MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

33−31
= 45 + x10
66−31−17
2
= 45 + x10
18
10
= 45 +
9

= 45 + 1.11
= 46.11

PROBABILITY

Probability is the study of the chances of events happening. By means of probability,

the chance of the events is measured by a number lying from 0 to 1.

Experiment: An operation which produces some well-defined outcomes, is called an

experiment. Eg. Tossing a coin, throwing a dice etc.

If an experiment is repeated under identical conditions and they do not produce the
same outcomes every time, then it is said to be a Random experiment.

An event of an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment,

generally denoted by E. Eg. Getting an odd number in a single throw of die is an
event. This case there are three outcomes 1,3 and 5

Elementary event: An event having only one outcome of the random experiment is
called an elementary event. Eg. Tossing a coin and getting H or T is an elementary
event

Probability of an event : If E is an event associated with a random experiment , then

probability of event E, denoted by P(E) represents the chance of occurrence of event
E.
Eg. If E denotes the event of getting an odd number in a single throw of die, then P(E)
represents the chance of occurrence of event E, i.e, the chance of getting 1,3 or 5

Compound event: The collection of two or more elementary events associated with
an experiment is called a compound event. Eg. In the random experiment of tossing a
die, if we define the event “getting a multiple of 3” .Then the event has two outcomes
3 and 6 and hence is a compound event.

Impossible event: An event which does not occur at all when an experiment is
performed is called an impossible event. Eg. “Event of getting 7 on a die” when a die
is tossed, is an impossible event.

Sure event: The event which always occurs when the experiment is carried out is
called a sure event. Eg. If we toss a die, the total outcomes are 1,2,3,4,5,6. Let the
event be “the number on the die is less than 7” then E is 1,2,3,4,5,6 and hence always
occurs and is a sure event.
Equally likely outcomes: Two or more outcomes are said to be equally likely
outcomes if each outcome has the same chance of appearing as any other. Eg. If we

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MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

toss a coin, the two outcomes i.e, H or T are equally likely to appear, so they are
equally likely outcomes.
Formula for finding probability: The probability of an event E is denoted by P(E) and
is
defined as

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬

P (E ) =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

The numerator in the definition of P(E) is always less than or equal to denominator of
P(E)

• 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
• For an impossible event P(E) = 0
• For sure event P(E) = 1
• Probability of an event cannot be negative
• The sum of probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment = 1

Complement of an event / Negation of an event: If E is an event associated with a

random experiment, then if we delete the outcomes in event E from total outcomes,
then the event of collection of remaining outcomes is called complement event of
‘event E’ and is denoted by Ē
• E and Ē are complementary events
• P(E) + P(Ē) = 1

A pack of (or deck) of playing cards consists of four suits called Diamonds, Hearts,
clubs and Spades. Each suit consists of 13 cards totaling 52 in all – 26 of red colour
and 26 of black colour. Diamonds and Hearts are red cards whereas Clubs and Spades
are black cards. Each suit contains an Ace, King, Queen and Jack ,2 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7 ,8,
9and,10. The Kings, Queens and Jacks are called face cards (there are 3 face cards in
each suit). Thus, there are 12 face cards in all in a pack. Nine cards of each suit are
numbered from 2 to 10.

There are 4 honour cards of each suit (Ace, King, Queen and Jack). In total there are
16 honour cards
Possible outcomes
225
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

Tossing a coin--- Head , Tail

Tossing two coins ---(HH) (HT ) (TT) (TH)
Tossing 3 coins ------(HHH) (HHT) (HTH) HTT) (TTH) (TTT) (THT) (THT)
Throwing a die-----1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
Throwing two dices----(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1 ,5) (1, 6)
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2 ,5) (2, 6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3 ,5) (3, 6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4 ,5) (4, 6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5 ,5) (5, 6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6 ,5) (6, 6)

Leap year 53 days… (Sunday, Monday) ( Monday , Tuesday )

( Tuesday, Wednesday) (Wednesday , Thursday) (Thursday , Friday)
( Friday , Saturday ) (Saturday , Sunday )
Non leap year----Sunday , Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday, Friday ,
Saturday
PART A ( 1 MARK QUESTIONS)
1 The probability that a number selected from the numbers { 1,2,3,4,….20 }is a multiple
of 5 is
5 1 4 2
(A) 20 (B) 5
( C) 5
( D) 5

2 A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random. The probability that the chosen letter
is a consonant is
21 5 2
(A) 26 (B) 26 (C) 25 (D) None of these

3 Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

3
(A) 1.5 (B) 5 (C) 25% (D) 0.3

4 If P(E ) = 0.05 , then the probability of P ( not E) is

( A ) 0.85 ( B ) 0.75 ( C ) 0.25 ( D ) 0.95

5 In a single throw of a die , the probability of getting a multiple of 3 is

1 1 1 2
(A) 2 (B) (C)6 (D)
3 3

6 A bag contains three green marbles, four blue marbles & two orange marbles. One
marble is picked at random, then the probability that it is not an orange marble is
1 1 4 7
(A) 4 ( B) (C)9 (D)9
3

7 The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 eggs is 0.035. The number of bad
eggs in the lot is
(A) 7 ( B ) 14 ( C ) 21 ( D) 28
8 Two coins are tossed simultaneously, then the probability of getting exactly one head
is

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MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 2 8

9 A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. The probability that
the drawn card is not an ace is
1 12 9 4
( A) 13 ( B) 13 ( C ) 13 ( D ) 13
10 The probability that a non – leap year has 53 Sundays is
2 5 6 1
(A) 7 (B)7 (C) (D)7
7
𝑥
11 The Probability of guessing the right answer to a certain question in a test is 12 . If the
2
probability of not guessing the correct answer to this question is 3 , then find value of
x
12 Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at most one head
13 A die is thrown twice. Find the probability of getting a sum less than 8
14 A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is
not a face card
15 A number is selected from first 50 natural numbers. What is the probability that it is a
multiple of 3 or 5?
16 A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a king of red
colour
17 A box contains cards numbered 6 to 50. A card is drawn at random from the box. Find
the probability that the card drawn has a number which is a perfect square
18 A bag contains 40 balls out of which some are red, some are blue and remaining are
11 1
black. If the probability of drawing a red ball is 20 and that of blue ball is 5 , then what
is the no. of black balls?
19 A bag contains cards which are numbered from 2 to 90. A card is drawn at random
from the bag. Find the probability that it bears a two digit number
20 A bag contains cards numbered from 1 to 49. After mixing the cards thoroughly a card
is drawn from the bag at random, Find the probability that the number on the drawn
card is an odd number
21 A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of cards. What is the probability that the
card drawn is neither a king nor a queen?
The probability of selecting a rotten apple randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18.
22 What is the number of rotten apples in the heap.

23 A month is selected at random in a year. Find the probability that it is March or

October.
PART B ( 2 MARK QUESTIONS )

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MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

24 A coin & a die are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability that a tail & a prime
number turns up
25 A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word “ ASSASSINATION”, then
6
the probability that the letter chosen is a vowel is in the form of 2𝑥+1 ,if so find the
value of x
26 In a family of 3 children calculate the probability of having at least one boy.
A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random. Determine the probability that the
27 chosen letter is a vowel
28 A coin is tossed two times. Find the probability of getting both heads or both tails
29 A box contains cards bearing numbers 6 to 70 . If one card is drawn at random from
the box ,find the probability that it bears
( i) a one digit number
(ii) a number divisible by 5.
30 A box contains 20 cards numbered from 1 to 20 . A card drawn at random from the
box. Find the probability that the card drawn at random is divisible by 2 or 3
31 From a bag containing 5 red , 8 black and 7 blue balls , a ball selected at random .Find
the probability that
(i) it is not a red ball
(ii) it is a blue ball
32 Two different dice are tossed together. Find the probability
(i)of getting a doublet
(ii) of getting a sum 10 , on the two dice.
33 Two dices are rolled once. Find the probability of getting such numbers on the two
dice, whose product is 12
34 All cards of ace , jack and queen are removed from a deck of playing cards. One card
is drawn at random from the remaining cards. Find the probability that the card drawn
is
(i) a face card
(ii) a black king

35 A number is selected at random from the numbers 3 ,5 , 5 , 7 , 7 ,7 , 9 , 9 , 9, 9, . Find

the probability that the selected number is their average.
36 A number x is selected at random from the numbers 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 and another number
y is selected at random from numbers 1 , 2 ,3 4 . Find the probability that the value of
xy is more than 16
37 A group consists of 12 persons, out of which 4 are extremely patient, other 6 are
extremely honest and rest are extremely kind. A person from the group is selected at
random. Assuming that each person is equally likely to be selected , find the
probability of selecting a person who is
(i)extremely patient.
(ii) extremely kind or honest.
38 A card is drawn from a well – shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the
card drawn is neither a red card nor a queen
39 A card is drawn from a well – shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the
card drawn is either a red card or a queen
40 A card is drawn from a well – shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of
getting
(i) a red king
228
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

(ii) a queen or jack

41 A square of side 5 cm is drawn in the interior of another square of side 10 cm and
shade as shown in the figure. A point is selected at random from the interior of square.
What is the probability that the point will be chosen from the shaded part?

42 A bag contains 2 green, 3 red and 4 black balls. A ball is taken out of the bag at
random. Find the probability that the selected ball is
(i) not green
(ii) not black
43 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just
look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random
from the lot .Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one
44 Two players, Sangeeta and Reshma, play a tennis match. It is known that the
probability of Sangeeta’s winning the match is 0.62. What is the probability of
Reshma’s winning the match?
PART C - ( 3 MARK QUESTIONS)
45 A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting

(i) A
(ii) D?
(III) Vowels:
46 Out of 400 bulbs in a box, 15 bulbs are defective. One bulb is taken out at random
from the box. Find the probability that the drawn bulb is not defective.
47 A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black
ball from the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls
in the bag.
48 A bag contains 12 balls out of which x are white. (i) If one ball is drawn at random,
what is the probability that it will be a white ball? (ii) If 6 more white balls are put in
the bag, the probability of drawing a white ball will be double that in case (i). Find x.
49 A pair of dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) doublet of prime numbers
(ii) a doublet of odd numbers.
50 All the three face cards of spades are removed from a well- shuffled pack of 52 cards.
A card is drawn at random from the remaining pack. Find the probability of getting
(i) a black face cards
(ii) a queen
(iii) a black card
51 A box contains cards bearing numbers 6 to 70. If one card is drawn at random from
the box ,find the probability that it bears
( a) not a one digit number
(b) a number not divisible by 5
(c) number is a perfect square

229
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

52 There are 100 cards in a bag on which numbers from 1 to 100 are written. A card is
taken out from the bag at random. Find the probability that the number on the selected
card
I. is divisible by 9 and is a perfect square
II. (ii) is a prime number greater than 80
53 A bag contains 24 balls of which x are red 2x are white and 3x are blue. A ball is
selected at random. What is the probability that
(i) it is red
(ii) it is blue
(iii) neither red nor blue
54 A bag contains white, black and red balls only. A ball is drawn at random from the
3 2
bag. The probability of getting a white ball is 10 and that of black is 5 . Find the
probability of getting a red ball. If the bag contains 20 black balls, then find the total
number of balls in the bag.
55 A child’s game has 6 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red and 10 squares of
which 6 are blue and rest are red. One piece Is lost at random. Find the probability that
that it is a
(i) Triangle
(ii) Square
(iii) Square of blue colour
56 A lot consists of 48 mobile phones of which 42 are good, 3 have only minor defects
and 3 have major defects. Varnika will buy a phone if it is good but the trader will
only buy a mobile if it has no major defect. One phone is selected at random from the
lot. What is the probability that it is:
(i) acceptable to. Varnika?
(ii) acceptable to the trader?

57 Five cards – the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with
their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
58 A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at
random. Find the probability that the ball drawn is:
(i) red.
(ii) black or white.
(iii) not black.
59 The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only
blue, black and green marbles is 1/5. The probability of selecting a black marble at
random from the same jar is 1/4. If the jar contains 11 green marbles, find the total
number of marbles in the jar.

SECTION D ( 4 MARK QUESTIONS)

60 All the black Ace cards are removed from a pack of 52 playing cards. The remaining cards are
well shuffled and then a card is drawn at random. Find the probability of getting
i) a Ace card ii) a red card iii) a black card iv) a Jack

61 . Cards marked with the number 2 to 101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card
is drawn from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card is:

230
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

(i) An even number (ii) A number less than 14 (iii) A number is perfect square
(iv) A prime number less than 20

62 Out of the families having three children, a family is chosen random. Find the probability that
the family has (i) Exactly one girl (ii) At least one girl (iii) At most one girl

63 The Ace, number 10 and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and
remaining cards are shuffled. A card is drawn from the remaining cards. Find the probability
of getting a card of
(a) heart
(b) Ace
(c) clubs
(d) either 10 or jack
64 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability that:
(a) 5 will not come up either of them?
(b) 5 will come up on at least one time?
(c) 5 will come at both dice?
(d) Sum of 5 comes on both the dice together
65
Cards bearing numbers 3, 5… 35 are kept in a bag. A card is drawn at random from the bag.
Find the probability of getting a card bearing (a) a prime number less than 15 (b) a number
divisible by 3 and 5
66
A bag contains 8 red balls & some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is 3
times of a red ball, find the number of blue balls in the bag.
67
Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting

(i) Exactly 2 heads (ii) at least 1 head (iii) at most 2 tails (iv) exactly 3 heads

Case study questions

68

Akshith & Dikshith are good friends. During vacation Dikshith went to Akshith’s house to
play Ludo.They played Ludo with 2 dice.
(i)To win a game Dikshith needs a total of 7. What is the probability of winning game by
Dikshith ?
(ii) Find the probability that 5 will come up atleast in one die?

69 CASE STUDY 2

231
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

Two friends Neha and Sohan have some savings in their piggy bank. They decided to count
the total coins they both had. After counting they find that they have fifty ₹ 1 coins, forty
eight ₹ 2 coins, thirty six ₹ 5 coins, twenty eight ₹10 coins and eight ₹ 20 coins. Now, they
said to Isha, their another friends, to choose a coin randomly
( i) Find the probability of getting a denomination of ₹10
(ii) Find the probability of getting a denomination of₹ 2 or ₹ 5

70 CASE STUDY 3

Eric bought balls for decorating Christmas tree. The bag contains 24 balls ,of which x number
are red balls
( i) If one ball is drawn at random, find the probability of getting a red ball
(ii) If 6 more red balls are put in the bag ,the probability of drawing a red ball is double that in
first case , find the number of red balls
CASE STUDY 4
71 Gunjan is fond of playing cards. She tries to find out probability in different situations. One
such situation is given below

Five cards – ten, jack, queen, king, and an ace of diamonds are shuffled face downwards.
One card is picked at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is a queen?
(ii) If a king is drawn first and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is the (a) ace? (b) king?

72 CASE STUDY 5

In a Bridge game 4 people play making a team of 2 each. 52 playing cards from a deck of
cards are distributed in a clockwise order such that each person gets 13 cards
( i) Find the probability that a card drawn is with number 5 or 6
232
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

(ii) Find the probability that a card drawn is with a number less than 8

73 CASE STUDY 6

A game consists of tossing a one-rupee coin 3 times & noting its outcome each time.
I. Find the probability of getting no heads
II. Find the probability of getting one tail ;
ANSWER KEY
Q NO ANSWER Q NO ANSWER Q NO ANSWER

1 1 20 25 39 7
5 49 13
2 21 21 11 40 1 2
, (ii) 13
26
26 13
3 1.5 22 162 41 1
4
4 0.95 23 1 42 7
,
5
9 9
6
5 1 24 1 43 11
3 4 12
6 7 25 6 44 0.38
9
7 14 26 𝟕 45 𝟏
,𝟔,
𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐
𝟖

8 𝟏 27 𝟓 46 𝟕𝟕
𝟐 𝟐𝟔 𝟖𝟎

9 𝟏𝟐 28 𝟏 47 45
𝟏𝟑 𝟐

10 𝟏 29 𝟒
, (ii)
𝟏 48 𝟏
,3
𝟔𝟓 𝟓 𝟒
𝟕

11 4 30 𝟏𝟑 49 𝟏
, 𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝟎
12 𝟑 31 𝟑
, (ii)
𝟕 50 𝟑 𝟑
, 𝟒𝟗 , 𝟒𝟗
𝟐𝟑
𝟒 𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟗
𝟒

13 𝟕 32 𝟏
, (ii)
𝟏 51 𝟔𝟏 𝟓𝟐
, 𝟔𝟓 , 𝟔𝟓
𝟔
𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟐

233
MATHEMATICS / X / 2022 – 23

14 𝟏𝟎 33 𝟏 52 𝟑
,
𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟑 𝟗

15 𝟐𝟑 34 𝟏
(ii)
𝟏 53 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
, 𝟐, 𝟑
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟔
𝟓𝟎

16 𝟏 35 𝟑 54 𝟑
, 50
𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟎

17 𝟏 36 𝟑 55 𝟑 𝟓
,𝟖 ,𝟖
𝟑
𝟖
𝟗 𝟖

18 10 37 𝟏 𝟐 56 𝟕 𝟏𝟓
, (ii) , 𝟏𝟔
𝟑 𝟑 𝟖

19 𝟖𝟏 38 𝟔 57 𝟏 𝟏
,𝟒 ,0
𝟓
𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟑

58 𝟕 𝟖 𝟐 64 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 70 𝟏
, 𝟏𝟓 , 𝟑 , 𝟑𝟔 , 𝟑𝟔 , 𝟗 ,4
𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝟔 𝟔

59 20 65 𝟓 𝟐 71 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
, , 𝟒𝟔 ,𝟒𝟔
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟒𝟕

60 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 66 24 72 𝟐 𝟔
, 𝟐𝟓 , 𝟐𝟓, , 𝟏𝟑
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐 67 𝟑 𝟕 𝟕 𝟏 73 𝟏 𝟑
, 𝟐𝟓 , 𝟏𝟎𝟎 , 𝟐𝟓 , ,𝟖,𝟖 ,𝟖
𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
61
62 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏 68 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
,𝟖 ,𝟐 , 𝟑𝟔
𝟖 𝟔

63 𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 69 𝟏𝟒 𝟒𝟐
𝟒𝟗
, 𝟒𝟗 , 𝟒𝟗 , 𝟒𝟗 𝟖𝟓
, 𝟖𝟓

234