TYPES OF HDD

1) IDE ( Integrated Device Electronics)/PATA ( Paralleled Advanced Technology Attachment)

2) SATA ( Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
3) SCSI ( Small Computer System Interface)
 8 HDD can be connected through a single data cable.
HDD0 HDD1, HDD2, .…, HDD7
4) FCAL (Fiber Channel Arributed Loop)
 This HDD can be connected 1 KM far from the system.
5) SDD/SSDD (Solid Disk Drive/Solid State Disk Drive)
 Semi conductor HDD.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SATA AND PATA HDD
i) Data transfer rate of SATA (i.e. 150-300 MBPS) is higher than that of PATA (i.e. 133 MBPS)
ii) Data cable for PATA HDD has 40 pins where as for SATA HDD has 7 pins.
iii) Power cable for PATA HDD has 4 pins and for SATA HDD has 15 pins.
iv) SATA supports Hot Plug facility but PATA HDD doesn’t.
v) Cable length may be upto 1 meter for SATA but cables can be upto a maximum of 45 cms.
vi) SATA drive doesn’t need to use jumper as PATA need because SATA cable can connect only one
device where as PATA cable has 2 ends which can be used to connect 2 devices at a time using
jumper.
CD ROM DRIVE
It is also a secondary data storage unit of the computer. Since, it reads/writes the data with help of light; it is also
called Optical Memory of the computer.
Major components of CD-ROM DRIVE:
1) CD or Media
2) CD tray
3) CD tray motor
4) Spindle motor
5) Stepper motor
6) Head Assembling Section
7) Jumper and Connector
8) Logic board
9) Bezzle
10) Button (Eject)
MOTHER BOARD
It is a metallic integrated printed circuit board where all the components of the computer are directly or
indirectly connected. Mother board is also called Main board or System board or Planner of the computer.
TYPES OF MOTHER BOARD
With the basis of form factor mother board is of 2 types.
[Form factor means Power port which is AT or ATX]
a) AT Mother board
b) ATX Mother board

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a) AT Mother board:
The Mother board which has the Power port for AT-SMPS which is of 12 pins in single row is called AT
Mother Board.
b) ATX Mother board:
The Mother board which has the Power port for ATX-SMPS which is of 20/24 pins (10+10/12+12) is
called ATX Mother Board.
But some Mother board, has both types of Power port. In that case, the mother board which has DIN port
for key board is called AT mother board and which has no built in DIN port, is called ATX mother board.
COMPONENTS OF MOTHER BOARD
1) Ports
2) Slots
3) Sockets
4) IDE Connector
5) ROM BIOS-Chip
6) CMOS Battery
7) Jumper
8) FDD Connector
9) System buses
10) Main controller chip
1) PORTS
Ports are the main components of the mother board where we connect different types of Input/Output (I/O)
devices.
Different types of ports are as follows:
a) Serial port
b) Parallel port
c) Keyboard port
d) Mouse port
e) Display port
f) Sound port
g) Game port
h) Modem port
i) Network port
j) USB port
a) SERIAL PORT
-> It is also called COM port (Communication port).
-> No. of pin = D9 pin (5+4 pins) - Male port
-> Indication on mother board = COM1, COM2
-> Data transfer rate = 1 bit at a time
-> Maximum throughput = 115 Kbps (Kilo bit per second)
-> Serial mouse, external modem, digital camera are connected to this port.
[Note: throughput means Input/Output & Kbps- Kilo bits per second.]
b) PARALLEL PORT
-> Also called Printer port.
-> No. of pin = D25 (13+12 pins) - Female port.
-> Indication on mother board = LPT/Printer/ Parallel.
-> Usually this port is Pink in color.
-> Data transfer rate = 1 Byte at a time
-> Maximum throughput = 115 KBPS (Kilo Byte Per Second)
-> Printer and scanner are connected to this port.
c) KEYBOARD PORT
Keyboard port is of 2 types:
* DIN (Dutch Industry Norm) port.
-> Big round port having 5 pins
-> With Purple color.
* PS/2 (Personal System 2) port.
-> Small round port having 6 pins.

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 -> With purple color.
d) MOUSE PORT
-> 9 Pins Serial port
-> 6 pins PS/2 port
-> Green in color.
-> Indication on mother board
e) DISPLAY PORT
* For CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) & LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors:

-> No. of pin = D15 pins (5+5+5) – Female port.

-> Indication on mother board = VGA (Video Graphic Array)
* LCD monitor
-> No. of pin = 24 pins (8+8+8) – Female port.
-> Monitors and projectors are connected
-> Also called DVI port.
f) SOUND PORT
-> No. of pin = 3 pin – Female port
-> Sound related devices like woofer, speaker, microphones, headphones are connected
-> Indication on mother board = Games/Sound/Audio
g) GAMES PORT
-> No. of pins = D15 pin (8+7) – Female port.
-> Yellow in color.
-> Game device like joystick is connected.
-> Indication on mother board = Game/Sound/Audio.
h) MODEM PORT
-> No. of pins = 4 pins.
-> Connector = RJ 11, RJ 14
-> Used for Internet (Dialup Connection)
i) NETWORK PORT
-> No. of pins = 8 pins
-> Connector = RJ 45
j) USB PORT (Universal Serial Bus)
-> No. of pin = 4 pins
-> All the devices having USB interface can be connected.
-> 127 devices can be connected at a time through a single USB port. It is possible by USB hub & the
connecting process is called Daisy chain.
USB has 2 types of version or flavor:
i) 1.1 Version or flavor
-> Oldest & outdated version or flavor.
-> 12 MbPS data transfer rate.
ii) 2.0 Version or flavor
-> Latest version or flavor.
-> 480 MbPS data transfer rate.
2) SLOTS
Slot is a component of the mother board where we install different types of cards. The slot is also called
Expansion slot and the card is called Expansion card.
The different types of slots are as follows:
a) AGP slot – Accelerated Graphic Port
b) PCI slot – Peripheral Component Interconnect
c) CNR slot – Communication Network Riser
d) AMR slot – Audio Modem Riser
e) ISA slot – Industry Standard Architecture
f) EISA slot – Extended Industry Standard Architecture
g) VESA slot – Very Extended Standard Architecture
h) PCIE slot – Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
i) Memory slot or Memory bank

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 A) AGP slot:
-> Brown in color.
-> 32-64 bit of data at a time.
-> Used only for Graphic cards / 3D cards, AGP cards to run 3D application like MAYA,
AUTOCAD, etc.
B) PCI slot:
-> Latest & maximum in use.
-> White in color.
-> 32-64 bit of data at a time.
-> Various cards like NIC, Modem, graphic/sound/TV cards, SCSI cards, etc are installed.
C) CNR slot:
-> Brown in color.
-> Smaller than AGP slot (about of 2 inches)
-> It has 2 rows of 30 pins making 60 pins in total (30+30)pins.
-> Supports special type of NIC, Audio and telephony equipments.
-> It contains both network & modem port.
-> It is built on older type of P4 mother board.
-> It compresses 128 bits of data at a time.
D) AMR slot:
-> Brown in color, same as CNR slot.
-> Built in P3 mother board.
-> It has 2 rows of 23 pins making 46 pins in total. (23+23) pins
E) ISA slot:
-> Oldest & outdated slot.
-> Black in color.
-> All types of cards are connected.
-> Compresses 16 bits of data at a time.
-> It is built on P1 & older types of mother board.
F) EISA slot:
G) VESA slot:
-> Both these slots compresses 16 bit of data at a time.
-> Black + Brown in color.
-> Outdated slots & even rarely seen before also.
H) PCIE slot:
-> The PCI Express slot supports the PCI Express Interface expansion cards.
-> The PCI Express-16 slot supports 4.0 GB/S transfer rate.
I) Memory slot or Memory bank:
-> Memory card (RAM) is installed.
Types of Memory Slot:
* SIMM slot – 30 pin SIMM
- 72 pin SIMM

* DIMM slot – 168 pin DIMM (SDRAM)

- 184 pin DIMM (DDR1/DDR2)
-240 pin DIMM (DDR2)
* RIMM – 184 pin
3) SOCKET
It is also a component of mother board where we install different types of Processors. The socket number
defines which processor can be installed on the socket.
The type of processor that we install on socket is PGA (Pin Grid Array), LGA (Lang Grid Array)
and MPGA (Micro Pin Grid Array).
Note: We install SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge) type of processor on Slot 1. It has 242
pins.
How to identify types of mother board on the basis of module?
Connectors P1 P2 P3 P4

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 Power Connector AT AT/ATX AT/ATX ATX
Processor Package Socket 4 PGA 370 MPGA 423
If there is SECC
Socket 5 Slot1 MPGA 478
then, there will be
Socket 7 PGA 370 also. LGA 775
4) IDE Connector
It establishes communication between IDE controller and IDE devices. IDE controller means main
controller chip and IDE devices are either CD ROM or Hard Disk.
Primary IDE (IDE1/Pri) – Primary Master
- Primary Slave
Secondary IDE (IDE2/Sec) – Secondary Master
- Secondary Slave
5) ROM BIOS-chip:
It is a special memory chip that stores the BIOS program. It stores the START UP information of the
computer which is necessary to start the system.
6) CMOS battery:
It is used to keep the hardware information updated. It can be removed for sometime according to the
board, to remove BIOS Setup i.e. to reset the BIOS configuration.
7) JUMPER:
It is used to clear the CMOS memory of data, time, system setup parameters, system setup information such
as BIOS password or it is used to make a device (IDE) either master or slave.
In mother board:
Process:
-> Turn off the computer and unplug the power cord.
-> Move the jumper cap from 1-2 i.e. Default to pins 2-3. Keep the cap on pin for about 5-10
seconds, then move the cap to 1-2.
-> Plug the power cord and turn on the computer.
8) FLOPPY DISK DRIVE CONNECTOR:
It establishes communication between Floppy disk drive and Floppy disk drive controller. It has 34 pins.
9) SYSTEM BUSES:
BUS: Bus is a group of parallel wires which refers to the path between the components of the computer.
There are 2 types of Buses:
a) Internal Bus (System Bus)- For processing.
-> Internal Bus is bus between North Bridge IC, Processor and Ram.
b) External Bus (Expansion Bus) – For Input/Output.
-> External Bus is bus South Bridge IC and Expansion Slots.
a) System buses: 2 types:
* Front Side Bus (FSB)
* Back Side Bus (BSB)
* FRONT SIDE BUS (FSB):
FSB consists of 2 parts i.e. Data Bus and Address Bus.
* Data Bus: The Data Bus is the channel that the CPU uses to access data in RAM.
* Address Bus: The Address Bus is the pathway that the CPU uses to talk to the North
Bridge Chip.
b) Back Side Bus: The Back Side Bus refers to the pathway that connects the CPU and L2 Cache/(L1 Cache & L2
Cache) memory.
Note: In older Mother board, L2 Cache is not located at processor but is on mother board. But now-a-days, L1 & L2
Cache memory both are located on Processor.
L1- Level 1 & L2 – Level 2
10) MAIN CONTROLLER CHIPS:
a) North Bridge Chip – It directly communicates with Processor and Main Memory as well as South Bridge
Chip.
b) South Bride Chip – It communicates with IDE devices, USB, PS/2 and other Input/Output devices as
well as with PCI cards and other cards.