09-03-2021

CAD
Hardware and Software

INTRODUCTION

 There are two basic components in a CAD system.

1) Computer Hardware
2) Computer Sof tware

 Hardware consists of the Graphics workstations, Graphics

input devices like mouse, keyboard and digitizer and output
devices like plotter and printer.

 Computer sof tware for CAD includes:

▪ The operating system which controls the basic house-keeping
operations in the computer.
▪ Software packages used for geometric modeling like solid modeling,
wireframe modeling and drafting.
▪ Application software which includes the programs for design analysis
and synthesis.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

HARDWARE OF A CAD SYSTEM

COMPUTER SYSTEM:
▪ Mainframe Computer and Graphics Terminals
▪ Powerful
▪ Inconvenient
▪ High cost
▪ Turn-Key CAD System
▪ Dedicated computer systems for CAD applications, consisting of a super-
mini computer and several design work stations.
▪ Following the “central control concept”
▪ Inconvenient and not powerful enough for complex 3D modeling.
▪ Workstations & High-End Personal Computers
▪ Supporting multiple tasks
▪ Supporting network and file-sharing – convenient
▪ Low cost
▪ Present and trend

COMPUTER HARDWARE

INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

COMPUTER
Graphical Input Graphical Output
(CAD Workstation, Alpha-Numeric Output
Alpha-Numeric Input Computer Terminals)

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

A. Two techniques:
1. Vector or Stroke Device
2. Raster Scan Device
B. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) - A Vector Device
C. Television Monitor - Raster Device
D. Two Raster Display Devices (CRT and LCD)
E. Flat Panel Display (FPD) Technology
1. LCD (Liquid Cr ystal Display)
2. Organic LED or OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
3. Gas Plasma Display
F. Plotters & Printers

RASTER SCAN DISPLAY …

In raster scan, the entire screen is divided

into a matrix of picture cells called pixels.
The total number of pixel sets is usually
referred to as resolution. (640 x 480)
Picture definition is stored in memory area
called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. This
memory area holds the set of intensity values
for all the screen points (pixels).
Stored intensity values are then retrieved
from the refresh buffer & each scan line is
refreshed (60 frames/sec)
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1. RASTER SCAN DISPLAY

RASTER SCAN DISPLAY …

B & W Terminal requires 1bit/pixel (1 if on,

0 if off)
Additional bit planes for achieving different
gray levels/colors. (8 bits/pixel = 2 8 gray
scales)
Colour: 24 bit/pixel (8 bit each for R, G & B
= 2 24 diff. colours)
High colour capacity = More FB & memory
Flickering = Refresh Rate

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GRAPHICS DISPLAY SYSTEM

Video Controller
(DAC)

RASTER SCAN DISPLAY …

 Advantages:

◼Low Cost
◼Bright & Clear image
◼Redraw image at faster rate
◼Generate colour pictures
 Disadvantages:

◼More memory
◼Inclined line appears jaggy

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2. RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY

 Screen is scanned randomly

 Beam operates like pencil & vectors are drawn (one line at a
time)
 Also referred to as vector displays (or stroke-writing or
calligraphic displays)
 Picture information is stored as a set of line drawing commands,
which may be refreshed 30 to 60 times per sec.
 Also known as Directed Beam Refresh

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RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY …

 Advantages:

◼Perfect inclined lines

◼Higher resolution

 Disadvantages:

◼Cannot display shaded image

◼Colour capacity is limited
◼Drg. with large lines = flickering problem

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

Vector or S troke D evice Raster S can D evice
• Example-Pen Plotter • Example-Dot Matrix, Laser
Printer

• Instructions : • Use an array A(I,J)

Pen up; x4,y4; x1,y1; x5,y5; • Where each element is “0”
Pen down; x1,y1; x2,y2; or “1”
• 0 – blank
Pen up; x3,y3 • 1 – dot

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

Vector or S troke D evice Raster S can D evice
Advantages
• Good Resolution • Speed is independent of
▪ Straight Lines image
▪ Smooth Curves
• Dif ficult to do half tone
• Requires limited memor y
and few instructions shading
Disadvantages
• Slow for complex images – • Limited resolution
flicker s on CRT • Requires large memor y for
• Shading dif ficult and slow array storage

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube) – A Vector D evice
The electron beam, which is deflected electrostatically or
magnetically, causes phosphor coating to glow. Per sistence
depends on coating material (10-60 µsec). The display is
refreshed 30~60 times/sec above the fusion frequency of the
human eyes (23 times/sec).

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CRT

The principle of operation of CRT is : when the high energy electron beam strikes the
phosphor coating at a very high speed , the energy transfer from the electron beam to
the phosphor causes it to illuminate and glow.
An electron beam emitted by a electron gun passes through the focusing and
deflecting systems and strikes on to a phosphor coated glass screen at very high speed.
The electron gun energizes the phosphor coating it to emit a light and glow the at he
points where the electron beam makes contact.
The control grid in the electron gun controls the intensity of the electron beam
between zero and maximum. The focusing system forces the electron beam to
converge into a small spot as it strikes the phosphor coated screen.
The deflection system of the CRT controls the horizontal(x) and vertical(y) positions of
the electron beam

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CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

Refresh Rate
to
maintain
flicker
free image on
Ph screen

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CRT – COLOUR MONITOR

Shadow mask
activate a
dot triangle
when the
three beam
passes.
Various colours
by varying
intensities
of the
beams.
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CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

 Different output devices may be used - monitors, printers,

plotters
 Most common is the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor
▪ Horizontal and vertical deflectors focus an electron beam
emitted by an electron gun on any spot on a phosphor
coated screen
▪ The maximum number of points, or pixels that can be
displayed without overlap is called the resolution, e.g.
1024x768, 800x600 etc.
▪ Colour systems have groups of 3 different phosphors, for
red, green and blue (the primary colours)

▪ The CRT uses a combination of these phosphors to emit

different coloured light

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PHOSPHORS

 Once struck by the electron beam most

phosphors relax back to the ground state by
emitting a photon of light
 This light is called fluorescence, which normally
decays in under a millisecond
 Some molecules may be further excited, and
emit a light call phosphorescence, which decays
slower, but still rapidly (15-20 milliseconds)
 Therefore, the screen must be refreshed by
redrawing the image

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PHOSPHORS

 So phosphors may be characterised by their

persistence
▪ (time to decay of emitted light)

 High persistence cheap and good for text, bad

for animation (original IBM PC monitor)
 Low persistence, good for animation, but
needs a high refresh rate or flicker can be
observed
 50-60 Hz is usually sufficient to avoid flicker

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FLAT PANEL DISPLAY

 The Flat-Panel display refer s to a class of video devices that

have reduced volume, weight and power requirement compare
to CRT.
 E xample: Small T.V. monitor, calculator, pocket video games,
laptop computer s, an adver tisement board in elevator.

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FLAT PANEL DISPLAY

1. Emissive Display: The emissive displays are

devices that convert electrical energy into light.
Examples are Plasma Panel, thin film
electroluminescent display and LED (Light Emitting
Diodes).
2. Non-Emissive Display: The Non-Emissive
displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or
light from some other source into graphics patterns.
Examples are LCD (Liquid Crystal Device).

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

Raster D evice ( Television Monitor)

The resolution of the display is determined by the size of the screen pixel. This size
is limited by the beam resolution (~ 0,01 u) and display memory.

An example: a 13-inch screen (8 inch x 10 inch)

100 x 100 pixels/in 2 for a monochrome monitor.
1 bit/pixel (8bits for color or multiple gray levels)
80 in 2 x 10000 pixels/in 2 = 800000bits

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Raster Scan System Random Scan System

Resolution It has poor or less Resolution because It has High Resolution because it stores
picture definition is stored as a picture definition as a set of line commands.
intensity value.
Electron- Electron Beam is directed from top to Electron Beam is directed to only that part of
Beam bottom and one row at a time on screen where picture is required to be drawn,
screen, but electron beam is directed one line at a time so also called Vector
to whole screen. Display.
Cost It is less expensive than Random Scan It is Costlier than Raster Scan System.
System.
Refresh Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frame per Refresh Rate depends on the number of lines
Rate second. to be displayed i.e 30 to 60 times per second.
Picture It Stores picture definition in Refresh It Stores picture definition as a set of line
Definition Buffer also called Frame Buffer. commands called Refresh Display File.
Line Zig – Zag line is produced because Smooth line is produced because directly the
Drawing plotted value are discrete. line path is followed by electron beam.
Realism in It contains shadow, advance shading It does not contain shadow and hidden
display and hidden surface technique so gives surface technique so it can not give realistic
the realistic display of scenes. display of scenes.
Image It uses Pixels along scan lines for It is designed for line drawing applications and
Drawing drawing an image. uses various mathematical function to draw.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

Tw o Raster D isplay D evices ( CRT and LCD)

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

LCD ( Liquid-Crystal D isplay)

▪ A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs)

supplies voltage to liquid crystal filled cells
sandwiched between two sheets of glass.
▪ A trio of red, green, and blue cells make up
one pixel.
▪ When hit with an electrical charge, the
crystals "untwist" to an exact degree to filter
light generated by
▪ fluorescent or LED array backlight behind the
screen (for flat-panel LCDs)
▪ LCD has an expected life between 50,000
and 75,000 hours, as long as the backlight
(of ten replaceable)
▪ (first appeared in calculators in 1970s
reflected light from back mirror)

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

Or ganic Light-emitting D iode ( OLED)

▪ OLED, also Light Emitting Polymer (LEP)

▪ The whole display can be built on one sheet
of glass or plastic with a light emitting layer
(rigid or flexible)
▪ The light emitting layer contains a polymer
substance on which a layer of organic
compounds are deposited/printed.
▪ It provides better performance at lower costs
and use much less power.
▪ It displays full-colour, video-rate imagery with
much faster response times, wider viewing
angles, and brighter, more saturated colours.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES

Gas-Plasma D isplay

▪ Plasma display employs neon and xenon

gases which are trapped between two thin
layers of glass to create a digital image.
▪ A small electric pulse is applied to each
pixel to excite the gases to produce the
colour information and light. These rare
gases actually have a life and fade over
time. The life of these phosphors is around
25,000 to 30,000 hours (not replaceable).

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PLASMA PANEL DISPLAY:

The essential components of the plasma-panel display are:

1. Cathode: It consists of fine wires. It delivers negative voltage to gas
cells. The voltage is released along with the negative axis.
2. Anode: It also consists of line wires. It delivers positive voltage. The
voltage is supplied along positive axis.
3. Fluorescent cells: It consists of small pockets of gas liquids when the
voltage is applied to this liquid (neon gas) it emits light.
4. Glass Plates: These plates act as capacitors. The voltage will be applied,
the cell will glow continuously.
The gas will slow when there is a significant voltage difference between
horizontal and vertical wires. The voltage level is kept between 90 volts to
120 volts. Plasma level does not require refreshing. Erasing is done by
reducing the voltage to 90 volts.
Each cell of plasma has two states, so cell is said to be stable. Displayable
point in plasma panel is made by the crossing of the horizontal and vertical
grid. The resolution of the plasma panel can be up to 512 * 512 pixels.

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PLASMA PANEL DISPLAY:

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PLASMA PANEL DISPLAY:

Advantage:
1. High Resolution
2. Large screen size is also possible.
3. Less Volume
4. Less weight
5. Flicker Free Display

Disadvantage:
1. Poor Resolution
2. Wiring requirement anode and the cathode is complex.
3. Its addressing is also complex.

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CRT LCD
Stands For CRT stands for “Cathode Ray LCD stands for “Liquid Crystal
Tube“. Display“.
Size CRT is weighted, bulky and LCD is light, compact and thin in
large in size. size.
Power It consumes High power. It consumes Low power.
Consumption
Image Image Flickering is there in No Image Flickering is there in
Flickering CRT. LCD.
Color CRT is like Black. LCD is like White.

Image Image Retension is not there in Image Retension is there in LCD.

Retension CRT.
Cost It is less expensive. It is more expensive.
Image Electron Gun is used to form Liquid crystals are used to form
Forming images. images.
Response CRT having good response. LCD having slow response.
Where Used CRT is used in Televisions and LCD is used in flat screens.
was used in old computer
monitors.
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LED LCD
Stands for : LED stands for “Light Emitting Diode”. LCD stands for “Liquid Crystal Display”.
Backlight LED is a kind of LCD actually with LCD uses fluorescent tubes to light up the
Technology : advancement of technology. It picture, but cannot provide clarity as LED does.
replaces fluorescent tubes with backlight
technology, which creates more clear images
than LCD.

Color LED provides much better color accuracy than LCD also provides good color accuracy but if you
Accuracy : LCD. compare both, then that minor difference is
noticeable.
Power LED consumes more power than LCD. LCD consumes less power than LED.
Consumption:
Contrast & LED has better contrast and black level as it LCD is not good to create black areas hence
Black Level : produces better black areas which give better have not good contrast as LED.
quality of image.
Picture LED display gives good picture quality than LCD also gives good picture quality but we can
Quality: LCD. not deny the difference between them.
Viewing LED comes with wider viewing angles than In LCD, in wider angle image is diminished with
Angles: the LCD. the 30 degree from the center then the ratio of
contrast.
Price : If you are going to purchase LED, LCD is less expensive than LED. If you want to
its expensive than LCD but have better quality compromise a bit with quality, you can go
of picture and better features than LCD. for LCD.

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APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

• Computer graphics user interfaces (GUIs) − A graphic,

mouse-oriented paradigm which allows the user to interact with
a computer.
• Business presentation graphics − "A picture is worth a
thousand words".
• Cartography − Drawing maps.
• Weather Maps − Real-time mapping, symbolic
representations.
• Satellite Imaging − Geodesic images.
• Photo Enhancement − Sharpening blurred photos.
• Medical imaging − MRIs, CAT scans, etc. - Non-invasive
internal examination.

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APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

• Engineering drawings − mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. -

Replacing the blueprints of the past.
• Typography − The use of character images in publishing -
replacing the hard type of the past.
• Architecture − Construction plans, exterior sketches - replacing
the blueprints and hand drawings of the past.
• Art − Computers provide a new medium for artists.
• Training − Flight simulators, computer aided instruction, etc.
• Entertainment − Movies and games.
• Simulation and modeling − Replacing physical modeling and
enactments

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

A. Keyboard
B. Tablet
C. Mouse
D. Joysticks
E. Light Pen
F. 3D Mouse
G. Touch Screens

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The computer will be of no use unless it is able to communicate with the

outside world. Input / Output devices are required for users to
communicate with the computer. In simple terms, input devices bring
information INTO the computer and output devices bring information
OUT of a computer system. These input/output devices are also known
as peripherals since they surround the CPU and memory of a computer
system. Some commonly used Input / Output devices are listed in table
below.

INPUT DEVICES OUPUT DEVICES

KEYBOARD MONITOR
MOUSE LCD
JOYSTICK PRINTER
SCANNER PLOTTER
LIGHT PEN
TOUCH SCREEN

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

Keyboard

▪ Alphanumerical Characters
▪ Graphical input by arrow keys
▪ Pressing key sends an ASCII code to the
computer. The software translate the ASCII
code into a change in the cursor position.
▪ Return key enters location.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

Tablet

▪ Grid board

▪ The embedded grid of wires in the tablet senses the electric field
produced by the puck/pen and provides the software with puck/pen
position. It can be used for;
▪ Updating the graphic cursor position
▪ Digitizing a drawing on paper
▪ Entering a system command
▪ If x1 < x < x2 and y1 < y < y2, execute command “xxx”.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

Mouse
▪ Mechanical Mouse (and Joystick)
As the ball rolls on surface, rollers
and potentiometers monitor changes
in x, y co-ordinates. Button records
position.

▪ Optical Mouse
LED illumination and grid interpreter.

▪ Wireless Mouse
Infrared system and Bluetooth system
mouse (emitter) and USB connected
receiver.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

Light Pen

The photomultiplier records the passage of the election beam.

Time lapse from the star t of Raster determines the pen location.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

3D Mouse

A 3D m ou se i s a p oin ti ng an d c on t rol de vi c e
sp ec ia li ze d f or m ov em en t in v ir tua l 3D ( th re e -
d im en si ona l) env ironm en ts . 3D m ouse de vi c e s
hav e u se d a n umb e r of dif f e re nt m ean s to
c ont rol 3Dmove me nt a s w el l a s 2D p oin ti ng ,
i nc lud ing mul ti -a xi s se n sors, a cc el e rom e te rs, I R
l i g h t s a n d I R se n sors .

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

GRAPHICAL INPUT DEVICES

Touch S creens

Arrays of infrared light sources and array

of detectors are used to generate invisible
light grids. A finger interrupts two light
beams and provides x and y coordinates.

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Joystick

The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a direction
the stick is moved. It typically has a button on top that is used to select the
option pointed by the cursor. Joystick is used as an input device primarily
used with video games, training simulators and controlling robots
Scanner
Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the source
document into the computer system. It converts the document image into
digital form so that it can be fed into the computer. Capturing information
like this reduces the possibility of errors typically experienced during large
data entry.

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INPUT DEVICES…

Digitizer
Digitizer is an input
Graphics Tablet
device which
converts analog C/s Hair
information into
digital form.
Digitizer can convert a
Stylus
signal from the
television or
camera into a
series of numbers
that could be
stored in a
computer. They
can be used by the
computer to create
a picture of
whatever the
camera had been
pointed at .
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DIGITIZER

A graphics tablet (also known

as a digitizer, drawing tablet,
drawing pad, digital drawing
tablet, pen tablet, or digital art
board) is a computer input
device that enables a user to
hand-draw images,
animations and graphics, with
a special pen-like stylus,
similar to the way a person
draws images with a pencil
and pen

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COMPARISION INPUT DEVICES

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OUTPUT DEVICES

A. Secondary Storage
Floppy disc, Hard discs, Zip drives, CD & DVD, Magnetic
tape, USB drive

B. Hardcopy Devices
Printer:

◼ Dot matrix printer (line printer)

◼ Laser printer
◼ Inkjet printer/plotter

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OUTPUT DEVICES

B. Hardcopy Devices
Printer:

◼ Electronics printer
◼ Thermal printer
◼ Color printer
1. Impact
2. Photographic
3. Electrophotographics
4. Inkjet printer

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DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Dot matrix printing uses a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-
down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon
against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter. However, unlike
a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus,
varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced.

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ELECTRONICS DEVICE LASER PRINTER

 Can produce monochrome

or color hard copy
 They work by using a
heated wire to positively
charge a drum, which is
then passed over by
a laser that rever ses the
charge in the areas that it
hits. The now -negatively
charged areas of the drum
represents the image or
text that is to be printed

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LASER PRINTER

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OUTPUT DEVICES…

B. Hardcopy Devices
Pen Plotters: (vector)
◼ Flat bed
◼ Drum
◼ Pinch Roller

Table-top flatbed pen plotter

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OUTPUT DEVICES…

 Pinch Roller
Pen Plotter

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HARD COPY UNIT

 Permanent copy of unit

shown on CRT
 Low resolution and small
size

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ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTER

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ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTER

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COMPUTER SOFT WARE

Sof tware that is of interest to designers falls under dif ferent

categories :

1. Operating Systems
2. Application Software for
A) geometric modeling
B) design and analysis of components and systems
C) Finite element analysis and mechanism analysis.

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COMPUTER SOFT WARE

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

 Operating system is group of programs which manage the
operations of computer. These programs control the flow of
information among the many units of the computer namely the
monitor, keyboard, memor y, disc drives, printer s, plotter etc.

 The impor tant functions of an operating system are;

i) Transferring data between computer and various peripheral devices for
input and output.
ii) Managing computer files
Iii) Loading computers programs into memory and controlling program
execution.

 MS-DOS, PC-DOS, OS2, UNIX, XENIX, VMS, AEGIS,XP, WINDOW7,

WINDOW10 etc., are some of the well known OS.

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COMPUTER SOFT WARE

APPLICTION SOFTWARE
 Several commercial sof tware packages are available today to
design mechanical components. The designer s can also
develop their own sof tware to meet their specific design
needs.
 One of the power ful computer aided design and analysis
package is the f inite element analysis s of tware.
 Geometric modeling sof tware is a fundamental component of
any CAD system. Systems with the most sophisticated and
expensive hardware would be of no use if high per formance,
user friendly modeling sof tware is not available.
 Several modeling packages are available today with 2-D and
3-D capabilities.

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SALIENT FEATURES OF CAD

SOFTWARE

 Simplicity, Consistency, Completeness,

Robustness, Performance & Economy

 Functions of Graphics software:

1. Generation of graphics primitives
2. Transformation
3. Display control & windowing
4. Segmenting & Editing functions
5. User input functions

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SALIENT FEATURES OF CAD

SOFTWARE…
 Imp. characteristic of software is its fully 3D,
associative, centralised & integrated database.
 The centralised concept implies that any changes
in or additions to a geometric model in one of its
views is automatically reflected in the existing
views or any views that may be defined later.
 The integrated concept implies that a geometric
model of an object can be utilised in all various
phases of a product cycle.
 The associatively concept implies that input
information can be retrieved in various forms.

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PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES

RAM ROM
Random Access Memory or RAM is a Read-only memory or ROM is also a
form of data storage that can be form of data storage that can not be
accessed randomly at any time, in easily altered or reprogrammed.
any order and from any physical Stores instructions that are not
location., allowing quick access and necessary for re-booting up to make
manipulation. the computer operate when it is
switched off. They are hardwired.
Random Access Memory Read-only memory
RAM allows the computer to read ROM stores the program required to
data quickly to run applications. It initially boot the computer. It only
allows reading and writing. allows reading.
RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are
lost when the device is powered off. retained even when the device is
powered off.
The two main types of RAM are The types of ROM include PROM,
static RAM and dynamic RAM. EPROM and EEPROM.

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SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

Secondary storage devices cannot be classified under input or

output devices. These devices are used to store data for later use.
Secondary storage devices can be categorized in 3 main groups:
1. Magnetic
2. Optical
3. Electronic

• Magnetic Storage
Magnetic storage devices store the data on a magnetic layer.
Examples of such devices are: a. Floppy Disk b. Hard Disk c.
Magnetic Tape

The technology used is very simple to understand. The magnetic

layer is magnetized when there is a binary 1 and left un-
magnetized when there is a binary 0.

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Rasterization process

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COLOR DISPLAY

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Implementation of a typical CAD process on a CAD/CAM system

Definition of geometric model

Definition translation

Design
changes Geometric modeling

Interface algorithm

Design and analysis algorithm

Drafting and detailing

Documentation

To CAM process
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BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING CAD

SYSTEMS

Improved engineering productivity

Shorter lead times
Reduced engineering personal requirements
Customer modifications are easier to make
Faster response to requests
Improved accuracy of design
Assistance in preparation of documentations
Better design provided
Better knowledge of costs provided

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