This document discusses different systems of breeding in farm animals, including inbreeding, outbreeding, and crossbreeding. It provides data on expected performance and heterosis for various traits in beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, goats, and chickens. The document contains objectives to learn about inheritance of economically important traits and how to compute expected performance of crossbreeds and percent heterosis. It includes procedures to classify trait heritability, compute percent heterosis using data on purebred and crossbred performance, and identify the crossbreeding plan with the highest values for various traits.
This document discusses different systems of breeding in farm animals, including inbreeding, outbreeding, and crossbreeding. It provides data on expected performance and heterosis for various traits in beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, goats, and chickens. The document contains objectives to learn about inheritance of economically important traits and how to compute expected performance of crossbreeds and percent heterosis. It includes procedures to classify trait heritability, compute percent heterosis using data on purebred and crossbred performance, and identify the crossbreeding plan with the highest values for various traits.
This document discusses different systems of breeding in farm animals, including inbreeding, outbreeding, and crossbreeding. It provides data on expected performance and heterosis for various traits in beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, goats, and chickens. The document contains objectives to learn about inheritance of economically important traits and how to compute expected performance of crossbreeds and percent heterosis. It includes procedures to classify trait heritability, compute percent heterosis using data on purebred and crossbred performance, and identify the crossbreeding plan with the highest values for various traits.
This document discusses different systems of breeding in farm animals, including inbreeding, outbreeding, and crossbreeding. It provides data on expected performance and heterosis for various traits in beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, goats, and chickens. The document contains objectives to learn about inheritance of economically important traits and how to compute expected performance of crossbreeds and percent heterosis. It includes procedures to classify trait heritability, compute percent heterosis using data on purebred and crossbred performance, and identify the crossbreeding plan with the highest values for various traits.
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Exercise No.
___ Systems of Breeding in Farm Animals
Mariel Alfiler BSA-IVA
Introduction
Breeding systems is an important concern in animal improvement. The success of
any animal production operations regardless of system, e.g., intensive, extensive or backyard is largely dependent on breeding system employed and the reproduction efficiency of the herd. Inbreeding and outbreeding are systems of breeding that result to change in the genetic composition of farm animal population. Inbreeding is the mating of closely related individuals while outbreeding is the opposite of inbreeding. Crossbreeding, which a form of outbreeding, refers to the mating of animals belonging to different genetic groups. The reduction in the average performance as a consequence of mating related animals is called inbreeding depression. The phenomenon where the performance of the crossbred offspring is better than the average of the parental breeds is called hybrid vigor or heterosis. Knowing the important role in changing the genetic composition of a population, it is important to understand their genetic and phenotypic effect in a population and how they are measured.
Objectives
1. To learn the nature and degree of inheritance of economically important traits; and 2. To learn how to compute for expected performance of crossbreeds (EPC) and percent heterosis.
Procedure A 1. To determine the expected performance of crossbreeds, use the formula below: EPC = Mean of Parental Purebreds (1+H) Where H is the heterosis value of a trait in decimal form
Note: For EPC output, consider the following data and procedure.
Table 1. Estimates of heterosis for traits of beef cattle (%)
Traits % Heterosis Birth weight 2 – 10 Weaning weight 5 – 15 Post-weaning rate of gain 4 – 10 Post-weaning efficiency of gains 0–6 Percent retail cuts 0–5 Age at puberty 5 - 15
Table 2. Measurement of traits of different breeds of beef cattle
Breeds of Beef Cattle
Traits Angus Hereford Shorthorn Charolaise Birth weight (kg) 46.7 43.1 45.0 42.3 Weaning weight (kg) 242.0 257.0 273.0 284.0 Post-weaning rate of gain 0.56 0.77 0.91 0.63 (kg) Percent retail cuts (%) 41.3 45.6 50.1 43.7 Compute for the expected performance of the crossbreeds given the following crossbreeding plan
Questions: 1. Which of the crossbreds have the highest? a. Birth weight _______A x S___________ b. Weaning weight _____S x C________________ c. Post-weaning rate of gain _____H x S_________________ d. Percent retail cuts ________H x S______________
INT01 – Animal Science
2. If you were to select the best crossbred from among the different combinations, which will you select? Why?
H x S is chosen because it provides the greatest percentage of retail cuts.
Increased retail discounts translate into more sales and, subsequently, higher profits. Procedure B 1. Using the list of selected traits with heritability estimates, identify which traits are lowly heritable, moderately heritable or highly heritable and classify these as production trait or reproduction trait. Refer to Table 4. 2. Using the data on the average performance of the purebred and crossbred animals indicated in Table 5, compute for the percent heterosis of each specific trait using the following formula:
Percent Heterosis = mean of F1 offspring – mean of parent
breed groups x 100 mean of parent breed groups
Table 4. List of selected traits and their heritability estimates
New Performance Chicken Cornish Hampshire Egg production 60 40 63 Egg weight (g) 56 60 87 NH x C Fertility (%) 75 70 83 Hatchability (%) 80 85 91 Swine Landrace Large White Litter size at 8.8 piglets 9 piglets 10.24 birth Litter 4.04 3.52 4.42 L x LW weight at weaning ADG 0.48 kg 0.43 kg 0.59
Chicken Swine
% H for: % H for: Egg production __26_____ Litter size at birth ____15.06____ Egg weight ____50__ Litter weight at weaning ___16.93____ Fertility _____14.48____ ADG ___29.67____ Hatchability __10.30__
Note: Please show your detailed computations and solutions for this exercise.
References
ADSC-UPLB. 2005. Laboratory Manual in Animal Science II: Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production
