10 XII December 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48408
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Feasibility Study of Urban Raw Wastewater for

Agricultural Uses in Nanded City, Maharashtra,
India
Abhijit Kandlikar
School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra India.

Abstract: In several waste water studies, estimation of the quality of waste water is an important. The quantity, in as much as the
usability of waste water available is determined by its chemical, and physical properties. The quality of waste water imagines
field observations concerning the source and situation of waste water occurrence, source of pollution and other related aspects
having a bearing on the quality of waste water. The sustainability of waste water for utilization purpose is judged on the basis of
pH, EC, TDS, Hardness, Total alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate, Sodium and Potassium, etc. The sustainability of waste water for
irrigation purpose is judged on the basis of sodium contents and electrical conductivity mainly. These studies have been carried
out during the year 2016-2017. In this study, water samples were analyzed from industrial wastewater mainly that has been
utilized in the farmlands only in the surrounding areas.
Keywords: Physico-Chemical, Parameters, Permissible Limit, Chemical standards, Wastewater

I. INTRODUCTION
Increased population, urbanization, better living conditions and economic development have led to the generation of increased
volumes of wastewater in the domestic, industrial and commercial sectors (Asano et al., 2007; Lazarova and Bahri, 2005).
According to the United Nations World Water Development Report, industry accounts for 22% of all global water withdrawals.
This ranges from 59% in high-income countries to 8% in low-income countries. This is not as much as is used in agriculture, which
accounts for about 50% of freshwater use. (Brenda and Lee 2009) In India, only 24% of wastewater produced by households and
industries is treated before being used in agriculture or discharged into rivers (Minhas and Samra, 2003). A large part of the sewage
treatment plants, which deals with the second third, is not properly operated and maintained. The reality is that up to two-thirds of
the wastewater produced in the world is not treated at all. For example, it is estimated that less than 10% of existing wastewater
treatment plants in Mexico are operating satisfactorily (Mario and Boland, 1999). One of the negative environmental impacts
associated with wastewater use is the contamination of groundwater with high concentrations of nitrates, salts, and microorganisms
(USEPA 1992).
Salinity caused by wastewater can reduce crop productivity due to general growth suppression at the pre-seedling stage, due to
nutritional imbalance and growth suppression due to toxic ions (Kijne et al. 1998). Where exotic vegetables are produced for the
market, farmers generally do not consume them and may not be aware of the potential health consequences from their own
experience (Drechsel et al., 2006). High levels of nitrogen in wastewater can result in nitrate contamination of groundwater sources
used for drinking, which could have adverse health effects. Accumulation of heavy metals in soils and their uptake by plants is
another risk associated with wastewater irrigation (Khouri et al., 1994). Discharged waste and unwanted materials inevitably result
from human activities, whether domestic or industrial. If the wastes could accumulate on land or if they were indiscriminately
discharged into rivers and other bodies of water, they would lead to unacceptable ecological problems (Eckenfelder, 2000). The
main problems are caused by wastewater containing heavy metals, toxic chemicals, chlorides, lime with high content of dissolved
and suspended salts and other pollutants (Uberai, 2003).
In developing countries such as China, Mexico, Peru, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, India and Vietnam, wastewater has been used as a
nutrient source for crops for many decades (AATSE, 2004; Jimenez and Asano, 2008). Agricultural use of untreated wastewater has
therefore been associated with land application and crop production for centuries (Keraita et al., 2008). Based on information from
countries providing data on irrigated areas, it is estimated that more than 4–6 million hectares (ha) are irrigated with wastewater or
polluted water (Jimenez and Asano, 2008; Keraita et al., 2008, UNHSP, 2008). A separate estimate puts it at 20 million ha
worldwide, an area almost equal to 7% of the world's total irrigated land (WHO, 2006).

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2065
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

In a new review that integrates data from Jiménez and Asano (2008) and UNHSP (2008), 46 countries report the use of polluted
water for irrigation purposes. In large cities in West Africa, 50 to 90% of vegetables consumed by urban residents are produced in or
near the city (Drechsel et al., 2006), where much of the water used for irrigation is polluted. In Pakistan, about 26% of the national
vegetable production is irrigated with wastewater (Ensink et al., 2004).
The aim of the presented work is the analysis and discussion of the suitability of industrial wastewater for agricultural practices for
crops and irrigation purposes in an around areas of Nanded city.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Study Area
The Nanded is located between 18°.15' and 19°.55' North latitude and 77°.7' to 78°.15' east longitudes. The district has a
geographical area of 10528 Sq. Km. Nanded is one of the fastest growing city of Marathwada region of Maharashtra Yannawar et
al. (2013), & Yannawar (2015)

Fig. 1.1 Showing the study areas map of Nanded Taluka in Nanded District

B. Site and Field Selection

Two sites and three fields were selected to monitor irrigation and nutrient applications and heavy metal build up. Since wastewater
which is coming from oil & cattle feed industry which is used in surrounding agriculture area near Vasarni Nanded. The main
wastewater had received over a period of thirty years, from the Cattle feed industries which located in (MIDC) Maharashtra &
Industrial Development Corporation of (CIDCO) City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra New Nanded.

C. Sampling Methods
For the present investigation the effluent samples were collected from local cattle feed industries, situated in MIDC of Nanded. The
physical and chemical parameters were analyzed as per Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 17th
edition, APHA (1998). Sampling was done three times in the year at morning in 2011-12. The pH, temperature, dissolved Oxygen,
and Total Dissolved Solids were determined on the spot rest of the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory by standard methods.
This is descriptive-cross sectional study that sampling from raw urban wastewater was directly preformed in orchards and farms in
spring and summer to determine levels of important parameters in irrigating agricultural crops in orchard and farm inlets in spring
and summer (May to August). Sampling was carried out based on Standard Method.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2066
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, water samples were analyzed from industrial wastewater during the year of 2016-2017. A number of physical
parameters such as total solids, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, color were measured. Estimated chemical parameters
such as pH, carbon dioxide, total hardness, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, salinity, total acidity, oil and grease. Some
ionic parameters such as chloride, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride, iron, chromium, and
manganese were also determined. Biological properties such as standard plate count and most probable count were performed. Color
is usually the first contaminant recognized in wastewater and affects the aesthetics, water transparency, and gas solubility of water
bodies (Yuxing and Jian 1999). All discharge samples were blackish in color. The pH of the waste water ranges from 6.9 to 8.7 and
the temperature from 200C to 300C. Total dissolved solids range from 784 to 1730 µM. Because water contains dissolved and
suspended components in different proportions.
In this study, the data revealed that there is considerable variation in quality with respect to their physicochemical properties. The
average value of various wastewater quality parameters was given in Table 1 and shown in graphs. This document describes the
strong links between wastewater use and management.
The most important benefit for farmers in this semi-arid region is a reliable supply of wastewater that allows them to grow high-
value vegetable or agricultural crops. The wastewater supply runs continuously throughout the year, and farmers not only have their
own rotations in its use, but can also exchange moves with each other to make water availability more responsive to crop water
requirements. However, at the end of irrigation systems or during dry periods, wastewater may be the only water flowing in canals
in areas such as Haroonabad, Pakistan and Hyderabad, India (Ensink et al., 2004; Ensink, 2006).

Table 3.1: Physico-chemical parameters of industrial water samples

Sr. No. Water Parameters Mean ± SD

1. Total Solids 1199.3±376.9

2. TDS 1368± 510.5
3. EC [uS/cm] 222±15.0
4. Colour Blackish
5. Temperature 24.3 ±5.1
H
6. P 7.96±0.9
7. Carbon Dioxide 20.6±2.3
8. Total Hardness 166.6±41.6
9. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity BDL
10. Total Alkalinity 1426.6±75.0
11. Salinity 316.9±14.1
12. Total acidity 210 ±115.3
13. Oil & grease 789.3± 26.1
14. Chloride 188.3 ±20.06
15. Phosphate 4.0±1.59
16. Sulphate 92.56 ±29.52
17. Calcium 29.44± 12.3
18. Magnesium 26.32 ±14.37
19. Sodium 207.0±30.2
20. Potassium 35 ±13.75

Except EC, pH, all the parameters are expressed as mg/Lit. Limits for industrial effluent discharged into inland surface waters.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2067
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Fig.3.1: The total mean values observed of Physico-chemical parameters of industrial wastewater samples in mg/Lit.

Fig.3.2: The total SD values observed of Physico-chemical parameters of industrial wastewater samples in mg/Lit.
Farmers generally experiment on their own and respond to perceived production risks such as pest attacks, water shortages or
reduced availability of fertile land and labor (Mutsaers et al., 1997). Among the perceived drivers of change, health risks are not
prominent, which is not surprising given the low awareness of health risks. However, poor water quality can be a problem for
farmers, even if its health-affecting components are not perceived. It is therefore important to encourage farmers to find solutions
themselves, and several home remedies actually reduce health risks, even if unintentional (IWMI, 2008).
Salinity caused by wastewater can reduce crop productivity due to general growth suppression at the pre-seedling stage, due to
nutritional imbalance and growth suppression due to toxic ions (Kijne et al. 1998). Where exotic vegetables are produced for the
market, farmers generally do not consume them and may not be aware of the potential health consequences from their own
experience (Drechsel et al., 2006). Thus, in many cases, farmers have been found to develop strategies and innovations to adapt to
deteriorating water quality in order to maintain or increase yields and reduce other negative trade-offs, including health problems of
special concern, which are innovations aimed at reducing inputs., such as labor while reducing health risks such as furrow irrigation
compared to overhead watering with watering cans. There are a number of management options for smallholder farmers in
developing countries to address the problems and risks of exposure to heavy metals or excessive salts and nutrients through
irrigation water. Similar consequences have been noticed by Yannawar et al (2014) in Nanded and its surrounding areas in the year
2014.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2068
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. CONCLUSIONS
In Nanded where water is scarce, poor farmers use untreated wastewater and industrial pollution is limited, there is scope for
improvement in the use of water and nutrients to further optimize the economic benefits of wastewater use. At the same time
adequate measures should be put in place to control various infections in populations exposed to wastewater. It is concluded that the
effluent discharged from oil and cattle feed industry and surrounding industries except oil and grease all values prescribed by the
Standards of Environmental Protection Act and Ministry of Environment Forest, New Delhi. Therefore, it should take little attention
towards here before to disposal in the environment. In order to find common ground and to use knowledge to change perceptions
and behavior, farmers and scientists need to work together. Without its proper supervision, wastewater use poses serious health and
environmental risks in agriculture crops and human health respectively.
Declaration: The authors of this manuscript do not oppose the interest.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to the School of Earth Sciences of Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded for providing
laboratory and library facilities for my research activities etc.

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