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    Lecture 03

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    Mohit Rawat
    This document discusses atomic and molecular physics, specifically focusing on one-electron atoms. It covers topics like the fine structure of energy levels, Lamb shift experiment results, interaction of atoms with electromagnetic fields, and selection rules for electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole transitions. Special hydrogenic systems are also mentioned, including deuteron, anti-hydrogen, and muonic atoms.

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    Lecture 03

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Rawat
    19 views12 pages
    This document discusses atomic and molecular physics, specifically focusing on one-electron atoms. It covers topics like the fine structure of energy levels, Lamb shift experiment results, interaction of atoms with electromagnetic fields, and selection rules for electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole transitions. Special hydrogenic systems are also mentioned, including deuteron, anti-hydrogen, and muonic atoms.

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    Lecture-03

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    This document discusses atomic and molecular physics, specifically focusing on one-electron atoms. It covers topics like the fine structure of energy levels, Lamb shift experiment results, interaction of atoms with electromagnetic fields, and selection rules for electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole transitions. Special hydrogenic systems are also mentioned, including deuteron, anti-hydrogen, and muonic atoms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    19 views12 pages

    Lecture 03

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Rawat
    This document discusses atomic and molecular physics, specifically focusing on one-electron atoms. It covers topics like the fine structure of energy levels, Lamb shift experiment results, interaction of atoms with electromagnetic fields, and selection rules for electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole transitions. Special hydrogenic systems are also mentioned, including deuteron, anti-hydrogen, and muonic atoms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    0.

    1 Atomic and Molecular Physics (PH-CT503)


    M.Sc.(Physics),Semester IV (January-April, 2022)
    Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi
    (Taught by: Dr. Jyoti Rajput)

    Physics of Atoms and Molecules


    by
    B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain

    1
    0.2 One-electron atoms: Fine Structure
    Total energy shift due to relativistic corrections

    ∆E = ∆E1 + ∆E2 + ∆E3

    2
     
    (Zα) n 3
    ∆Enj = −En −
    n2 j + 12 4
    Energy levels of one electron atom/ions
    2
      
    (Zα) n 3
    Enj = En 1 + −
    n2 j + 21 4
    The levels j = 21 , 32 , . . . (n − 12 ) are said to form a fine structure mul-
    tiplet.

    For n = 2, j = 12 , 32 , states labeled as 2s1/2, 2p1/2 and 2p3/2.

    2
    0.3 Discussion
    ˆ Calculate the energy separation between levels 2s1/2 and 2p3/2 (in
    eV) for H-atom.
    ˆ Are the levels 2s1/2 and 2p1/2 really degenerate?

    ˆ The level 2s1/2 of H-atom is metastable and has a lifetime of 1


    7 s.
    ˆ What are metastable states? Why are states metastable?

    3
    0.4 Lamb shift
    The experiment

    ˆ H-atoms are produced in excited states 2s1/2, 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 and
    an atomic beam is formed.
    ˆ States 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 decay to the ground state 1s1/2 in 1.6 ns.

    ˆ The detector is a Tungsten ribbon from which atoms in state 2s1/2


    can eject electrons. Atoms in ground state are not detected. (What
    is the binding energy of 2s1/2 state?)
    ˆ Interaction region: A region where magnetic field is present and
    constant frequency RF power is provided. The applied magnetic
    field can be varied. The atomic beam passes through this region
    and hits the detector.
    ˆ If there is an energy difference between 2s1/2 and 2p1/2 states, then

    4
    a transition is possible which will change the signal strength on the
    detector.

    Result: 2s1/2 level of H-atom lies above the 2p1/2 by about 4.37 µeV
    (≈1057.8 MHz).

    Explanation: Radiative corrections due to interaction with ”zero


    point oscillations” of quantised radiation field.

    Another example: H-like U 91+


    2s1/2 level of this ion lies above the 2p1/2 by about 75 eV

    Calculate the energy separation between levels 2s1/2 and 2p3/2 (in
    eV) for U 91+.

    5
    0.5 Interaction of one-electron atoms with EM
    field
    ˆ Transition rates determined using time dependent perturbation the-
    ory

    d (1) 2
    Wba = |cb (t)|
    dt
    (1)
    cb (t) ∝ < ψb|eik.r ε̂.∇|ψa >
    where ε̂ is the polarization vector and k is propagation vector.
    ˆ The dipole approximation

    1
    eik.r = 1 + ik.r + (ik.r)2 + . . . . . .
    2!
    6
    In dipole approximation, ka << 1 where “a” is characteristic of
    linear dimensions of atomic wave functions
    eik.r ≈ 1
    And hence
    (1)
    cb (t) ∝ < ψb|ε̂.∇|ψa >
    OR
    (1) i
    cb (t) ∝ ε̂. < ψb|p̂|ψa >
    ℏ
    OR
    (1) mωba
    cb (t) ∝ − ε̂. < ψb|r̂|ψa >
    ℏ
    OR
    (1) mωba
    cb (t) ∝ ε̂. < ψb|D̂|ψa >
    ℏe
    where D is electric dipole moment operator. If Dba is non-vanishing,
    the transition is said to be allowed or electric dipole (E1) transi-
    tion. If Dba vanishes, the transition is said to be forbidden.
    7
    ˆ The magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions

    d (1) 2
    Wba = |cb (t)|
    dt
    (1)
    cb (t) ∝ < ψb|eik.r ε̂.∇|ψa >

    1
    eik.r = 1 + ik.r + (ik.r)2 + . . . . . .
    2!
    The second term of this expansion ik.r can also contribute to the
    transition probability through the matrix element

    i=N
    X
    M̃ba = < ψb|(ik.ri)(ε.∇ri )|ψa >
    i=1

    8
    which may be expanded to give

    (1) (2)
    M̃ba = M̃ba + M̃ba
    (1)
    with M̃ba relates to magnetic dipole transition

    (1) ωba
    M̃ba =− < ψa|Ly |ψb >
    2ℏc
    (2)
    and M̃ba relates to electric quadrupole transition

    2 X i=N
    (2) imωba
    M̃ba =− < ψb|xizi|ψa >
    2ℏc i=1
    taking direction of propagation k along Z-axis and the polarisation
    vector ε̂ along X-axis.

    9
    0.6 Selection rules
    ˆ Electric dipole (E1) transitions

    1. ∆m = 0, ±1
    2. ∆l = ±1

    ˆ Magnetic dipole (M1) transitions

    1. ∆MJ = 0, ±1
    2. ∆J = 0, ±1 with (J=0↔J’=0 forbidden)
    3. The atomic states a and b must have the same parity

    Under LS coupling scheme


    4. ∆L = ∆li = 0 (i=1,2,3....N)
    5. ∆S = 0

    10
    6. ∆ni = 0 (i = 1,2 ..... N)

    ˆ Electric quadrupole (E2) transitions

    1. ∆MJ = 0, ±1, ±2
    2. ∆J = 0, ±1, ±2 (J+J’ ≥ 2)
    3. The atomic states a and b must have the same parity

    Under LS coupling scheme


    4. ∆S = 0
    5. ∆L = 0, ±1, ±2 (L + L’ ≥2)
    6. ∆ML = 0, ±1, ±2
    7. In case of single electron system, ∆li = 0, ±2 with (l=0↔l’=0
    forbidden)

    11
    0.7 Special Hydrogenic Systems
    The Z values may vary and reduced mass may change

    1. Deuteron, a system of one neutron, one proton and one electron


    2. HeII (He+)
    3. BeIV (Be3+)
    4. Anti-hydrogen, a system of positron and anti-proton
    5. Positronium, a system of positron and electron
    6. Muonic atoms, a system of one muon (µ−) and a nucleus
    7. Muonium, a system of antimuon (µ+) and an electron

    12

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