102090601

Computer Aided
Design

MS-CAD-GCET
MS-CAD-GCET
Detailed Syllabus:
Sr. Contents Hours
1 Introduction: 5
A typical product cycle, CAD tools for the design process of product cycle, CAD / CAM
system evaluation criteria, Applications and benefits of CAD
Input / Output devices; Graphics Displays: Refresh display, DVST, Raster display, pixel
value and lookup table, estimation of graphical memory, LCD, LED fundamentals.
2 Concept of Coordinate Systems: 5
Working Coordinate System, Model Coordinate System, Screen Coordinate System. Line
and Curve generation algorithm: DDA, Bresenham’s algorithms. Graphics exchange
standards and Database management systems.
3 Geometric Modelling: 9
Parametric representation of lines: Locating a point on a line, parallel lines,
perpendicular lines, distance of a point, Intersection of lines. Parametric
representation of circle, Ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
Synthetic Curves: Concept of continuity, Cubic Spline: equation, properties and blending.
Bezier Curve: equations, properties; Properties and advantages of B-Splines and NURBS.
Various types of surfaces along with their typical applications.
4 Mathematical representation of solids: 12
Geometry and Topology, Comparison of wireframe, surface and solid models, Properties
of solid model, properties of representation schemes, Concept of Half-spaces, Boolean
operations. Schemes: B-rep, CSG, Sweep representation, ASM, Primitive instancing, Cell
Decomposition and Octree encoding.
5 Geometric Transformations: 4
Homogeneous representation; Translation, Scaling, Reflection, Rotation, Shearing in 2D
and 3D; Orthographic and perspective projections. Window to View-port transformation

6 Simulation: 10
Computer aided design of Mechanical Elements & Mechanical Assembly with animation.
Capabilities of various commercially available software in the area of CAD

Total 45
MS-CAD-GCET
 Chapter 1

Introduction

MS-CAD-GCET
 Product Life Cycle – Business
Perspective

Time
MS-CAD-GCET
https://haltian.com/resource/new-product-development-cycle-infographic/
 Product Life Cycle- Engineering
Perspective

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM: Computer Aided design and Manufacturing by Mikell Groover and Zimmer
 Product Life Cycle- Engineering
Perspective

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM: Computer Aided design and Manufacturing by Mikell Groover and Zimmer
 Automation in CAD-CAM

• The production activity is primarily divided in to

following categories.
1 Flow Production
2 Mass Production
3 Batch Production
4 Job Shop Production

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM: Computer Aided design and Manufacturing by Mikell Groover and Zimmer
 Automation in CAD-CAM

• The production activity is primarily divided in to

following categories.
1 Flow Production
2 Mass Production
3 Batch Production
4 Job Shop Production

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM: Computer Aided design and Manufacturing by Mikell Groover and Zimmer
 Automation in CAD-CAM

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM: Computer Aided design and Manufacturing by Mikell Groover and Zimmer
 Automation in CAD-CAM

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM: Computer Aided design and Manufacturing by Mikell Groover and Zimmer
CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
• Wide range of vendors are available in the market for sales
and services with software, hardware manufacturers,
results in variety of systems. That makes selection process
more difficult.
• CAD/CAM selection committees find themselves
developing long lists of guidelines to screen available
choices.
• The list begins with capacity and capabilities of
CAD/CAM systems and ends with cost criteria. In
between other criteria's are also considered such as
compatibility with in-house existing computer systems,
credibility of software and cost of economics.
MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
Hardware

Software
System Consideration
(COST)
Maintenance
Evaluation Criteria

Vendor support and services

Representation Technique
Geometric Modelling
Capability
Editing and manipulation

Generation of Engineering
Design Documentation
Design
Assemblies /model merging
Applications MS-CAD-GCET Manufacturing application
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
I. System Consideration
1) Hardware :
• The primary factor is to check how open and standard the involved
computer is.
• VAX or SUN workstations utilized in CAD/CAM systems are
enhanced by the vendors to improve their performance. However,
other computing features are disabled (only floppy drive/No USB).
Peripheral support is also considered.
• Disked and diskless workstations are
available in market.
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
MS-CAD-GCET http://pinoycomtech.blogspot.com
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
I. System Consideration
2) Software :
 Three major contributing factors are the type of operating system the
software run under, the type of user interface and quality of
documentation(manual reading).
 The first factor is important to perform CAE work which typically
involves running third party software and its compatibility.
 In evaluating the type of user interface, care should be given to
whether the interface can accommodate both experienced and new
users. Or , how easy it is for user to access the system.

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
I. System Consideration
3) Maintenance :
 Repair of hardware components and software updates comprise the
majority of typical maintenance contracts. The annual cost of these
contracts is substantial (about 5 to 10 % of the initial system cost)
and should be considered in deciding on the cost of a system.
4) Vendor Support and Service :
Vendor support typically includes training, field services and
technical support.
Most vendors provide training courses, (on-site). The timely response
of the vendor response centers to customer's technical questions is
important during the startup time when no in house technical
expertise is available.
MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
II. Geometric Modelling Capabilities
1. Representation Techniques : https://techterms.com/definition/wireframe

 The applications module of the system is

directly related to and limited by the
various representations it supports.
 Wireframes, surfaces and solids are the
three types of modeling available. Most https://www.designnews.com/design-hardware-
commercial CAD/CAM systems provide software/autodesk-expands-surface-modeling-credo

them. However, it is important to consider

the various entities supported by each
representation.
MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian https://3dcaddesignservices.co.uk/solid-modelling/
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
II. Geometric Modelling Capabilities
2. Geometric Editing and Manipulation :
 It is essential to ensure that geometric functions exist for the
two types of representations.
 Editing functions include intersection, trimming and
manipulations include translation, rotation, copy, mirror,
offset, scaling and changing attributes.

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
III. Design Documentation
1. Generation of Engineering Drawings:
 After a geometric model is created, standard drafting practices are
usually applied to it to generate the engineering drawings or the
blueprints.
 Various views (usually top, front and right side) are generated in the
proper drawing layout. Then dimensions are added, hidden lines are
eliminated and/or dashed, tolerances are specified, general notes and
labels are added, etc.
 These activities are time-consuming. To generate an engineering
drawing, it typically takes as much as two to three times as long as
it takes to generate the geometric model.
MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 CAD/CAM System Evaluation
Criteria
IV. Application
1. Assemblies , Design and Manufacturing:
 System should be able to create assembly modeling for analysis and
presentation purpose.
 There are design packages available to perform applications such as
mass property calculations, tolerance analysis, finite element
modeling and analysis, injection modeling analysis and mechanism
analysis and simulation.
 The common packages available are tool path generation and
verification, CNC part programming, Computer aided process
planning, and robot simulation.

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 Advantages of CAD-CAM System
1. INTEGRATION
 CAD-CAM engineering software allows engineer to integrate directly with the
CNC turning and milling plant. The close integration of the design and
manufacturing process helps reduce the gap between the two processes. It also
allows the machines to be used in the most efficient way.
2. ACCURACY
 The use of CAD-CAM applications massively increase the control over the
production process, which when used for CNC milling can mean a significant
increase in accuracy. It enables to be accurate up to 0.001 of a millimeter.

3. TIME SAVING & CAD-CAM ENGINEERING

 Using CAD-CAM engineering helps save time at every stage which means we
can produce prototypes and finished products much more quickly for our clients.
 The improved accuracy and time saving also has a fourth benefit: increased cost
effectiveness (the benefit of which we pass on to the client).
MS-CAD-GCET
https://www.m-cnc.co.uk/news/three-key-benefits-of-cad-cam-engineering/
Input / Output Devices

Alphanumeric Keyboard
Tablet (Trackpad)
Joystick
Track ball
Mouse
Control dials
Light pen
MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics David F. Rogers
 Displays
https://www.applefritter.com/files/20170212_061209.jpg

• All the displays are advanced version of CRT. It provides the

base for development.
• Storage Tube Devices
1) Permanent Phosphorescence :
The screen has permanent phosphorescence, as a result the figure plotted,
remains on the screen.
The visibility order is of 1 to 2 hours. (Any text or figure remain for 2
hours).
To erase it, a particular negative voltage is fed to the system so that entire
system gets flooded.
This results in disadvantage that anytime for a given small change the
system requires erasing entire object.
This type of device can draw straight line between any given sets of point.
(This property is not shared by other devices).
MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Displays
2) Calligraphic refresh displays:
The basic feature of this type of display is that the picture is
refreshed/re-displayed at 40 to 50 times in a second. (Change is
easy compared to previous).
Human eye can perceive it as a continuous picture as it can not
distinguish refresh rate.
It is easy to make any change compare to previous.
Controller CRT Screen
Display (Read buffer Vector/
Buffer and display Character
40/50 times. generator.

User command will be made in buffer (memory), as a result

change will be read by controller and reflected on screen.
MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Displays
3) Raster refresh displays:
The most common display. The full screen is divided into the
points (grid formation).
The full screen is divided in to
arrays of points. In this matrix
of points, each dot is referred as a pixel.
In monochromatic displays, each pixel is either lit (1) or dark (0).
Such screens have staircase effect.
If the screen has X*Y pixels, buffer
Stores memory in the form of pixels.
(arrays of 0 and 1, stored in frame buffer).
MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Displays
3) Raster refresh displays:
Controller
Display CRT Screen
(Read buffer
Buffer (0
and display
and 1)
40/50 times.

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Here, programming task is difficult, as the frame buffer requires more memory
compare to calligraphic refresh display, However hardware is simpler (absence
of vector generator).
MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Displays
3) Raster refresh displays:

For color display, we have number of frame buffers. Hence,

for describing a pixel, we have multiple bits.
0 0 0 1 0 0
For each pixel, there are 8 options. 1 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 0 0 0

(3 bit Memory) 0 00 000111011000 00 0

0 00 111111000000 00 0
0 11 11 00 00 00 0
If screen has 256 colors, 1 1 0 0 0 0
How many buffer it has ?
MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Characteristics of Line Drawing
Algorithm should have.
1. The line Should appear strait.

2. The line should be drawn

accurately/correctly.

3. Constant density should be

remain (Independent of
angle/length of line.
4. Speed.
MS-CAD-GCET
 Lookup Table
 To understand the performance of raster displays and to evaluate them, one
must ask the following question:
 How many bits are required in the bit map to adequately represent the
intensity of any one pixel on the display screen?
 The trivial answer of one bit/pixel produces only a two-level image (bright or
dark) which is very unsatisfactory to basic applications.
The practice suggests that 8 bits/pixel are needed to produce
satisfactory continuous shades of gray for monochrome displays.
For color displays, 24 bits/pixel would be needed: 8 bits for each
primary color red, blue and green. This would provide 224 colors.
Typically, 4 to 8 bits/pixel are adequate for both monochrome and
color displays utilized in most engineering applications. Specialized
image processing applications may require more than that.
The bit map memory is arranged conceptually as a series of
planes, one for each bit in the pixel value. Thus an eight-plane
memory provides 2^8 different gray levels or different colors that
can be displayed simultaneously in one image.
MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 • The value of a pixel in
the bit map memory is
Lookup Table translated to a gray level
or a color through a
lookup table (also called
a color table or color
map for a color display).

• The pixel value is used

as an index for this
lookup table to find the
corresponding table
entry value which is then
used by the display
system (display
processor and beam
deflection system) to
control the gray level or
color.
MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 Lookup Table
Figure shows how the pixel value is related to the lookup table in
an eight-plane display.
If cell P in the bit map corresponds to pixel P at the location P(x, y)
on the screen, then the gray level of this pixel (00110010) is 50 or
its corresponding color is 50.

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 Lookup Table
Figure shows how the pixel value is related to the lookup table in
an eight-plane display.
If cell P in the bit map corresponds to pixel P at the location P(x, y)
on the screen, then the gray level of this pixel (00110010) is 50 or
its corresponding color is 50.

MS-CAD-GCET
CAD/CAM Theory and Practice : Ibrahim Zeid and R Sivasubramanian
 MS-CAD-GCET
https://www.slideshare.net/imcprint/pixel-resolution
 MS-CAD-GCET
https://www.slideshare.net/imcprint/pixel-resolution
 MS-CAD-GCET
https://www.slideshare.net/imcprint/pixel-resolution
 Hard Copy O/P
Plotters : Pen and ink plotters is one of
the output device, which is low cost.
1) Flat bed plotters.

-Pen
-Carriage
-Board (fixing of page)
-X Drive Motor
-Y Drive Motor
-Pen raising and lowering mechanism

SIMPLE SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL

MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Hard Copy O/P
Plotters : Pen and ink plotters is one of the output
device, which is low cost.

2) Drum Plotter

- Rotary motor for X-direction

- Y Drive motor
- Pen
- Pen lowering and raising mechanism

Adv.
• Less space requires.
• Movement of pen is less.(Faster and lower wear)
• Accommodate longer page length MS-CAD-GCET
Mathematical elements for computer graphics, David F. Rogers
 Hard Copy O/P
• Printers
LaserJet Printer
• Laser (+ve charged)
• Drum (-ve charged)
• Rotating mirror
• Toner (Contains graphite ink) https://www.dginter.net/

• Fuser

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https://www.dginter.net/
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Dept. of Chemical and biomolecular Engineering, Uni. Of Illinois

• At the back one see a row of Florescent light/ LED lights

at the bottom called the backlight. These are the only lights
in the monitor.
Direct Backlight

Edge Backlight

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• At the back one see a row of LED lights at the bottom
called the backlight. These are the only lights in the
monitor.
• Next comes in what's called the optical system, which
makes the light even across the back of the screen. Now,
the first sheet makes a nice even white background for the
light.

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• The next piece is called a "Light Guide Plate".
• one can see it's covered with dots. When light enters from
the bottom edge it propagates down the plate by total
internal reflection, unless it hits one of the dots. And they
make some of the light waves emerge out of the front.
• Then comes a diffuser film: it helps eliminate the dot
pattern from the light guide plate.
Light Guide plate

Diffuser plate

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• The back lights are always on, but what controls what we
see is this piece of glass (screen). It functions as a
shutter. At the back and front of the sheet are two
polarizers. They stick tightly to the piece of glass,

Polarizer
films

Screen
MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• If one lay this(polarize) sheet on the optical system, you can
see that it passes light. And, if second sheet is placed on top of
the first , it also allows light to pass.
• But if it is rotated exactly 90 degrees to the bottom sheet, you'll
see the light disappears.
• The bottom sheet creates polarized light, which will not allow
light ray to pass through another polarizer set to the right angle.

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• Now, of course, in this LCD monitor the front polarizer
doesn't rotate. Other than the On/Off switch, the monitor
has no moving parts.
• Instead what we do is we place these two polarizers 90
degrees to each other (this configuration that allows no
light through). And then if we want light to pass, we twist
the light within the glass pane to match the front polarizer.
• How?
• It is done by a sandwich glass.

MS-CAD-GCET
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• Engineers fill the space between the panes with organic
molecules known as liquid crystals.
• The crystals have interesting properties in that they do not
allow light to pass uniformly along both axis.
• The molecules in between line up
in a helix. When light from the
back light passes through the first
polarizer and enters the
sandwich. it's rotated by the
liquid crystal so as to allow it to
pass through the second
polarizer and emerge out the
front of the screen.
MS-CAD-GCET
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• Engineers fill the space between the panes with organic
molecules known as liquid crystals.
• The crystals have interesting properties in that they do not
allow light to pass uniformly along both axis.
• The molecules in between line up
in a helix. When light from the
back light passes through the first
polarizer and enters the
sandwich. it's rotated by the
liquid crystal so as to allow it to
pass through the second
polarizer and emerge out the
front of the screen.
MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• Applying an electric field across the sandwich causes the
crystals to line up lengthwise.
• Now the light that passes through the front polarizer is not
rotated by the crystals, and can no longer pass through the
front of the screen.
• No light exits.

• By controlling the voltage

between these transparent
electrodes, we can control
the intensity of the light that
passes through.
MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• Applying an electric field across the sandwich causes the
crystals to line up lengthwise.
• Now the light that passes through the front polarizer is not
rotated by the crystals, and can no longer pass through the
front of the screen.
• No light exits.

• By controlling the voltage

between these transparent
electrodes, we can control
the intensity of the light that
passes through.
MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• If we zoom in, you can see
it's made of pixels.
• If one turn off the image,
can see the screen contains
red, green, and blue
sections. These are sub-
pixels. The three together
make a single pixel.

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• They follow the RGB color model. We adjust the electrode shutter
behind the sub-pixels so that they make up a particular color. For
example, to get the color of the blue in shirt, we set the red sub-pixel
to 12% of maximum intensity, green to 21%, and blue to about 50%.

• And now, for the last critical piece in the glass sandwich. On the back
pane, engineers paint tiny devices called thin-film transistors. That's
why these monitors are often labeled “TFT“.

• Each sub-pixel has a transistor which controls it. This transistor here
functions as a switch that allows the screen to be updated row-by-row.
• we allow each sub-pixel in that row to receive video data coming
from the top of the screen

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
• They follow the RGB color model. We adjust the electrode shutter
behind the sub-pixels so that they make up a particular color. For
example, to get the color of the blue in shirt, we set the red sub-pixel
to 12% of maximum intensity, green to 21%, and blue to about 50%.

• And now, for the last critical piece in the glass sandwich. On the back
pane, engineers paint tiny devices called thin-film transistors. That's
why these monitors are often labeled “TFT“.

• Each sub-pixel has a transistor which controls it. This transistor here
functions as a switch that allows the screen to be updated row-by-row.
• we allow each sub-pixel in that row to receive video data coming
from the top of the screen

MS-CAD-GCET
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

MS-CAD-GCET
 LED Screen
• All LED monitors are LCD monitors. But not all LCD monitors
are LEDs.
• LED stands for Light Emitting Diode.
• Diodes are available in many other forms, such as photodiode
(reverse-biased), Gunn diode (Microwave) and many other.
• A p-type semiconductor is made by doping i.e. adding an impurity
which is an electron acceptor by nature into the semiconductor i.e.
gallium and boron are added to the silicon, turning it into a p-
type semiconductor. Likewise, phosphorous or Antimony is
added to form n-type diode.

MS-CAD-GCET
 LED Screen
 When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-
type semiconductor meanwhile the n-type semiconductor is
connected to the negative terminal of the battery it is called
forward biasing of the diode.
 The depletion region is very thin in this case and it is easier for
the forward Voltage to overcome the depletion region for
conduction of current.

+Ve
-Ve

MS-CAD-GCET
 LED Screen
Photon

Electron
+ve charge P-junction

Photon

N-Junction

MS-CAD-GCET Anvil
MS-CAD-GCET