Multiple-Choice Questions

1- What is a research method?

a- An overall approach to a research project

b- A tool such as a survey or an interview
c- A tool to analyse data
d- An analytical approach

2- Which of the following are contextual factors associated with social research? (Select
all that apply)

a- Theory
b- The literature
c- Epistemological and ontological questions
d- Values, ethics and politics

3- What is an epistemological position?

a- A research method
b- A view about how knowledge should be produced
c- Where you should stand when conducting a focus group
d- A view about the nature of the social world

4- A research question must be…

a- Unchanged throughout your research

b- Set by someone else
c- A statement of what you intend to find out about
d- The first idea that occurs to you

5- 'The interpretivist view is that the subject matter of the social sciences is
fundamentally different to that of the natural sciences.' True or false?

a- True
b- False
6- Which of the following is an ontological question?

a- Should I use questionnaires or interviews in my project?

b- What can (and should) be considered acceptable forms of knowledge?
c- Should I take a hermeneutic approach?
d- Do social entities have an objective reality, external to social actors?

7- The constructionist ontological position suggests that:

a- Social phenomena and their meanings are constantly being created by social actors
b- Individuals are born into a world of rules and structures that they cannot change
c- Cultures and subcultures constrain or inhibit our behaviour
d- Social facts and objects have an external reality, independently of the people who perceive
them

8- What is intersectionality?

a- The idea that we all occupy positions in different social categories

b- The idea that research can use a mixture of methods
c- The idea that research can be both inductive and deductive
d- The idea that we only have one fixed social category

9- 'The quantitative research strategy places value on generating theories through

inductive research about social meanings.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

10- Which of the following describes mixed methods research?

a- When you are unsure which method to use

b- Combining approaches to research
c- When you use one method only
d- When you consider the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for your chosen
research topic

11- Which of the following is an example of value-free research?

a- Conscious partiality
b- Sympathy for vulnerable and groups that are not represented
c- Unstructured interviewing
d- None of the above
12- What is reflexivity?

a- Describing how you could do the study differently

b- Identifying and recognizing impacts of social demographic and location
c- Reflecting on the research process
d- Considering alternative methods

13- 'Internal validity' refers to:

a- Whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables

b- Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participants' everyday lives
c- The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile project
d- How accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts

14- What is ecological validity?

a- The findings prove the existence of climate change

b- The experiment is repeatable
c- The experiment involved deception
d- The findings are applicable in an everyday setting

15- What are the characteristics of classical experimental design? (Select all that apply.)

a- Manipulates the independent variable

b- Used often in sociological research
c- May allocate participants to different experimental groups
d- Is only used in the pure sciences

16- Which of the following are threats to external validity in experimental research and
how far an experiment can be generalized? (Select all that apply.)

a- Using participants from one social class or ethnicity

b- Selecting participants from one setting, such as one school
c- Pre-testing the experiment on the same participants
d- Participant awareness of taking part in an experiment

17- If an experiment is repeated and gets different results what does this mean?

a- That something was changed in the second experiment

b- There are ethical issues in the research
c- It raises questions about the external validity of the original experiment
d- Deception affected the result
18- Which of the following descriptions could apply to quasi-experiments? (Select all
that apply.)

a- Studies that have some of the characteristics of experimental design

b- Studies involving random assignment of experimental and control group
c- Natural experiments where the change to a social setting is not created by researchers
d- Studies where the researchers pretend to be carrying out an experiment

19- What is evaluation research?

a- Evaluating the validity of research

b- Evaluating the replicability of research
c- Evaluating social and organizational programmes or interventions
d- Assessing other research studies

20- 'The final stage of the cross-sectional design involves looking for _________.' What is
the missing phrase?

a- patterns of association
b- disparities in the data
c- new variables to study
d- ways to manipulate the variables

21- Which of the following are problems frequently associated with the longitudinal
research design? (Select all that apply.)

a- Attrition
b- Panel conditioning
c- High costs
d- Ambiguity over when data should be collected next

22- Which of the following are examples of a case study? (Select all that apply.)

a- A single community such as expatriate Britons on the Costa del Sol

b- The effects of coronavirus in multiple countries
c- A single event such as the Cuban Missile Crisis
d- One organization such as a specific factory

23- 'The external validity of case study research has attracted much debate.' True or
false?

a- True
b- False
24- Which of the following best describes a comparative research design?

a- Studying multiple cases using different research designs

b- Studying two or more contrasting cases using more or less the same method
c- Studying a case at different time points
d- Studying a case over an extended period of time

25- Which of the following problems are associated with cross-cultural research? (Select
all that apply.)

a- Securing funding
b- Making sure data is comparable
c- Ensuring that translation does not undermine comparability
d- Ensuring the sample of respondents are equal

26- What is a typical example of a quantitative case study?

a- Unstructured interviewing of a single case

b- Ethnographic research
c- Survey research on a single case
d- Survey research repeated on more than one occasion

27- 'The purpose of drawing up a timetable for your research project is to provide fixed
deadlines for the completion of particular tasks.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

28- Which of the following may a research idea initially generate from? (Select all that
apply.)

a- Personal interest/experience
b- The research literature
c- New developments in society
d- Social problems

29- Which of the following do descriptive research questions seek to answer?

a- Who
b- Why
c- When
d- How
30- Why is it helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your
project?

a- To give you something to do in the early stages of your research when nothing is
happening
b- Because funding councils generally demand to see written evidence that you were
working every day during the period of the research
c- To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research process
d- It can be added to your dissertation to ensure that you reach the required word limit

31- Which of the following are reasons for conducting a narrative review? (Select all that
apply.)

a- To learn from other researchers

b- To ensure that you have a long bibliography
c- To impress your supervisor
d- To gain background information

32- What is the first stage of a systematic review?

a- Assess the relevance of each study to the research question(s)

b- Define the purpose and scope of the review
c- Appraise the quality of studies from the previous step
d- Survey all of the literature contained within a single library

33- What is grey literature?

a- Literature published before the year 2000

b- Literature which is not relevant to your project
c- Non-academic sources of literature
d- Literature which is difficult to understand

34- What is Web of Science?

a- A search engine
b- A place to speak to librarians
c- A referencing software
d- An electronic database of journal articles, reviews, and conference proceedings

35- What are Boolean operators?

a- Mathematical symbols
b- Terms to help refine your literature search
c- Key terms to include in your reference list
d- Subheadings frequently used in a literature review
36- When accessing sources of literature from the internet, which of these steps is the
most essential?

a- Recording the full URL

b- Noting the access dates
c- Downloading material to be referenced
d- They are all equally important

37- What is a bibliography?

a- A list of all the readings cited in your dissertation

b- A list of readings that you did not get time to look at
c- A list of all the readings cited in your dissertation and any other readings that you have
done on the topic
d- A selective list of relevant readings

38- According to the Harvard referencing convention, which is the correct reference?

a- Clark, T., Foster, L., Sloan, L., and Bryman, A. (2021), Social Research
Methods, (6th ed) Oxford; Oxford University Press
b- Clark, Foster, Sloan and Bryman (2021, sixth edition), Oxford University Press
c- Clark, Tom, Foster, Liam, Sloan, Luke and Bryman, Alan, Social Research
Methods (2021: OUP)
d- Clark, T. Foster, L. Sloan, L. Bryman, A. Social Research Methods (2021)

39- What is self-plagiarism?

a- When a person re-uses material that they have previously written, presenting it as new
work
b- Taking about yourself too much
c- Using somebody else's work and passing it off as your own
d- An epistemological stance

40- Which of the following statements about plagiarism is most accurate?

a- It is so easy to 'copy and paste' from the internet that everyone does it nowadays. If a
proper reference is given, where is the harm in that?
b- How can we say for sure where our own ideas come from exactly? If we tried to give a
reference for everything we could never hope to succeed.
c- Any suggestion that we have written what another actually wrote is morally wrong.
Anyway, the whole point of a literature review is to show what we have read and what
we thought about it.
d- Plagiarism is illegal.
41- There is a tendency for debates about ethics in social research to focus on the most
extreme cases of ethical transgression. Which one of the following statements describes
the main problem with this, in terms of the impression it gives?

a- These studies are dated

b- These studies make social researchers look like unscrupulous people
c- These studies imply that ethical concerns do not pervade all social research
d- Most social research is ethically sound and infallible

42- Which of the following ideas is not associated with the stance of situation ethics?

a- Anything goes
b- Principled relativism
c- The end justifies the means
d- No choice

43- Why is it important that personal data about research participants are kept within
secure, confidential records?

a- So that the participants cannot find out what has been written about them
b- So that individuals, places, or organizations cannot be harmed through identification
or disclosure of personal information
c- So that government officials, teachers, and other people in authority can have easy
access to the data
d- To enable the researcher to track down individuals and find out more about their lives

44- Which method is most commonly associated with a lack of informed consent?

a- In-depth interviewing
b- Qualitative content analysis
c- Covert observation
d- Structured interviewing

45- Why is it 'easier said than done' to ensure that the principle of informed consent is
adhered to?

a- It is not practical to present every participant with all the information about the study
b- It can be long and boring to chase up participants for consent forms
c- Sometimes it is desirable to withhold certain pieces of information, such as the length
of time an interview will take
d- If the participants knew exactly what the researcher was intending to study, they might
change their behaviour
46- Apart from the fact that it is 'not a nice thing to do', what is an important ethical
disadvantage of deceiving participants?

a- It can damage the professional reputation of the researcher and their discipline
b- It makes it more difficult to gain access to deviant or hidden populations
c- It means that records of personal data about the participants cannot be made
anonymous
d- It can be hard to maintain the deception

47- 'If you have been granted access to a secondary dataset, your supervisor can also
access it.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

48- How is online data different to other forms of data? (Select all that apply.)

a- It exists independently of the research

b- It is difficult to understand
c- It is difficult to access
d- It is beyond our control

49- What is intersectionality theory?

a- The idea that everyone belongs to the same social categories, so our experiences are
similar
b- The idea that our participants may belong to the same social categories so their
experiences will be similar
c- The idea that every person occupies positions within different social categories so our
experiences will vary
d- The idea that participants will vary in their beliefs and experiences

50- 'Being an outsider does not make a researcher objective.' True or false?

a- True
b- False
51- What methods of data collection are associated with quantitative research? (Select
all that apply.)

a- Structured observations
b- Semi-structured interviews
c- Secondary data analysis
d- Surveys

52- 'The independent variable is the variable which is manipulated.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

53- Quantitative social researchers can rarely claim to have established causality
because:

a- They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests
b- They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for
c- They often forget which of the variables they have manipulated
d- They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations

54- 'If a study cannot be replicated, it raises serious questions about the _____________
of the study.' What is the missing word?

a- Ethics
b- Validity
c- Usefulness
d- Value

55- What is deductivism?

a- The process of developing theory from testing research questions and hypotheses
b- The process of testing in quantitative research
c- The process of developing research questions and hypotheses from theory
d- A process used in experimental research only

56- Which of the following best describes the null hypothesis?

a- Predicts that the independent variable will have no impact on the dependent variable
b- Predicts that the independent variable will have an impact on the dependent variable
c- Predicts that the dependent variable will have no impact on the independent variable
d- Predicts that the dependent variable will have no impact on the independent variable
57- Why is measurement so important in quantitative research? (Select all that apply.)

a- It allows us to delineate fine differences between people or cases

b- It provides a consistent device or yardstick
c- It allows for precise estimates of the degree of relationship between concepts
d- It allows us to generalize our results

58- The difference between measures and indicators is that:

a- Measures are unambiguous quantities, whereas indicators are devised from common
sense understandings
b- Indicators have a more direct relationship to the underlying concept than measures
c- Measures are intuitively devised and then applied as if they were direct indicators of a
concept
d- Indicators are unambiguous quantities, whereas measures are subjective and value-
laden

59- What is a Likert scale?

a- A series of tests for reliability

b- A series of statements that focus on a theme
c- A series of tests for validity
d- A feature of all quantitative research

60- Why can it be good to use multiple indicator measures? (Select all that apply.)

a- A single indicator may Incorrectly identify a participant

b- A single indicator may be too general in scope
c- A single indicator may be too limited in scope
d- Multiple indicators allow researchers to make much finer distinctions

61- Which of the following types of validity should researchers establish as a minimum?

a- Concurrent validity
b- Face validity
c- Construct validity
d- Convergent validity

62- 'A measure can be valid but not reliable.' True or false?

a- True
b- False
63- Quantitative research has been criticized because:

a- The measurement process can suggest a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy
b- The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity
c- It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds
d- Its focus on numbers makes it intimidating to those new to social research

64- The term 'reverse operationism' means that:

a- The theories we devise will often hinder our attempts to measure concepts
b- The measurements we devise can sometimes help to develop a theory
c- Techniques such as factor analysis have no place in social research
d- The measures that we devise need to be operationalized similarly be two researchers
before being used

65- Written accounts of quantitative research rarely include the results of reliability and
validity tests because:

a- Researchers are more interested in reporting their operational definitions

b- Researchers don't really think that these tests are important
c- Journal editors have banned these kinds of articles
d- Researchers are more interested in reporting their substantive findings

66. Which of the following best describes a structured interview?

a- An interview where the questions and data collection process are standardized
b- An interview where multiple participants are involved
c- An interview where the questions are not pre-determined
d- An interview where the interviewer may change the order of the questions depending
on the participant's response

67- Why is it important for structured interviews to follow a standardized procedure?

a- To increase validity, as the interview can be adapted for each respondent

b- To increase reliability, because all respondents receive the same interview stimulus
c- To allow for an in-depth exploration of the topic
d- To make it easier for untrained interviewers to carry out complex surveys
68- Standardizing the interview schedule can reduce interviewer variation in terms of:

a- The way in which questions are phrased by the interviewer

b- The order in which questions are asked
c- The procedures used to code and analyse survey data
d- All of the above

69- Closed-ended questions are those that:

a- Have a fixed range of possible answers

b- Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a category
c- Encourage detailed, elaborate responses
d- Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents

70- Which of the following is not a disadvantage of telephone interviewing?

e- Researchers do not have to spend so much time and money on travelling

f- Some people in the target population may not own a telephone
g- It can be difficult to build rapport over the telephone
h- Interviewers cannot use visual cues such as show cards

71- Which of the following is not an example of satisficing?

a- Expressing no opinion
b- Giving the most accurate response to a question
c- Opting for 'safe' answers
d- Not considering the full range of answers

72- A filter question is one that:

a- Ensures that all respondents are asked every question on the schedule and in the same
order
b- Leaves a space for respondents to write long and detailed answers
c- Helps the interviewer to avoid asking irrelevant questions by directing the respondent
elsewhere on the schedule
d- Allows supervisors to distinguish between good and bad interviewers

73- 'Piloting a structured interview is not necessary as the questions and response sets
are standardized.' True or false?

a- True
b- False
74- 'When interviewing, it is important to build a rapport with your respondents.' True
or false?

a- True
b- False

75- If a respondent replies to a close-ended question in a way that does not allow you to
select one of the pre-designed answers, what should you do?

a- Choose which fixed-choice category best fits their response

b- Suggest to them which fixed-choice category may best fit their response
c- Repeat the fixed-choice alternatives and make it clear that the answer needs to be
chosen from the options that have been provided
d- Skip the question and do not record an answer

76- A show card is:

a- A card that prevents respondents from expressing their opinions about a statement
b- A card that encourages explicit discussion of sensitive or personal information
c- A card that prompts respondents to choose from a range of possible answers
d- A card that researchers must present before starting to collect data

77- 'Once the interview has finished an interviewer can discuss the purpose of the
interview further with a participant, elaborating on the standard statement about the
research.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

78- 'An interviewer's attributes can impact on a respondent's replies.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

79- The response set of 'acquiescence' can be a problem in that:

a- Some people consistently agree or disagree with a set of questions or items

b- Respondents tend to give answers that they think are socially desirable
c- The structured interview is so conducive to reciprocity that respondents find it hard to
stop talking
d- Researchers distract their respondents by not listening to responses
80- Which of the following best describes a self-completion questionnaire?

a- A survey which is read out by an interviewer

b- A survey that is completed as part of a focus group
c- A survey which participants complete by themselves
d- A survey which anyone can answer

81- Which one of the following statements is correct?

a- Self-completion questionnaires are a type of postal survey

b- Postal surveys can include self-completion or email surveys
c- Self-completion questionnaires can include postal or email surveys
d- Email surveys are a type of postal questionnaire

82- One of the advantages of self-completion questionnaires over structured interviews

is that:

a- They are quicker and cheaper to administer

b- They create interviewer effects
c- They have greater measurement validity
d- They are less prone to inter-coder variation

83- Which of the following is not a disadvantage of self-completion questionnaires

compared to structured interviews?

a- The respondent can read the whole questionnaire before answering the first question
b- The researcher cannot ask many closed-ended questions
c- The researcher cannot probe or prompt respondents for more detail
d- The respondent may not answer all questions, resulting in missing data

84- Which of the following steps can be taken to improve response rates to postal
questionnaires?

a- Write a personalized covering letter to introduce the research

b- Enclose a stamped addressed envelope with a postal questionnaire
c- Send out polite reminder letters
d- All of the above

85- Why is it generally better to present fixed choice answers in vertical rather than
horizontal form?

a- It takes up less space on the page

b- It encourages respondents to choose more than one answer
c- It allows questions to be spread over more than one page
d- It makes the layout of the questionnaire clearer and more unambiguous
86- When using a Likert scale with a long list of items, it is usually better to:

a- Arrange the answers horizontally, in abbreviated form

b- List the answers vertically, for each consecutive item
c- Omit any instructions about how to select an answer
d- List all questions on one page and all answers on another

87- Which of the following is not an advantage of online surveys in comparison to email
surveys?

a- Can ensure that the correct person responds

b- More scope to customize the appearance of the survey
c- Greater functionality for the participants
d- Automatic coding

88- What is the main step you can take to ensure that only intended participants
respond to an online survey?

a- Ask participants to upload a photo with their responses

b- Ask the participant to contact the researcher to confirm their identity
c- Set up a password system
d- Include the name of the intended participant

89- Why is it easier for researchers to use open-ended questions in online surveys than in
paper-based formats?

a- No need to transcribe the data

b- No need to analyse the data
c- No need to code the data
d- Participants are less verbose

90- Which of the following is not an advantage to email or online questionnaires when
compared to postal questionnaires?

a- Lower costs
b- Higher response rates
c- Faster response times
d- Quicker to code and download data

91- Why might participants be more cautious that their replies are confidential when
completing an email survey?

a- They can't speak to the researcher directly

b- They must return the questionnaire to a particular person
c- They may accidentally give away personal details
d- They are worried about viruses
92- Which self-completion questionnaire format is most at risk of multiple responses?

a- Postal surveys
b- Embedded email surveys
c- Attached email surveys
d- Online surveys

93- One advantage of using diaries in quantitative research is that:

a- There is a reduced risk of attrition, as respondents tend to be highly motivated

b- They are likely to elicit data about sensitive issues or deviant activities
c- They highlight the thoughts, feelings and experiences that are unique to each
respondent
d- They are a quick way to collect data

94- 'Diaries offer greater opportunities for cross-cultural studies.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

95- The main benefit of piloting a questionnaire is that it helps you to…

a- Test out your questions on some of the people who will be in the final sample
b- Identify and amend any problems in the question wording, order, and format
c- Find out what other researchers think of your questions
d- All of the above

96- Which of the following is TRUE for structured observation?

a- The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that it allows you
to observe people's behavior directly
b- One of the advantages of structured observations over structured interviews or self-
completion questionnaires is that it can study intimate topics more easily
c- One of the criticisms often levelled at structured observation is that it only generates a
small amount of data
d- In field stimulations, participants are aware that they are being observed.

97- Which of the following is not a type of observational research?

a- Structured observation
b- Self-completion observation
c- Unstructured observation
d- Participant observation
98- What is an observation schedule?

a- A set of explicit rules for assigning behaviour to categories

b- A timetable of days on which you plan to carry out your observation
c- A list of questions to ask your interviewees
d- A way of testing for measurement validity

99- It may not be possible to use a probability sample to observe behaviour in public
places because…

a- The findings of such studies are not intended to have external validity
b- It is not feasible to construct a sampling frame of interactions
c- It is difficult to gain access to such social settings
d- Researchers prefer not to use random samples whenever possible

100- Which of the following could be subjected to a textual content analysis?

a- Interview transcripts
b- Newspaper articles
c- Song lyrics
d- All of the above

101- Which of the following is one of the reasons why a researcher might want to count
the frequency of certain words in a text?

a- It increases the reliability of the coding measures

b- It is a good way of determining whether or not the coding schedule is fit for purpose
c- Emotive words can be used excessively to provoke a moral panic and to sensationalize
events
d- It shows which words are most commonly used in journalism

102- Which of the following is not an advantage of content analysis?

a- It involves little interpretation

b- It is a transparent and easily replicable technique
c- It allows us to track changes in media representations over time
d- It is a non-reactive method

103- The data from each row in a coding schedule can be entered into a quantitative
analysis software program, such as the one called…

a- Endnote
b- NVivo
c- Outlook
d- SPSS
104- Quantitative content analysis is an approach that aims to:

a- Reach an interpretive understanding of social action

b- Objectively and systematically measure the content of a text
c- Engage in a critical dialogue about ethical issues in research
d- Provide a feminist alternative to 'male-stream' quantitative methods

105- The purpose of a coding manual is to…

a- Provide a form onto which the data can be entered

b- Provide participants with information about the study
c- List all the categories that have been omitted from the schedule
d- Provide researchers with instructions about how to code the data

106- Which of the following is not an advantage of secondary analysis?

a- It immerses the researcher in the field they are studying

b- It tends to be based on high quality data
c- It provides an opportunity for longitudinal analysis
d- It allows you to study patterns and social trends over time

107- The term 'secondary analysis' refers to the technique of…

a- Conducting a study of measures of time

b- Analysing your own data in two different ways
c- Analysing existing data that has been collected by another person or organization
d- Working part-time on a project alongside other responsibilities

108- Which of the following is not a disadvantage of using secondary analysis?

a- The researcher's lack of familiarity with the data

b- It is a relatively expensive and time-consuming process
c- Hierarchical datasets can be very confusing
d- The researcher has no control over the quality of the data

109- What is the 'ecological fallacy'?

a- The assumption that secondary data analysis can be easy

b- The mistake of observing people in their natural setting
c- A measure of how reliable the results of secondary analysis are
d- The error of making inferences about individual behavior from aggregate data
110- Which of the following variable matches with its definitions?

a- Distances between categories change across the range of categories = Interval/ratio

b- Categories can be rank ordered = Nominal
c- Categories cannot be rank ordered = Ordinal
d- Data can be fitted into one of only two variables = Dichotomous

111- Which of the following variable matches with its definitions?

a- Distances between categories change across the range of categories = Interval/ratio

b- Categories can be rank ordered = Nominal
c- Categories cannot be rank ordered = Ordinal
d- Data can be fitted into one of only two variables = Dichotomous

112- The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers are

measurement, ____________, generalization and replication. Which of the following fills
in the blank correctly?

a- continuity
b- transferability
c- causality
d- transparency

113- Which of the following best describes the "null hypothesis"?

a- Predicts that the independent variable will have no impact on the dependent variable
b- Predicts that the independent variable will have an impact on the dependent variable
c- Predicts that the dependent variable will have no impact on the independent variable
d- Predicts that the dependent variable will have an impact on the independent variable

114- Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research?

a- Self-completion questionnaires
b- Surveys
c- Ethnography
d- Structured observation

115- Which of the following statements is true?

a- 'The problem with definitive concepts is that they are too focused on variety, rather
than what is common to the phenomena.'
b- 'Qualitative researchers do not need to explain the relevance of their findings to their
audience.
c- 'Qualitative research is an iterative process.'
d- 'Qualitative research needs clear, highly specific research questions from the outset.'
116- Which of the following is NOT among the common criticisms levelled at qualitative
research?

a- Difficult to replicate
b- Not sufficiently transparent
c- Too rigid and inflexible an approach
d- Too subjective

117- Respondent validation is the process by which…

a- The validity of an interview schedule can be measured

b- Researchers ask their participants to comment on an account of the findings
c- The problem of low response rates to a survey can be overcome
d- Participants collaborate with the researcher to design the research

118- 'Interview schedules for qualitative research should be responsive to the needs of a
particular interview.' True or false?

a- True
b- False

119- What is the main reason why qualitative researchers provide detailed descriptions
of social settings?

a- To provide a contextual understanding of social behaviour

b- Because once they have left the field, it is difficult to remember what happened
c- So that they can compare their observations as a test of reliability
d- Because they do not believe in going beyond the level of description

120- When designing a research project, the important practical issues to consider
include…

a- The nature of your topic and/or the people being investigated

b- Whether much research has been done on your research topic before
c- The nature of your research question
d- All of the above

121- Which of the following is NOT a form of plagiarism?

a- Unintentionally failing to reference properly, so that some of the works used do not
appear in the bibliography.
b- Presenting a verbatim quotation without quotation marks or page references, as if it
were your own paraphrasing of the author’s ideas.
c- Copying text from another piece of your own writing and pretending that it is new.
d- Copying text from someone else’s work into your writing and referencing it properly.
122- Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using closed questions in a survey?
a- It reduces the risk of variability in the way answers are recorded
b- It makes answers easier to process and analyze
c- Closed questions are quicker and easier for respondents to complete
d- They prevent respondents from giving spontaneous, unexpected answers

123- How is the qualitative (unstructured or semi-structured) interview DIFFERENT

from the structured interview?
a- ‘rambling’ is discouraged
b- Interviewer may depart from the interview schedule
c- More structured
d- More inflexible

124- A simple random sample is one in which:

a- From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected
b- A non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize
c- The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups
d- Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected