MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR

Department of chemical Engineering

Mass transfer Labrotory-1

II YEAR, SEMESTER-4

EXPERIMENT#7
Thermal conductivity of liquids

INSTRUCTUR
Mr.Harsh Pandey

NAME-Amoluck Bhatia
ID-209101001

DATE OF EXPERIMENT-09/05/2022

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………............... (10)

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE ……………………….….. (30)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………............. (30)
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………….. (10)

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………….. (5)

APPENDIX Original data, sample calculations, other information………. (5)

GENERAL COMPLETENESS Conciseness and neatness………………………… (10)

TOTAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (100)

CONTENT TABLE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.OBJECTIVE
2.INTRODUCTION
3.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.PROCEDURE
5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.REFRENCE
8.APPENDEX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this experiment the objective was to visually observe the process of film
wise and dropwise condensation and to compare the heat transfers in film
wise and dropwise condensation. Steam may condense onto a surface in two
distinct modes, known as Film wise & dropwise. For the same temperature
difference between the steam and the surface, dropwise condensation is
several times more effective than film wise, and for this reason the former is
desirable although in practical plants, it seldom occurs for prolonged periods.
The procedure to find out film and dropwise condensation is also expressed,
and the observation and calculation of the data is also done. During
condensation very high heat fluxes are possible and provided the heat can be
quickly transferred from the condensing surface into the cooling medium,
steam using heat exchangers can be compact and effective. The heat flux for
the dropwise condensation is higher than the film wise condensation and the
heat transfer coefficient for the dropwise condensation is also higher than the
film wise condensation.

OBJECTIVE
To study the heat transfer in the process of condensation
Aim: To calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for dropwise and film
wise condensation theoretically as well as experimentally

INTRODUCTION
The use of steam both for power production and to convey heat has a long
history and its use in these fields is likely to continue into the foreseeable
future.
In all applications, the steam must be condensed as it transfers heat to a
cooling medium which could be the cold water in the condensers of generating
station, hot water in heating calorifier, a sugar solution in a sugar refinery etc.
During condensation very high heat fluxes are possible and provided the heat
can be quickly transferred from the condensing surface into the cooling
medium, steam using heat exchangers can be compact and effective.
Steam may condense onto a surface in two distinct modes, known as Film wise
& dropwise. For the same temperature difference between the steam and the
surface, dropwise condensation is several times more effective than film wise,
and for this reason the former is desirable although in practical plants, it
seldom occurs for prolonged periods.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

A).CONDENSATION
Condensation of a vapor to a liquid and vaporization of a liquid to a vapor both
involve a change of phase of a fluid with large heat-transfer coefficients.
Condensation occurs when a saturated vapor such as steam meets a solid
whose surface temperature is below the saturation temperature, to form a
liquid such as water
Normally, when a vapor condenses on a surface such as a vertical or horizontal
tube or other surface, a film of condensate is formed on the surface and flows
over the surface by the action of gravity. It is this film of liquid between the
surface and the vapor that forms the main resistance to heat-transfer. This is
called film wise condensation.
Another type of condensation, dropwise condensation, can occur, where small
drops are formed on the surface. These drops grow and coalesce, and the
liquid flows from the surface. During this condensation, large areas of tube are
devoid of any liquid and are exposed directly to the vapor. Very high rates of
heat-transfer occur on these bare areas. The average coefficient can be as high
as 110 000 W/m2 ·K (20 000 btu/h.ft2 ·°F), which is five to 10 times larger than
film-type coefficients. Film-condensation coefficients are normally much
greater than those in forced convection and are on the order of magnitude of
several thousand W/m2. K or more.

B). FILM-WISE CONDENSATION

Unless specially treated, most materials are wetting and as condensation
occurs a film of condensate spreads over the surface. The thickness of the film
depends upon several factors such as (1) the rate of condensation, (2) the
viscosity if the condensate and (3) orientation of condensing surface, whether
vertical, horizontal, or inclined. As fresh vapor condenses on top of film, the
heat of condensation must pass by conduction through the film to the metal
surface beneath. As the film thickness, it flows downward and drips from the
low points leaving the film intact and at an equilibrium thickness.
Film-Condensation coefficients for vertical surfaces Film-type condensation on
a vertical wall or tube can be analysed analytically by assuming laminar flow of
the condensate film down the wall. The film thickness is zero at the top of the
wall or tube and increases in thickness as it flows downward because of
condensation. Nusselt (Hl, Wl) assumed that the heat transfer from the
condensing vapor at T sat K, through this liquid film, and to the wall at Tw K
was by conduction. Equating this heat-transfer by conduction to that from
condensation of the vapor, a final expression can be obtained for the average
heat-transfer coefficient over the whole surface.
The recommended expression for vertical surfaces in laminar flow is:
hL
N U= =1.13 ¿
ki

where p, is the density of liquid in kg/m3 and PV that of the vapor, g is 9.8066
m/s2, L is the vertical height of the surface or tube in m, µ, is the viscosity of
liquid in Pa ·s, k1 is the liquid thermal conductivity in W/m ·K, ΔT = Tsat - Tw in K,
and hfg is the latent heat of condensation in J/kg at Tsat. All physical properties
of the liquid except hfg are evaluated at the film temperature Tf= (Tsat+ Tw)/2.

C). DROPWISE CONDESNATION

When the condensate does not wet the surface, it forms the droplets on the
surface, it is known as “dropwise condensation”. When the surface tension is
large, the condensate coalesces into a multitude of droplets of different sizes.
With time, each droplet grows as more vapours condenses on its exposed
surface. The formation of each droplet is initiated at a point of surface
imperfection (pit, scratch, etc.) and such sites are called “nucleation sites”. At
some time, the tangential pull of gravity, or sheer force exerted by the vapor
stream, dislodges the droplet and carries it downstream. The moving droplet
devours the smaller droplets in its path, thereby creating a clean trail ready for
the generation of new droplets of smaller sizes. This surface renewal process
occurs periodically as the droplets accumulate and grow. Since the
condensation rate is the highest in the absence of condensate on the surface,
the periodic cleaning performed by the large drops renews finite size regions
of the surface for the restart of the condensation. This surface renewal process
is the main reason why dropwise condensation is a highly effective heat
transfer mechanism. The heat transfer coefficient is roughly ten times greater
than the corresponding condensation in the form of thin film. In the design of
condensers, whose function is to cool a vapor stream and to convert it into
liquid, there is a great advantage to promote the breakup of the condensate
into droplets. This can be achieved by:
 Coating the solid surface with an organic substance like wax, oil, oleic acid,
etc.
 Injecting non-wetting chemicals into the vapor, which get deposited on the
surface of the condenser.
 Coating the surface with a polymer of low surface energy like Teflon, silicone,
etc. or with a noble metal like gold, silver, etc.
The mechanism of dropwise condensation is complex because of its
intermittent time dependent character, effect of surface tension (due to drop
size and shape) and the uncertainty associated with the location of nucleation
sites and the time when the largest droplet will start its downstream
movement.

PROCEDURE
STARTUP
1.Ensure that all the valves are closed
2.Fill water in the boiler
3.Switch on the heater and set it at a temperature of 110.c

OPERATION
1.Open the valve to allow the steam to flow once the set temperature is
reached
2.Start the cold-water supply and open the inlet valve to the condenser for film
wise condensation to take place.
3.Set a particular rate of cold water
4.Start the stopwatch
5.Drain out the wet steam in regular intervals
6.After steady state is achieved, note down the temperature readings
7.Collect the condensate formed and measure its volume
8. Note down the time
9.Repeat the above procedure for different flowrate of cold water
10.Close the cold-water supply to the plain condenser and open the supply
valve to the plated condenser for drop wise condensation to take place
11.Repeat the same steps as that for film wise condensation

SHUT DOWN
1.Drain out all the steam and condensate from the apparatus
2.Close the cold-water supply valve
3.Switch off the heater and main electricity supply
4.Drain out the water inside the boiler

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Heat flux: -
 SR.NO Fw(LPH) V(ml) TIME INITIAL FINAL
        T4 T3 T2 T2 T3 T5
1 30 16 180 34 70.2 66.8 35
2 30 17 180 34.6 77.6 80.5 35.5
3 30 17 180 34.8 73.5 73.4 35.1

TABLE 1- FILM WISE CONDENSATION

SR.NO Fw(LPH) V(ml) TIME INITIAL FINAL

        T1 T3 T4 T1 T3 T5
1 30 16 180 61 58 33.7 73.8 78.5 35.1
2 30 17 180 73.6 69.5 33.8 80.8 80.7 35.5
3 30 17 180 76.5 68.8 33.8 78.5 74.5 35.2

TABLE 2- DROP WISE CONDENSATION

Table 7.1 Obtained result for Drop wise Condensation
Flowrate Time Q Uexp UTH
100 300 602.7014 508.47513 89.68171
75 300 586.0121 498.83029 72.31827
70 300 625.3452 556.36557 69.22157

Table 7.2 Obtained result for Film wise Condensation

Flowrate Time Q Uexp UTH
85 180 669.7467 568.00397 80.48312
80 180 670.6846 572.07413 77.24625
70 180 590.9267 507.51151 69.59895

This experiment, film wise and drop wise condensation takes place. Film wise
condensation takes place on the non coated condenser, and drop wise
condensation takes place on the coated condenser. There is an increased
resistance in case of film wise condensation due to the formation of a layer.
This increased resistance results in lesser heat transfer across the plate.
For drop wise condensation the Overall heat transfer coefficient varied from
69.2 W/m2.℃ to 89.7 W/m2 ℃ , whereas that for film wise condensation varied
from 69.669.2 W/m2.℃ to 80.569.2 W/m2.℃ . The heat transfer in case of drop
wise condensation varied from 586.01W to 556.4W, whereas for film wise the
heat transfer varied from 590.9W to 670.7W. These experimental values do not
match the theoretical observation due to certain errors while performing the
experiment.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

From the above graphs the heat flux increases with the increase in the
temperature difference on the surface both for the dropwise and film wise
condensation. The surface heat transfer coefficient vs temperature difference
also follows almost the same trend in both the cases. But from the values the
dropwise condensation is better than the film wise condensation.
The dropwise condensations the priority of the design engineers. Both
dropwise and film wise are the properties of material and therefore cost plays
the major role here. But in practical plants due to higher cost of material and
process to achieve the required surface for the dropwise condensation, the
dropwise condensation is mostly avoided. Dropwise condensation has higher
heat flux due to the direct contact of the steam with the surface while in film
wise condensation the steam does not contact directly with the surface of the
tube rather it has to contact with the resistive layer of water film around the
tube. This layer in the film wise condensation a continuous effectively change
the effect of heat transfer.
Film wise and drop wise condensation were performed at different flow rates
but the trend shows that as the flow rate of the fluid increase the inlet and
outlet temperatures become smaller and the heat flux become large and same
is the case for heat transfer coefficient.

PRECAUTION
1. Do not touch the glass surface during experimentation
2. Never operate the heater whenever the water level falls below the
heater element as this may cause a permanently damage to the heater
3. Upon shutdown, keep the cooling water flowing for at least 5 minutes
through the condensers to cold them down.
REFERENCE
https://www.studocu.com/row/document/pakistan-institute-of-engineering-
applied-sciences/heat-mass-transfer/lab-03-film-dropwise-condensation/
15527398
KERN, DQ.,HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS.MCGRAWLL HILL COMPANIES
Foust, A. S. {2008). Principles of Unit Operations (2nd editio). Wiley.