and
integration with fixed appliances. Clark has recently designed suitable
 components to achieve this objective. Prototype appliances are currently
being used in clinical tests. This new approach to construction may extend
the integration of twin blocks with fixed appliances.

TREATMENT OF CLASS II DIV 2 MALOCCLUSION:

 Patients with class II div 2 malocclusion usually have a mild class II skeletal
relationship with horizontal growth patterns and well formed chins.
 Minimal mandibular advancement is required to correct the anteroposterior
relationship of Class 2 molar relationship through the placement of an
occlusal table between the teeth and the selective trimming of acrylic to
encourage Eruption of lower molars.
 The original twin block appliances were modified from the standard design
by the addition of springs lingual to the upper incisors to advance retroclined
upper incisors.
 This addition allowed the mandible to be translated down and forward to
correct the distal occlusion at the same time, the occlusal bite blocks were
trimmed to encourage eruption of the posterior teeth to reduce the overbite.
 An edge-to-edge construction bite is registered to correct the distal occlusion
in Class II Division 2 malocclusion. Control of vertical dimension is
achieved by adjusting the thickness of the posterior occlusion inclined
planes.
 The leading edge of the inclined plane must be maintained intact, because
this is the functional mechanism instrumental in correcting the malocclusion.
 At the same time, relationship is corrected by the labial tipping of the upper
incisor crowns, which freeze the mandible from any possible distally locked
position.
SAGITTAL TWIN BLOCK APPLIANCE

The Class II division 2 malocclusion as well as Class II division 1 respond

well to treatment with the twin block sagittal appliance. The sagittal twin
block is designed primarily for anteroposterior arch development.
 Two sagittal screws are positioned in the palate to advance the upper
anterior teeth. Normally the palatal screws are angled to drive the
upper posterior segments distally and buccally along the line of the
arch.
 This movement is necessary to ensure that the arch expands in the
molar region as the screws are opened. If the screws are set parallel in
the palate, the molars are driven into crossbite.
 The screws should be in horizontal plane and should not have a
downward inclination anteriorly. This would make the appliance ride
down the anterior teeth, reducing its effectiveness.
 The anteroposterior positioning of the screws and location of the cuts
determine whether the appliance acts mainly to move upper anterior
teeth labially or to distalise upper posterior teeth. The interdental
clasps also affect the reciprocal action of opening the palatal screws.
 The position of anterior cut determines the number of anterior teeth
included in the anterior segment.
 If only the central incisors are retroclined, these maybe the only teeth
moved labially, alternatively the lateral incisors also may be advanced
by placing the cut distal to the lateral incisors. The incisors are then
opposed against the posterior teeth to advance the labial segment.
  The sagittal design also is useful for unilateral correction through
unequal operation of the sagittal screws according to the amount of
activation required on each side.
 The lower twin block sagittal appliance applies similar principles in
the lower arch.
 The sagittal screws are normally activated twice a week in growing
children: one quarter turn of each screw in the midweek and at the
weekend.
 Less activation may be required for older patients whose tooth
movements are slower.
 Sagittal twin blocks may be combined with brackets on the upper
anterior teeth with a sectional arch wire to correct individual tooth
alignment. This combination of fixed and functional appliance
treatment is effective in correcting arch relationships and alignment
simultaneously during the twin block phase of treatment.

REVERSE TWIN BLOCK

 Correction of Class III malocclusion is achieved by reversing the occlusal

inclined planes to apply a forward component of force to the upper arch and
a downward and backward force to the mandible in the lower molar region.
The inclined planes are set at 70 degrees to the occlusal plane, with bite
blocks covering the lower molars and upper deciduous molars or premolars
and sagittal screws advancing the upper incisors.
 In a Class III malocclusion, the maxilla is frequently contracted laterally and
anteroposteriorly. Three-way expansion is usually required in the upper arch
 to develop the maxilla anteroposteriorly and transversely. As in correction of
Class II malocclusion, the clinician must match the width of the upper arch
to the lower arch as the maxilla advances and the mandible is restricted in
forward development. Therefore the upper arch must be expanded and the
maxilla must be advanced relative to the mandible.
 The bite is propped open in this type of malocclusion, and the only contact is
on the inclined planes to increase the activation. The patient bites down into
the appliance to drive the maxilla forward. This action may be combined
with the application of Class III intermaxillary elastics or a reverse-pull face
mask for forward orthopedic traction to maximize maxillary advancement.

MAGNETIC TWIN BLOCKS

Attracting magnets

The attracting magnets increase the frequency of occlusal contact on the inclined
planes. Indeed patients have observed that on waking, the blocks are in contact ,
probably as a result of attracting magnets. This contact may increase the
effectiveness of appliance at night. Care must be taken to limit the attractive force
magnitude. If the force is too strong, the appliances may be displaced or become a
monobloc, thus losing the advantage of twin block flexibility.

Attracting magnets were useful in these different clinical situations:

1. Class II division 1 malocclusion with a large overjet: The addition of

magnets results in more rapid correction of distal occlusion than would
normally be expected with non-magnetic appliances.
 2. Mild residue Class II buccal segment relationship: Magnetic inclined planes
can be used to accelerate correction of buccal segment relationship to a
super Class I relationship.
3. Mild Class II, division 1 malocclusion: Some patients fail to move forward
consistently with conventional twin blocks and as a result make slow
progress. The magnets improve occlusal contacts of the bite blocks, and
progress improves as a result.
4. Adults with severe Class II, division 2 malocclusions and persistent
headaches associated with occlusal interference- Magnets can be used in
sagittal twin blocks to correct distal occlusion. This technique is combined
with vertical elastics to elevate the lower molars to reduce the overbite.
Magnets assist in posterior eruption.
5. Correction of facial asymmetry: Facial asymmetry provides an obvious
indication for the use of magnets to counteract asymmetric muscle action.
Early interception of facial asymmetry with magnetic inclined planes should
theoretically improve the rate of correction achieved by conventional
functional appliances.

Repelling magnets

The repelling magnetic force is intended to apply additional stimulus to forward

posture as the patient closes into occlusion. There is increase in the rate of
correction compared with a similar group of patients not treated with magnets.

ADVANTAGES OF TWIN BLOCK OVER OTHER FUNCTIONAL

APPLIANCES

• Comfort—patients wear Twin Blocks 24 hours per day and can eat comfortably
with the appliances in place.
• Aesthetics—Twin Blocks can be designed with no visible anterior wires without
losing efficiency in correction of arch relationships.

• Function—the occlusal inclined plane is the most natural of all the functional
mechanisms. There is less interference with normal function because the mandible
can move freely in anterior and lateral excursion without being restricted by a
bulky one-piece appliance.

• Patient compliance—Twin Blocks may be fixed to the teeth temporarily or

permanently to guarantee patient compliance. Removable Twin Blocks can be
fixed in the mouth for the first week or 10 days of treatment to ensure that the
patient adapts fully to wearing them 24 hours per day.

Facial appearance—from the moment Twin Blocks are fitted the appearance is
noticeably improved. The absence of lip, cheek or tongue pads, as used in some
other appliances, places no restriction on normal function, and does not distort the
patient’s facial appearance during treatment. Improvements in facial balance are
seen progressively in the first 3 months of treatment.

• Speech—patients can learn to speak normally with Twin Blocks. In comparison

with other functional appliances, Twin Blocks do not distort speech by restricting
movement of the tongue, lips or mandible.

• Clinical management—adjustment and activation is simple. The appliances are

robust and not prone to breakage. Chairside time is reduced in achieving major
orthopedic correction.

• Arch development—Twin Blocks allow independent control of upper and lower

arch width. Appliance design is easily modified for transverse and sagittal arch
development. • Mandibular repositioning—full-time appliance wear consistently
achieves rapid mandibular repositioning that remains stable out of retention.

• Vertical control—Twin Blocks achieve excellent control of the vertical

dimension in treatment of deep overbite and anterior open bite. Vertical control is
significantly improved by full-time wear. • Facial asymmetry—asymmetrical
activation corrects facial and dental asymmetry in the growing child.

• Safety—Twin Blocks can be worn during sports activities with the exception of
swimming and violent contact sports, when they may be removed for safety.

• Efficiency—Twin Blocks achieve more rapid correction of malocclusion

compared to one-piece functional appliances because they are worn full time. this
benefits patient in all age groups.

• Age of treatment—arch relationships can be corrected from early childhood to

adulthood. However, treatment is slower in adults and the response is less
predictable.

• Integration with fixed appliances—integration with conventional fixed

appliances is simpler than with any other functional appliance. In combined
techniques, Twin Blocks can be used to maximize the skeletal correction while
fixed appliances are used to detail the occlusion. Since Twin Blocks do not need to
have anterior wires, brackets can be placed on the anterior teeth.