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Engineering Physics

* Mass of pulley = 30 kg * Radius of pulley = 5 m * Moment of inertia of pulley (I) = 1/2 * mass * radius^2 = 1/2 * 30 * (5)^2 = 375 kg.m^2 * Frictional torque provided by pulley = 80 Nm * Using Newton's second law for rotational motion: Torque = I * angular acceleration 80 = 375 * angular acceleration * Solving for angular acceleration = 80/375 = 0.213 rad/s^2 * Linear acceleration of block = angular acceleration * radius = 0.213 * 5 = 1.07 m/s^2 Therefore, the acceleration of

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99 views33 pages

Engineering Physics

* Mass of pulley = 30 kg * Radius of pulley = 5 m * Moment of inertia of pulley (I) = 1/2 * mass * radius^2 = 1/2 * 30 * (5)^2 = 375 kg.m^2 * Frictional torque provided by pulley = 80 Nm * Using Newton's second law for rotational motion: Torque = I * angular acceleration 80 = 375 * angular acceleration * Solving for angular acceleration = 80/375 = 0.213 rad/s^2 * Linear acceleration of block = angular acceleration * radius = 0.213 * 5 = 1.07 m/s^2 Therefore, the acceleration of

Uploaded by

Leony Panjaitan
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS

RIGID BODIES & ●


●
THE CENTER OF MASS
MOMENT INERTIA

ROTATIONAL
● TORQUE
● NEWTONS’S LAW FOR
ROTATION
Found around the house! ● ANGULAR MOMENTUM
● WORK & POWER
● ROLLING & SLIDING
1. Rigid Bodies & Rotational
Dynamic
2. FLUIDS & FLUID DYNAMICS
3. FORCED VIBRATION & RESONANCE
RIGID BODIES &
ROTATIONAL
dynamic
THE CENTER OF MASS
1. If two point particles with masses m1,
and m2 (Fig 8-1 & 8-2) have
coordinates x1 and x2 on the x-axis,
then the center-of-mass coordinate
xcm is defined by:

M xcm = m1x1 + m2x2

Where M = m1 + m2

2. For Fig 8-3,

M xcm = m1(0) + m2(d)

3. For a system of many particles in


three dimension

You may substitute the mass (m) with area (A) for
2 dimension and volume (V)for 3 dimension system
or solid object.
Centroid of common geometric shapes
Find the center of mass of the
uniform sheet of plywood shown
in picture below!
MOMENT INERTIA
Moment inertia is a quantity
expressing a body's tendency to
resist angular acceleration.
Exercise
No 1 No 2

An object consists of four point particles, each of mass m, that


are connected by rigid massless rods to form a rectangle of sides
2a and 2b as shown in Figure. The system rotates with angular
speed w about an axis in the plane of the figure through the
center as shown. Find the kinetic energy of this object!
MOMENT INERTIA OF
VARIOUS SHAPES
EVALUATE THE MOMENT INERTIA OF THIN ROD ROTATE ABOUT the end
EVALUATE THE MOMENT INERTIA OF THIN ROD ROTATE ABOUT center

dx
Rotate the wrench

TORQUE
Torque is the measure of the force that
can cause an object to rotate about an axis.

Axis of rotation is the point where the object


rotates.
Direction of torque

A couple consists of a pair of equal and opposite forces that do


not act in the same straight line
Translation & rotation
● A single resultant force acting through the centre of mass of an object will produce translational acceleration.
● The same force, but acting through a point displaced from the centre of mass of the object, will produce a combination of both linear and
angular acceleration. (Helical path)
● A couple acting on an object will produce angular acceleration with no linear motion at all.
Find the total of torque
Total torque about point A provide by force if L=3.0 m is
If the given triangle plate is fixed from the point O and can rotate around this point, find the total torque applied by
the given forces.
What is the difference between torque and work?
● Torque is measured in units of newton metre (N m) but don’t confuse this with the unit of work or energy (the joule).
● In the case of torque the force is perpendicular to the direction in which the object moves but in the case of work the force and
direction moved are the same.
● Torque is a vector quantity while work is a scalar.
● Torque is a force that tends to cause a rotation, work is a measure of energy transfer between systems.
● Torque is a cross product but work is a dot product.
Newton’s fIrst law for angular motion – rotational equilibrium
For rotational motion Newton’s first law may be stated as:

An object continues to remain stationary or to move at a constant angular velocity unless an external torque acts
on it.

When the object is in rotational equilibrium:

total clockwise torque = total anticlockwise torque.

This statement is often called the "principle of moments".


Newton’s second law for angular motion – angular acceleration

The rotational equivalent of Newton’s second law relates the angular acceleration and torque on a body of moment of inertia.
Newton’s third law for rotational motion

An action torque and reaction torque are equal and opposite


A couple, consisting of two 4.0 N forces, acts tangentially on a wheel of diameter 0.60 m. The wheel starts
from rest and makes one complete rotation in 2.0 s. Calculate:

a) the angular acceleration

b) the moment of inertia of the wheel.


ANGULAR MOMENTUM

If the total mass distributes closer to the


rotational axis, the moment of inertia is
lower. However, if the mass spreads out far
from the axis, the moment of inertia is
higher.
The conservation of angular momentum

In rotational dynamics, the total angular momentum of a system remains constant providing no external torque acts on it.

A small mass being gently dropped onto a freely spinning disc. The addition of the mass increases the combined moment
of inertia of the disc and the mass and so the angular velocity of the system now falls in order to conserve the angular
momentum.
WORK & power
ROLLING & SLIDING
● When there is friction the object can roll.
● As the disc is not slipping, the bottom of the disc has
zero instantaneous velocity and so ωR = v. This means
that the top of the disc will have an instantaneous
velocity = 2v.
● The total kinetic energy of a body that is rolling without
slipping will be:

Ek total

● When an object rolls down a slope so that it loses a


vertical height h, the loss of gravitational potential
energy will become the total kinetic energy.
EXERCISE
A 10 kg disk of radius is 3 meters is spinning at 15 rad/s.

a. What is the inertia of the disk?


b. Calculate the angular momentum of the disk!
The angular momentum of a rod changes from 15 to 35
kg.m2.rad.s-1 in 4 s. What is the average torque acting on
the rod?
A force of 300 N acts on a 2.5 m long rod initially at rest
(10 kg).

a. What is the torque acting on the rod?


b. What is the final angular momentum of the rod if the
force acts on it for 8 seconds?
c. What is the final angular speed of the rod?
d. How much work has done by the force?

2.5 m

F = 300 N
A 500 kg merry-go-round with a radius of 10 m is moving at a
speed of 0.5 rad/s. A 40 kg child jumps on merry-go-round at
a position of 4m away from the center of rotation.

a. What is the inertia of merry-go-round?


b. What is the inertia of the child on the merry-go-round?
c. What is the final speed of the merry-go-round when the
child jumps on it?
A solid ball, of radius of 45 mm, rolls down an inclined plane of length 2.5 m. The sphere takes a time of 6.0 s to roll down
the plane. Assume that the ball does not slip. The moment of inertia, I, of a solid ball of mass M and radius R is given by
I=2/5 MR2

a) Calculate the velocity of the sphere as it reaches the end of the plane.

b) Calculate the angular velocity of the sphere as it reaches the end of the plane.

c) Determine the angle of inclination of the plane.

d) Comment on whether the assumption that the ball does not slip was appropriate in this instance.
A 10 kg block is attached to a 30 kg pulley through a rope.
The pulley is made of a disk with a radius of 5 m. the
frictional torque provided by the pulley is 80 Nm. What is
the acceleration of the block?

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