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Chapter Four

This document outlines the typical sections and contents of Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) in a research paper. It discusses presenting general information about sample firms, data analysis including descriptive and inferential statistics, and discussion of findings and inferences drawn from the data. The purpose is to reduce and interpret data in a way that answers the research questions.

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Evans Drumk
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33 views10 pages

Chapter Four

This document outlines the typical sections and contents of Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) in a research paper. It discusses presenting general information about sample firms, data analysis including descriptive and inferential statistics, and discussion of findings and inferences drawn from the data. The purpose is to reduce and interpret data in a way that answers the research questions.

Uploaded by

Evans Drumk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUOTE FOR THE WEEK

“Among the greatest enemy of


success is procrastination.”

“Successful people do what


unsuccessful people are not
willing to do.”
CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


CHAPTER FOUR CONSISTS . . .
• General information of Sample firms

• Data Presentation and Analysis

• Discussion (findings & Inferences from


data analysis).
General information of
Sample/firms.

In this section, the researcher has to describe


his/her respondents in general terms using
demographic variables such as listed below:

• Respondents’ profile (Age, Gender,


Educational attainment, position in the
organization, etc)

• Organizations’ profile (years of operation,


annual income, industry, number of full time
and part time employees, etc.)
Data analysis
• After collection and preparation of data, these may
now be subjected to the type of analysis identified
by the researcher in chapter three.

• Data analysis involves reducing accumulated data to


a manageable size, developing summaries, looking
for patterns and applying statistical techniques.

• The purpose of analysis is to reduce data to


interpretable form in order to answer the research
questions.
Data analysis- Descriptive
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics are data analysis
techniques used to describe the basic
features of the data in a study.

They provide simple summaries about the


sample and the measures.

Examples include percentages, frequency


distribution tables, graphs, etc.

Thus, with descriptive statistics you are


simply describing what is, what the data
shows.
Data analysis- Inferential
Statistics
• Inferential statistics—Help make decisions
about
– Null and research hypotheses
– Generalizing from sample to population
• Inferential statistics is used to infer from the
sample data what the population thinks.

• Inferential statistics is also used to make


judgments of the probability that an observed
difference between groups is a dependable
one or one that might have happened by
chance in this study.
Discussion (Findings and inferences
from data analysis)
• The data presented in tabular and graphic
form should be (1) interpreted and (2)
discussed.

• Through discussion, the research furnishes


a detailed analysis of the data presented.

• Data must not only be presented and


discussed; they must be interpreted. This
means an adequate exposition of the true
meaning /implication of the material
presented.
Discussions of findings include the
following:

– The meaning of what has been found

– Statement of inferences drawn from the


findings

– Implications and applications of findings

– Reasons for differences with other


research findings.
• The presentation of analysis and
results, should be based on the
objectives of the study.

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