+1 Focus Area Respiration Notes

TLB’S Biology Classes
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

Focus area notes
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pharynx
• It is the common passage for food and air.
Glottis & Epiglottis
• Opening of the larynx is called glottis
• A large leaf like cartilaginous lid guards the opening of larynx (glottis)
called epiglottis.
• Epiglottis prevent the entry of food into the larynx.
Pleura
• Two lungs which are covered by a double layered pleura, with pleural
fluid between them.
• It reduces friction on the lung surface.
• The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracic lining
whereas the inner pleural membrane is in contact with the lung
surface.
Steps in Respiration
• (i) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is
drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.
• (ii) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2 ) across alveolar membrane.
• (iii) Transport of gases by the blood.
• (iv) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
• (v) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant
release of CO2.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
Breathing involves two stages :
• Inspiration during which atmospheric air is drawn in and expiration
by which the alveolar air is released out.
INSPIRATION
1. Diaphragm contracts.
2. Volume of thoracic chambers increases in anterio posterior axis.
3. External inter coastal muscles contracts.
4. The ribs and the sternum raised.
5. Volume of thoracic chamber increases in dorso ventral axis
6. Pulmonary volume increases.
7. Intra pulmonary pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure.
8. Air from outside move in to the lungs.
EXPIRATION
1. Diaphragm and inter costal muscles relaxes
2. Thoracic and pulmonary volume decreases.
3. Intra pulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure
4. Air from lungs expelled.

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

Tidal Volume (TV):
• Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration.
• It is approx. 500 mL., i.e., a healthy man can inspire or expire
approximately 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute.
Residual Volume (RV):
• Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration.
• This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
TRANSPORT OF GASES
Transport of Oxygen
• About 97 per cent of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood.
• The remaining 3 per cent of O2 is carried in a dissolved state through

the plasma.
• The red coloured pigment present in RBC is haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin binds with O2 in a reversible manner
• One haemoglobin molecule binds with four O2 molecule
• In tissues oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to O2 and haemoglobin.

What are the factors which favour the formation of

oxyhaemoglobin in lungs ?
• High PO2,
• low PCO2,
• lesser H+ concentration and
• low temperature in the alveoli help in the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin in the lung alveoli.
What are the factors which favour the dissociation of
oxyhaemoglobin in tissues?
In tissues
• low PO2,
• high PCO2,
• high H+ ion concentration and
• higher temperature favour dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin in
tissues.
• Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around 5 ml of
O2 to the tissues under normal physiological conditions.
Oxygen dissociation curve
• The binding O2 with haemoglobin is mainly related to partial
pressure of O2.
• If we plot the partial pressure of O 2 against percentage of
saturation of haemoglobin with O2 a sigmoid curve is
obtained.
• This curve is known as oxygen dissociation curve.
• This curve is highly useful in studying the effect of factors like
PCO2 ,H+ conc., temperature etc.
DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ASTHMA
• Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of
bronchi and bronchioles.
EMPHYSEMA
• Chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which
respiratory surface is decreased.
• One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking.
Occupational Respiratory Disorders
• This is due to the exposure of harmful substances like fumes or dust
present in the environment where a person works.
• Long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis
(proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious lung damage.

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TLB’S Biology Classes

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2. Thoracic and pulmonary volume decreases.

3. Intra pulmonary pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure

4. Air from lungs expelled.

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

• The remaining 3 per cent of O2 is carried in a dissolved state through

• One haemoglobin molecule binds with four O2 molecule

• In tissues oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to O2 and haemoglobin.

What are the factors which favour the formation of

DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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