Shri Vishnu Engineering College For Women (Autonomous)

ONLINE RENTAL HOUSES FOR TENANTS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

N.V. SUPRAJA [19B01A1281] Y.DEEPIKA[19B01A1285]

V. SRAVIKA[19B01A12C3] T. DURGA [19B01A12B8]

under the esteemed guidance of

MRS.K.SPANDANA
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SHRI VISHNU ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR

WOMEN(AUTONOMOUS)
BHIMAVARAM, 534 202. ANDHRA PRADESH
2020-21

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SHRI VISHNU ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,

(AUTONOMOUS), BHIMAVARAM - 534 202.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ONLINE RENTAL HOUSES FOR

TENANTS” is the bonafide work of “N.V.SUPRAJA[19B01A1281] ,

Y.DEEPIKA[19B01A1285] , V.S.K.SRAVIKA[19B01A12C7] , T.NAGA

DURGA[ 19B01A12C8]” who carried out the project work under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

MR. D. V. NAGA RAJU PROF. K.SPANDANA

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT GUIDE

Professor, Professor,

Dept. of Information Technology, Dept. of Information Technology,

Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Shri Vishnu Engineering College for
Women, (Autonomous), Women (Autonomous),

Bhimavaram - 534 202 Bhimavaram - 534 202.

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own
words and where other’s ideas or words have been included. We have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare
we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misinterpreted or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in our submission. The mini project entitled
“Online Fast Food Ordering System” is a record of bonafide work
carried out by me, submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of
B.Tech in information technology. The results embodied in this project
work won’t be submitted to any other university or institute for the
award of any degree or diploma.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is nature and inevitable that the thoughts and ideas of other people tend to drift
in to the conscious due to various human parameters, where one feels acknowledge
the help and guidance derived from others. We acknowledge each of those who
have contributed for the fulfillment of this project report.

We wish to place our deep sense of gratitude to Sri. K.V. VISHNURAJU,

Chairman of SVES, for his constant support on each and every progressive
work of ours.

We express our heart full thanks to our principal Dr. G. SRINIVASA RAO, for
providing us with all facilities necessary to carry out this project successfully.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Vice Principal Dr. P. SRINIVASA

RAJU, for being a source of an inspiration and constant encouragement.

We are privileged to express our sincere gratitude to honourable Head Of The

Department Prof. D.V. NAGARAJU, for giving his support and guidance in our
endeavors.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere appreciation to our guide Mrs.
K. SPANDANA KALA, Professor (IT), for her indispensable suggestions,
unflinching and esteemed guidance throughout the project
It has been great pleasure doing project work at Shri Vishnu Engineering College
for Women as a part of our curriculum, we express our profound gratitude to who
gave us an opportunity to work in this esteemed organization.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
N.V.SUPRAJA
Y.DEEPIKA
V.S.K.SRAVIKA
T. NAGA DURGA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO: NO :
ABSTRACT vii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES xi
1. CHAPTER – 1 1–5
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK 3
1.3 REQUIREMENTS 4
1.3.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 4
1.3.2 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 5
2. CHAPTER – 2 6–9
2.1 SYSTEM DESIGN 6
2.2 MODULES 7
2.2.1 ADMIN MODULE 8
2.2.2 USER MODULE 8
2.2.3 RENTING MODULE 9
2.3 REQUIREMENTS 9
2.3.1 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE 9
INTERFACE
2.3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 9
2.3.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 9
3. CHAPTER - 3 10 – 17

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3.1 SYSTEM MODEL 10

3.1.1 USE CASES 10
3.1.2 ACTORS 10
3.1.3 SYSTEM BOUNDARY BOXES 10
3.1.4 INCLUDE 10
3.1.5 EXTEND 11
3.1.6 GENERALIZATION 11
3.1.7 ASSOCIATIONS 12
3.1.8 IDENTIFIED USE CASES 13
3.2 FLOW OF ACTIVITY 13
3.2.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT 13
SPECIFICATIONS
3.3 ER DIAGRAM 14
3.3.1 ENTITIES AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES 16
4. CHAPTER - 4 18 – 26
4.1 WEBSITE DESIGN 18
4.1.1 FRONT END DESIGN 18
4.2 BACK END DESIGN 24
4.2.1 REGISTER RELATION 25
4.2.2 LOGIN RELATION 26
4.2.3 QUERY RELATION 26
5. CHAPTER - 5 27 – 38
5.1 GOALS OF TESTING 27
5.1.1VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 27
5.1.2 PRIORITY COVERAGE 27
5.1.3 BALANCED 28
5.1.4 TRACEABLE 30

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5.1.5 DETERMINISTIC 30
5.2 TESTING METHODOLOGIES 31
5.2.1 UNIT TESTING 31
5.2.2 INTEGRATION TESTING 31
5.2.3 FUNCTIONAL TESTING 32
5.2.4 SYSTEM TESTING 32
5.2.5 WHITE BOX TESTING 34
5.2.6 BLACK BOX TESTING 34
5.3 TEST CASES 35
6. CHAPTER - 6 39 – 46
6.1 APPENDIX 39
6.1.1 SAMPLE CODE 39
6.1.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE 45
ENHANCEMENT
6.2 CONCLUSION 45
REFERENCES 46

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ABSTRACT:

This Web Application helps user to book individual home or apartment to assist
you in finding the perfect rental home or property. Also we can find your next
rental from search view in your targeted area. This website is designed to attend to
all our needs from buying or renting/leasing of property in AP. Here we found the
better opportunity to invest our value of entire life. Property helps us to maintain
the database of various agents information. It not only helps us to maintain the
agent information but here we also allow agents to access the portal updated
information across the global environment. We know it is a tiring to search
individual property agents, arrange appointment, finding better time for
appointment,searching houses by roaming and they will assist you. For such
complex process we provide a one simple online form which requires your basic
information and we will assist in sort time Nowadays most of the purchasing of
the items that are needed for the daily basis, can be got through the online mode.
The aim of developing Online Rental House for tenants project is to replace the
traditional way of renting houses with computerized system. Another important
reason for developing this project is to prepare houses renting summary reports
quickly and in correct format at any point of time when required. This PHP project
can be used by our admins to update houses by getting credible information. It is
easy to find houses and through requirements can be known by contacting owners
of houses directly or by online through their phone numbers we provide

It requires less disk space. This uses MYSQL Server as backend so there is not
any chance of data loss or data security. The user interface should be simple and
easy to understand even by the common people. The backend should have a strong
database. The online rental houses system provides the details of both houses and
owner online and the customers can easily book the house by just contacting on
phone.
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The purpose of this document is to provide in-depth descriptions of design and

implementation details of the system, as well as descriptions of all available
functionality and plans for evolution. In addition, user manuals and trouble-
shooting tips have been included for all three components to give the reader a clear
idea of intended typical use cases for the system.

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

Fig – 1 Use Case Diagram 15
Fig – 2 Activity Flow Diagram 17
Fig – 3 Entity Relation Diagram 19
Fig – 4 Home Page 21
Fig – 5 Register Page 22
Fig – 6 Login Page 22
Fig – 7 Navigation Page 23
Fig – 8 Villa Page 23
Fig – 9 1,2 BHK Page 24
Fig – 10 3 BHK Page 24
Fig – 11 HOUSE Page 25
Fig – 12 GALLERY Page 25
Fig – 13 Data Base Structure 26
Fig – 14 Invalid login 26
Fig – 15 Required field 27
Fig – 16 Valid query 27

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

1 Register Table 30
2 Login Table 30
3 Query Table 31
4 Test Cases 31

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CHAPTER - I

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
We are stuck with technology when what we really want is just stuff that works.
With the current paradigm shift in technological field, there is an urgent need to
embrace and appreciate the power of technology. Housing sector remains vigilant
to face the challenges of change by employing a new strategy that facilitates easy
management of rental houses. Hence there is need to develop a House rental
Project. The Home Rental System is Searching in Based on the Apartment House
for rent in metropolitan cities. The Home Rental System is Based on the Owners
and the Customers. The Owner is updated on the Apartment details, and rent
details. The Customer is details about the Room space, Room rent and the Address
Details also. The Home Rental System is best Suitable the owners because time
save and the only contact and the eligible person and there is no need to explain
the room details on the speak. The Home Rental System is best application in the
city place. The customer contact and the easily search and the suitable place of
House and based the Money, Limit Person is based on the suitable house. The
Home Rental System is save the time also. The Rental Management System is used
to easily identify the suitable place in Save time, cost also. Hence this system is
best applicable for the above reasons making House rental an easy process through
an online system.

1.2 Background and Related Work

This Case study looks at the problem of setting up in search of houses. In existing
system there are few problems:

• Currently the most property managers manage property and tenants details on
papers. Once customers find a vacant house, they can talk to manager of the
houses indicating the size of the house they would like rented to them directly.
The property manager talk to them back giving them all the details about the
house they are requesting. The details include Rent per month Deposit paid
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• Terms and conditions to follow acceptance. With the current system recording
the details of various activities of user is completely manual and entails a lot of
paperwork The existing system only provides text-based interface which is not
as user friendly as Graphical user interface. Since the system is implemented
manually, the response is very slow. In this method time and manual work is
required.

Hence, to solve this issue, what I propose is an “Online Rental houses

information”. So, the process would be easy checking online rather than searching
for houses by going directly to them.by our project they can be able to go and
confirm if they are ok with the houses rent and availability we provide.

Anticipated Benefits are:

1.This system Eliminates paper-based process

2. It is Intuitive & user-friendly

3. Greatly helps in Customization and flexibility

4. Useful in Optimal resource allocation

5. Also Highly secure

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1.3 REQUIREMENTS :

1.3.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Functional requirements are the functions or features that must be included in
any system to satisfy the business needs and be acceptable to the users.

 The application must have user registration and login option.

 The application must have registration and sign in option
 The Application shows the details only if they login/sign in with appropriate
details.
 The application must have database details of users with admin.
 The application must have basic details of users as compulsary required.
 The application must have add and edit options for admin.

1.3.2 Non Functional Requirements

Latency:the search functionality should be very fast. The experience should also
not have high latency and must be seamless and fast., the lag between the data
being entered and the result showing up in the search should be acceptable but
shouldn't be too much.
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Consistency: When a new house or apartment(flat) is added, the information needn’t

be available immediately. Eventual consistency should be desirable. However, when
a house is what they wanted, the customer, and the house They should see the same
system without any issues. Hence, in this scenario consistency is imperative.

Availability: High availability is desirable for the best experience of a customer

and also the owners for houses to be rented in an urgency, No owner would like
their houses to be vacant just because the system has crashed, that's a serious loss
of $.

High Throughput: The system should be able to handle high peak load without
problems or failures.

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CHAPTER – II
2.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

1.Design is the first step in the development phase of an engineering product or system.
Design is the place where quality is considered in the software development. Design is the
only way that we can accurately translate user requirements into finished software product
or system. Software design serves as the foundation for all the software engineers and
software maintenance that steps follow. Without design we risk building an unstable design
one that will fail when slight changes are made, one that may be difficult to test and one
whose quantity cannot be assessed until late in software engineering process.

2.As for Online house rental website design, it should stay neat with the primary focus being
on UI simplicity and effective usage of corporate identity. The same works for the mobile
app design you develop, since developing an online house rental reservation system does not
mean crafting an online platform only.

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2.2 MODULES:

Online rental houses system contains 3 modules. They are

1. Admin module
2. User module
3. Renting/booking module

2.2.1 ADMIN MODULE:

This module provides functionality for the power user-Administrator only.

Using a graphical interface, it will allow an Admin to manage the details that is
displayed to users of the

web renting system:

• Add/update/delete houses and their details.

• Add /update/delete featured pictures of houses if needed.

.
• Update price for a house by knowing through house owner.

• Additional information update for given house /flat

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2.2.1 USER MODULE :

This module provides the functionality for customers to place their order and
supply necessary details. Users of the system, namely restaurant customers, must
be provided the following functionality:

 Create an account.
 Log in to the system.
 Navigate to type of house required.
 Check the houses from the menu.
 Check requirements of house and its details.
 Contact owner by the phone number provided
 Navigate to home page
 Give feedback or query if they wanted to.

As the goal of the system is to make the process of renting house simple as possible
for the customer, the functionality provided through the web renting system is
restricted to that which most pertinent to accomplish the desired task.

All of the functions outlined above, with the exceptions of account creation and
management, will be used every time a customer wants to view house and its details.
By not including extraneous functions, I am moving towards my goal of simplifying
the renting process.

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2.2.2 RENTING/BOOKING MODULE:

This is simple and easy module out of all 3 modules. It is designed to be used
only by customers as well as admin, and provides the following functions:

• Contact owner by details and requirements.

• Ready to rent if customers are satisfied with the needs.

2.3 REQUIREMENTS:

2.3.1 Hardware/Software Interface:

This section lists the minimum hardware and software requirements needed to
run the system efficiently.

2.3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Visual studio 2019

• HTML, CSS, PHP.

2.3.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

2.3.3.A . Processor – Any contemporary PC

2.3.3.B . RAM – 8GB

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CHAPTER- III

3.1 SYSTEM MODEL:

A System model is based on use case diagrams. A use case diagram is a dynamic
or behavior diagram in UML. Use case diagrams model the functionality of a
system using actors and use cases. Use cases are a set of actions, services, and
functions that the system needs to perform. In this context, a "system" is something
being developed or operated, such as a web site.

The "actors" are people or entities operating under defined roles within the system.

3.1.1 Use cases:

A use case describes a sequence of actions that provide something of measurable

value to an actor and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse.

3.1.2 . Actors:

An actor is a person, organization, or external system that plays a role in one or

more interactions with the system.

3.1.3 System boundary boxes:

A rectangle is drawn around the use cases, called the system boundary box, to
indicate the scope of system. Anything within the box represents functionality that
is in scope and anything outside the box is not.

3.1.4 Include:

In one form of interaction, a given use case may include another. "Include is a Directed
Relationship between two use cases, implying that the behavior of the included use case is

inserted into the behavior of the including use case.

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3.1.5 Extend:
In another form of interaction, a given use case (the extension) may extend
another. This relationship indicates that the behavior of the extension use case may
be inserted in the extended use case under some conditions. The notation is a
dashed arrow from the extension to the extended use case, with the label
"«extend»". Modelers use the «extend» relationship to indicate use cases that are
"optional" to the base use case.
3.1.6 Generalization:
In the third form of relationship among use cases, a generalization/specialization
relationship exists. A given use case may have common behaviors,
requirements, constraints, and assumptions with a more general use case. In this
case, describe them once, and deal with it in the same way, describing any
differences in the specialized cases. The notation is a solid line ending in a
hollow triangle drawn from the specialized to the more general use case
(following the standard generalization notation.

USE CASE DIAGRAM:

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Fig – 1 Use Case Diagram

3.1.7 Associations: Associations between actors and use cases are indicated in
use case diagrams by solid lines. An association exists whenever an actor is
involved with an interaction described by a use case. Associations are modelled

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as lines connecting use cases and actors to one another, with an optional
arrowhead on one end of the line. The arrowhead is often used to indicating the
direction of the initial invocation of the relationship or to indicate the primary
actor within the use case.

3.1.8 Identified Use Cases:

The “user model view” encompasses a problem and solution from the
preservative of those individuals whose problem the solution addresses. The
view presents the goals and objectives of the problem owners and their
requirements of the solution. This view is composed of “use case diagrams”.
These diagrams describe the functionality provided by a system to external
integrators. These diagrams contain actors, use cases, and their relationships.

3.2.FLOW OF ACTIVITY :

3.2.1Functional Requirement Specifications:

Activity Diagram:

This section lists the activity diagram and describes the flow of the activities in the
system. A detailed description is then given after the figure for each activity.
Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities
and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified
Modelling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and
operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity
diagram shows the overall flow of control.

Activity diagrams present a number of benefits to users. Consider creating an

activity diagram to:
 Demonstrate the logic of an algorithm.
 Describe the steps performed in a UML use case.
 Illustrate a business process or workflow between users and the system.
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 Simplify and improve any process by clarifying complicated use cases.

Following figure provides the overview of the activity of the Online renting
houses System application.

Fig – 2 Activity Flow Diagram

3.2 ER DIAGRAM :

An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modeling technique that

graphically illustrates an information system’s entities and the relationships
between those entities. An ERD is a conceptual and representational model of data
used to represent the entity framework infrastructure.

The elements of an ERD

are:Entities
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Relationships
Attributes

Steps involved in creating an ERD include:

1. Identifying and defining the entities

2. Determining all interactions between the entities
3. Analyzing the nature of interactions/determining the cardinality of the
relationships
4. Creating the ERD

An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is crucial to creating a good database design.

It is used as a high-level logical data model, which is useful in developing a
conceptual design for databases.

An entity is a real-world item or concept that exists on its own. Entities are
equivalent to database tables in a relational database, with each row of the table
representing an instance of that entity.

An attribute of an entity is a particular property that describes the entity. A

relationship is the association that describes the interaction between entities.

3.2.1Entities and their attributes:

Customer entity: id (username), email, password, phone number.

Login entity: id (username),, email, password, phone number.

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Fig – 3 ER Diagram

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CHAPTER - IV
4.1.WEBSITE DESIGN
A module description provides detailed information about the module and it’s
supported components, which is accessible in different manners. Every project is
divided into modules and every module is divided into tasks.

4.1.1 FRONT END

In our project we have used HTML, CSS, PHP for building frontend web pages.

FRONT END:

Fig – 4 HOME PAGE

in order to register , we have to click on register in home page

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Fig – 5 REGISTER PAGE

After getting registered, we have to login to view details of houses

Fig – 6 LOGIN PAGE

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After clicking on login button, you will be directed to this page

Fig 7 NAVIGATION PAGE

When you want to rent a villa clicked on click here besides villa, you will be
directed to villa page

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Fig – 8 VILLA PAGE

When you want to rent a villa clicked on click here besides 1,2 BHK, you will be
directed to 1,2 BHK page

Fig – 9 1,2 BHK PAGE

When you want to rent a villa clicked on click here besides 3 BHK flat, you will be
directed to 3 BHK pag

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Fig – 10 3 BHK PAGE

When you want to rent a villa clicked on click here besides portions of house page ,you will be directed to
house page

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Fig – 11 HOUSE PAGE

When we see all the pictures related to villas,1,2,3 BHK flats, houses the details are
displayed at the last we can have a look at them if we are interested to rent the house.

In the figure 1 we can see the home page and if customer want to have a look on how
the houses would be,this website provides a gallery option to display types of houses as

samples,when clicked on gallery , it will be directed to gallery page.

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Fig – 12 GALLERY PAGE

4.1 BACKEND DESIGN :

We have used XAMPP for backend development. In this, we have created a

database called “my_db”. The relations that are required for the online house
renting system are created under this my_db named database.

Here we have created 3 relations. They are:

1. login
2. register
3. contact us

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Fig – 13 Data Base Structure

4.2.1 REGISTER RELATION :

This relation is used to store the details of the customers who registered
through our website. This relations includes the attributes like Username, Email
id, password,
phone number.

The description of the relation is as follows :

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Table – 1 Register Table

4.2.2 LOGIN RELATION :

This relation is used to store the login details that are available in our web site.This
relation includes the attributes like username,password.
The desciption of the relation is as follows:

Table – 2 Login Table

4.2.3 QUERY RELATION :

This relation is used to store the query related details of the customers.
This relation includes the attributes like username, email, and query.

The description of the relation is as follows :

Table – 3 Query Table

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CHAPTER - V

5.1 GOALS OF TESTING

TESTING The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process

of trying to discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It
provides a way to check the functionality of components, subassemblies,
assemblies and/or a finished product. It is the process of exercising software
with the intent of ensuring that the software system meets its requirements and
user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various
types of test.
Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

5.1.1.Verification and Validation:

It would not be right to say that testing is done only to find faults. Faults will be
found by everybody using the software. Testing is a quality control measure
used to verify that a product works as desired. Software testing provides a status
report of the actual product in comparison to product requirements (written and
implicit).

Testing process has to verify and validate whether the software fulfills conditions
laid down for its release/use. Testing should reveal as many errors as possible in
the software under test, check whether it meets its requirements and also bring it
to an acceptable level of quality.

5.1.2.Priority Coverage:
Exhaustive testing is impossible. We should perform tests efficiently and

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effectively, within budgetary and scheduling limitations. Therefore, testing needs

to assign effort reasonably and prioritize thoroughly. Generally, every feature

should be tested at least with one valid input case. We can also test input
permutations, invalid input, and non-functional requirements depending upon

the operational profile of software. Highly present and frequent use scenarios
should have more coverage than infrequently encountered and insignificant
scenarios. Pareto principle also states that 80 percent of all software defects
uncovered during testing will likely be traceable to 20 percent of all program
components. The problem, of course, is to isolate these suspect components and to
thoroughly test them.

5.1.3.Balanced:
Testing process must balance the written requirements, real-world technical
limitations, and user expectations. The testing process and its results must be
repeatable and independent of the tester, i.e., consistent and unbiased. Apart
from the process being employed in development there will be a lot unwritten or
implicit requirements. While testing, the software testing team should keep all
such requirements in mind. They must also realize that we are part of
development team, not the users of the software. Testers personal views are but
one of many considerations. Bias in a tester invariably leads to a bias in
coverage. The end user's viewpoint is obviously vital to the success of the
software, but it is not all that matters as all needs cannot be fulfilled because of
technical, budgetary or scheduling limitations. Every defect/shortcoming has to
be prioritized with respect to their time and technical constraints.

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5.1.4Traceable:
Documenting both the successes and failures helps in easing the process of
testing. What was tested, and how it was tested, are needed as part of an
ongoing testing process. Such things serve as a means to eliminate duplicate
testing effort. Test plans should be clear enough to be read and comprehended.
We should agree on the common established documentation methods to avoid
the chaos and to make documentation more useful in error prevention.

5.1.5.Deterministic:

Problem detection should not be random in testing. We should know what we are
doing, what are we targeting, what will be the possible outcome. Coverage criteria
should expose all defects of a decided nature and priority. Also, afterward
surfacing errors should be categorized as to which section in the coverage it would
have occurred, and can thus present a definite cost in detecting such defects in
future testing. Having clean insight into the process allows us to better estimate
costs and to better direct the overall development.

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5.2 TESTING METHODOLOGIES

5.2.1.UNIT TESTING
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid
outputs. All decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is
the testing of individual software units of the application. It is done after the
completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing,
that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform
basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application,
and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a
business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and
contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.

5.2.2.INTEGRATION TESTING
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is
more concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests
demonstrate that although the components were individually satisfaction, as
shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of components is correct
and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the
problems that arise from the combination of components.

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5.2.3.FUNCTIONAL TESTING
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system
documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to
identify Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and
successive processes must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is
complete, additional tests are identified and the effective value of current tests is
determined.
5.2.4.SYSTEM TESTING

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results.
Testing is done with the test data, specially designed to show that the system
will operate successfully in all conditions. The system testing is a confirmation
that everything is correct and an opportunity to show the user that the system
works. The final step involves Validation testing, which determines whether the
software, functions as the user expected. The end-user rather than the system
developer conducts this tes

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5.2.5.WHITE BOX TESTING

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or least
its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a
black box level.

It is testing of a software solution's internal structure, design, and coding. In this

type of testing, the code is visible to the tester. It focuses primarily on verifying
the flow of inputs and outputs through the application, improving design and
usability, strengthening security. White box testing is also known as Clear Box
testing, Open Box testing, Structural testing, Transparent Box testing, Code-
Based testing, and Glass Box Testing.

5.2.6.BLACK BOX TESTING

It is a testing technique in which functionality of the Application Under Test

(AUT) is tested without looking at the internal code structure, implementation
details and knowledge of internal paths of the software. This type of testing is
based entirely on software requirements and specifications. In Black Box
Testing we just focus on inputs and output of the software system without
bothering about internal knowledge of the software

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5.3.TEST CASES :

A test case is a document, which has a set of test data, preconditions, expected
results and post conditions, developed for a particular test scenario in order to
verify compliance against a specific requirement. Test Case acts as the starting
point for the test execution, and after applying a set of input values, the
application has a definitive outcome and leaves the system at some end point or
also known as execution post condition.

Test case writing is major activity and plays one of the most important roles in
software testing. It is not only concern with the testers. It is used by every person
involved in software development process like the testing team, development
team as well as the management team.

TEST CASES :
Te Test Sample Input Expec Actal T
st Cas ted Outp e
sce e outpu ut s
na t t
rio k
e
y

Re Ente Username:Na Regist Regis p

gist r ndini ered tered a
er vali succe s
Email:nandu Succe
d ssfull s
@gmail.com ssfull

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cred y. y.
Password:123
entia
45
ls

Lo Ente Username:Na Direct Direct p

gin r ndini s to ed to a
vali navig navig s
Password:123
d ation ation s
45
cred page page
entia for
ls detail
s

Lo Ente Username:Na Please Pleas p

gin r ndu enter e a
vali valid enter s
Password:123
d details valid s
4
cred detail
entia s
ls

Co Ente Username:Na Data Data p

nta r ndini saved saved a
ct your to to s
Email:nandu
us databa datab s
quer @gmail.com
se ase
y
Query:everyth
ing seems fine

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Co Ente Username:Na Email Email p

nta r ndini requir requir a
ct your ed ed s
Email-
us quer s
y Query:nothing

Table - 4 : Test Cases

Fig – 14 invalid Login

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Fig –15 Required field

Fig –16 Valid Query

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CHAPTER – VI
6.1.Appendix:

6.1.1 SAMPLE CODES :

Introduction to HTML:

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
HTML describes the structure of a Web page
HTML consists of a series of elements
HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph",
"this is a link", etc.
A Simple HTML Document

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained:

The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page

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The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's
title bar or in the page's tab)
The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible
contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
The <h1> element defines a large heading
The <p> element defines a paragraph
What is an HTML Element?
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are
called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Web Browsers:

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents
and display them correctly.

Introduction to CSS:

What is CSS?

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.

CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media.
CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
External stylesheets are stored in CSS files.

 CSS is the language we use to style an HTML document.

 CSS describes how HTML elements should be displayed.

CSS Example:

body {

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background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}

p{
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}

Why to use CSS?

CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations
in display for different devices and screen sizes.
Introduction to PHP:

PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive
Web pages.PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as
Microsoft's ASP.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
echo "My first PHP script!";
?>

</body>
</html>

What is PHP?

 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

 PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language.
 PHP scripts are executed on the server.
What is a PHP File?

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 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code.
 PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain
HTML.
 PHP files have extension ".php".

What Can PHP Do?

 PHP can generate dynamic page content.

 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server.
 PHP can collect form data.
 PHP can send and receive cookies.
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database.
 PHP can be used to control user-access.
 PHP can encrypt data.
 With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files,
and even Flash movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.

Why PHP?

 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.).

 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.).
 PHP supports a wide range of databases.
 PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side.

Introduction to MySQL
MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System.
MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing various web-based
software applications. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB,
which is a Swedish company. This tutorial will give you a quick start to MySQL and
make you comfortable with MySQL programming.

MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big businesses.
MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish
company. MySQL is becoming so popular because of many good reasons −

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 MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to pay to

use it.

 MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large subset of the
functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.

 MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.

 MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages including
PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.

 MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.

 MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web
development.

 MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a table. The

default file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can increase this (if your operating
system can handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).

 MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows programmers to

modify the MySQL software to fit their own specific environments.

 Some of the examples use the table shop to hold the price of each article (item
number) for certain traders (dealers). Supposing that each trader has a single fixed
price per article, then (article, dealer) is a primary key for the records

 Start the command-line tool mysql and select a database:

Ex: shell> mysql your-database-name

To create and populate the example table, use these statements:

CREATE TABLE shop (

article INT UNSIGNED DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,

dealer CHAR(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

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price DECIMAL(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));

INSERT INTO shop VALUES

(1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),

(3,'C',1.69),(3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);

After issuing the statements, the table should have the following contents:

SELECT * FROM shop ORDER BY article;

+---------+--------+-------+

| article | dealer | price |

+---------+--------+-------+

| 1|A | 3.45 |

| 1|B | 3.99 |

| 2|A | 10.99 |

| 3|B | 1.45 |

| 3|C | 1.69 |

| 3|D | 1.25 |

| 4|D | 19.95 |

+---------+--------+-------+

6.1.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

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In future our project is meant to satisfy the needs of rental house owners. Several user
friendly interfaces have also been adopted. This package shall prove to be a powerful in
satisfying all the requirements of the users. It is with utmost faith that I present this
software to you hoping that it will solve your problems and encourage you to continue
appreciating technology because it is meant to change and ease all our work that seems to
be very difficult. I don't mean that my project is the best or that I have used the best
technology available it just a simple and a humble venture that is easy to understand. In
extent we can add GPS system in build and can give live chat online option to users. This
project can also be extended to IOS Platform, and several state Database can be included.
Could also allow local business to push deals/coupons within a certain geographic area.

6.2. Conclusion:

Effectively resolving the apartment issues is important to the buyer's long-term future, the
Home Rental Project will be an important tool for creating rental housing stability by
helping tenants speak with greater credibility through initiating and documenting
communications and building productive relationships with sellers. Home Rental project
provides buyers of specific housing associations and social sellers International Journal
of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 1681 with a simple way to report and
arrange repairs to properties. Finally, the goal of the project is to create a better
relationship between tenants and a sellers which can be achieved through this project.

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REFERENCES:

[1] Levin, K. (1999), Database Management Systems: How to use Relational Databases,
vol. 2, no 4

[2] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/php_and_mysql.html

[3] https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_mysql_insert.asp

[4] https://www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp

[5] https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp

[6] Macoloo, G. (1994), The changing nature of financing low income urban housing
development in Kenya, Housing Studies, vol. 9,
Issue 2, pages 189- 281.

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