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PROGRAM DIDIK CEMERLANG AKADEMIK

SPM

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM 5
MODULE 15

MOTION ALONG
A STRAIGHT LINE

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Motion Along A Straight Line

15.1. DISPLACEMENT

15.1.1. IDENTIFY DIRECTION OF DISPLACEMENT OF A PARTICLE FROM A FIXED POINT

NOTES

If the right side of O is considered the positive direction, then

DISPLACEMENT ORIENTATION

1.POSITIVE
The particle is on the ……….. side of O.

2.NEGATIVE

The particle is on the ….......... side of O

3.ZERO
The particle is …… O

EXERCISE 15.1.1

A particle moves along a straight line with the displacement s m and t is the time after passing through a
fixed point O. Find the displacement of the particle after the corresponding time.

Displacement formulae Displacement within 1 s Displacement at 3 s

s = t² -2t
s = 1² -2(1) s = 3² -2(3)
=-1 =3
Meaning that the particle is 1m Meaning that the particle is 3m on
on the left of O the right O

(a) s=t² + 2

(b) s=t² -t -1

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(c) s= 3t-t²+2

(d) s= t³-2t²-3

15.1.2 DETERMINE THE TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A PARTICLE

OVER A TIME INTERVAL USING GRAPHICAL METHOD

Example

A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m and t is the time after passing
through the fixed point O. Given the displacement s=8-4t² therefore find the total distance taken
within 4 seconds.

Solution

When, t = 0, s = 8-4t² When t = 4, s = 8-4(4)²

.s = 8-4(0) 2 = 8-64
=8 = -56
Total distance traveled = 8 + 56 = 64m

EXERCISE 15.1.2

A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m and t is the time after passing through
the fixed point O. Find the total distance taken within 3 seconds for the following cases.

Displacement formulae Total distance taken in the first three second

(a) s =2t² - 3 When t = 0, s = 2(0) -3

= -3

t =3, s = 2(3²) -3
= 15

Total distance=3+15 = 18

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(b) s = 5 – 2t²

(c) s= 5t -1

15.2VELOCITY

15.2.1 DETERMINE VELOCITY FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE BY DIFFERENTIATION

NOTES

- The velocity of a particle,v, at the instant t is the rate of change of displacement with respect to
time,that is
ds
V=
dt

- If the direction of motion to the right is considered as the positive direction, then

Velocity (v) Particle moving to

The particle is moving to the

Positive , v> 0

Negative, v< 0 The particle is moving to the

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EXERCISE 15.2.1

A particle moves along a straight line with its displacements ,s m and the time t after passing through point
O. Find the velocity when t = 1 and t = 3 for each of the following;

Displacement Velocity in 1 second Velocity in 3 second

(a) s = 2t² + 5

(b) s= t² - 2t

(c)s = 3t² + 6

(c) s = t² - 3t + 2

15.2.2 DETERMINE INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY OF A PARTICLE

Example

1. A particle moves along a straight line with the velocity of v ms 1 and t is the time after passing
a fixed point O. Find
(a) time when the particle is at stationary
(b) the range of t for the positive velocity

Solution
s = t² -12t + 16
ds
v= = 2t – 12
dt

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(a) If particle is at rest,v = 0,

2t -12 = 0
t = 6s

(b) If positive velocity,then v > 0;

2t -12 > 0
t > 6s
EXERCISE 15.2.2

A particle moves along a straight line with the velocity of v ms 1 and t is the time after passing a fixed point
O. Find the instantaneous velocity and the time as the particle moves towards the point O.

Velocity formulae Initial velocity Time when the particle comes

instantaneously to rest
Examples Solution Solution

v = 9t² - 4 Initial velocity t = 0 Stopped v = 0

V = 9(0)² - 4 9t² - 4 = 0
= -4ms 1 4
t² =
9
2
t=
3

(a) v = t²- 3t

(b) v = 4t - 3t²

(c) v = 2t³ + t² - 28t

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15.3 ACCELERATION

15.3.1 DETERMINE ACCELERATION FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE BY DIFFERENTIATION

The instantaneous acceleration of a particle, a, at the instant t is the rate of change of velocity with
respect to time, that is

dv d 2 s
a= =
dt dt 2

The uniform acceleration means that the velocity change in the unvarying rate.
The velocity is a maximum when the acceleration is zero.

Meaning of the signs of acceleration:

The velocity of the particle is increasing with respect to time.

a0
The velocity of the particle is decreasing with respect to time, i.e.
a0
deceleration or retardation.
a0 The particle is at uniform velocity or maximum velocity.

EXERCISE 15.3.1
A particle moves with its velocity v ms 1 and t is the time after passing through a fixed point O. Find the
initial acceleration when t = 3 for each of the following.

Velocity formulae Initial acceleration Acceleration at 3 s

:
When t = 0, a =3-2(0) When t=3,a =3-2(3)
V= 3t -t² =3ms 1 = -3ms 2
dv
a= = 3 -2t
dt

(a) v =2t² + 5t

(b) v = t³ + 2t²-6

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(c) s = 2t³ -t²+8

(d) s = t-t³

(e) s = 4t-t³

15.3.2 DETERMINE INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION OF A PARTICLE

 When acceleration is positive, the velocity of the particle is increasing with time.
 When acceleration is negative, the velocity of the particle is decreasing with time.
 When acceleration is zero, the velocity of the particle is either a maximum or a minimum.

15.3.3 DETERMINE INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY OF A PARTICLE FROM ACCELERATION

FUNCTION BY INTEGRATION

The velocity of a particle which is moving along a straight line is given as v=3t+4. Find the
displacement at 2 second.

s=  vdt , s=  (3t  4)dt

3t 2
=  4t  c, c is a constant
2

When t=0, s =0;

3(0) 2
0=  4(0)  c
2
c=0
3t 2 3(2) 2
Therefore s=  4t , when t=2 s=  4(2)
2 2
s= 6+8
s =14 m

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EXERCISE 15.3.3
2
The acceleration of a particle which is moving along a straight line from its instantaneous rest is a ms and t s is the time after
passing through a fixed point O.
Find the initial acceleration and the maximum velocity of the particle.
Acceleration formulae Initial acceleration Maximum or minimum velocity

: Initial acceleration; t = 0 Maximum velocity; a= 0

a=6 -2t a = 6- 2(0) 6 – 2t = 0
= 6 ms 2 t=3
v =  a dt =  (6-2t)dt
= 6t -t² + c
When t=0,v=0,therefore c =0.
 v = 6t - t²
When t = 3,v=6(3) -3²=9 ms 1

(a) a=6 – 4t

(b) a =2t - 4

(c) a = 6t² -2t

SELF ASSESSMENT I

1. A particle, Q, moves along a straight line so that its displacement, s meters, from a
fixed point O on the straight line is given by s = 3t² - t, where t is the time in seconds
after passing through O. Find the time at which the particle Q passes through O again.

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2. A particle moves along a straight line so that its displacement, s meters , from a fixed
point O is given by s = t(8 – t), where t is the time in seconds after passing through O.
Find
a) the distance traveled in the first three seconds
b) the distance traveled during the 2 seconds

SELF ASSESSMENT II

1. A particle moves in a straight line with its displacement, s metre and time t second after passed
through a fix point O. Given that s=2t³ - 15t² + 36t, find
(a) the displacement when the velocity is zero
(b) time when the particle moved to the left
(c) the velocity and the direction of particle when t = 3

Solution

2. A particle moving along a straight line and passed a fixed point O with its velocity, v ms 1 . Given v
= t(t - 3) and t is the time in second after passed through O. Find
(a) displacement when t = 5 second
(b) maximum distance before it change it’s direction
(c) total distance traveled in the first 5 second
(d) distance traveled in 3 second

Solution

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SELF ASSESSMENT III

1. A particle moves along a straight line through a fixed point O. Its acceleration, a cms 2 , is given by a = 2t
+ 3, where t is the time in seconds after passing through O. Given that its initial velocity is -10 cms 1 .
Find
(a) the velocity of the particle when its acceleration is 11 cms 1
(b) the total distance traveled by the particle during 4 seconds after passing through 0

(a)

(b)

1 1
2. A particle moves along a straight line passing through a fixed point O with velocity ms . Its
2
acceleration, a ms 2 , is given by a = 3t – 2, where t is the time in seconds after passing through O.
Find
(a) the time at which the particle is at instantaneous rest
(b) the time at which the particle passes through O again

(a)

(b)

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SPM 2005, PAPER 2

Diagram below shows the positions and direction of motion of two objects, P and Q moving in a
straight line passing two fixed points, A and B, respectively. Object P passes the fixed point A and
object Q passes the fixed point B simultaneously. The distance AB is 28 m.

P Q

C B
A
28m

The velocity of P, v p ms 1 , is given by v p  6  4t  2t 2 , where t is the time, in seconds, after it passes A

while Q travels with a constant velocity of -2 ms 1 . Object P stops instantaneously at the point C.(
Assume that the positive direction of motion is towards the right.). Find
(a) the maximum velocity, in ms 1 , of P [3 marks]
(b) the distance, in m, of C from A [4 marks]
(c) the distance, in m, between P and Q when P is at the point C. [3 marks]

SPM 2004, PAPER 2

A particle moves along a straight line from a fixed point P. Its velocity, V ms 1 , is given by V= 2t(6-t),
where t is the time in seconds, after leaving the point P.( Assume motion to the right is positive). Find

(a) the maximum velocity of the particle [3 marks]

(b) the distance traveled during the third second [3 marks]
(c) the value of t when the particle passes the point P again [2 marks]
(d) the time between leaving P and when the particle reverses its direction of motion
[2 marks]

(a)

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(b)

(c)

(d)

Answers

EXERCISE 15.1 SELF ASSESSMENT I

a) 3 on the right O,11 on the right O 1. 1/3 s
b) -1 on the left O,5 on the right O4 on the 2. a) 15m, b) 5m
right O,2 on the right O
c) -4 on the left O, 6 on the right O SELF ASSESSMENT II
1a)15/4;
EXERCISE 15.2.1 b) t=1/2s or 7s
a) 18m
(b) 15m SELF ASSESSMENT III
1) a) 18 cm 1 b) 28 cm
EXERCISE 15.2.2 1
a) 4 ms 1 ; 12ms 1 2) a) s, 1 s b) 1 s
3
b) 0;4
c)6;18 SPM COLLECTION
d)-1;3 SPM 2005
a)V max =8ms 1 ; b) Distance= 18m c) 4m
EXERCISE 15.3.1
a ) a  6ms 2 , v  9ms 1
SPM 2004
b) a  4ms 2 , v  0ms 1 a) v=18ms 1 b) 17 1/3m c)t=9s
2 1
c) a  0ms , v  0ms d)t=6s

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