Group 1

General Concepts
& Historical
events in Science,
Technology and
Society Arriane Mae Duazo
Jayralph Espenida
Caryl Gequinto
Maris Pura
 Objectives:
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
1. Identify and explain the impact of science and technology in society.
2. Trace the historical antecedents of science and technology.
3. Make a timeline on the critical events in the phase of changing society
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

"Science is as old as
the world itself"
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

How can you define science?

1. Science as an idea.

2. Science as an Intellectual activity.

3. Science as a body of knowledge.

4. Science as a personal and social activity.

"The idea of Scientific revolution started in the early 60's up to the 80th
century in Europe."
 General Concepts
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern
science during the early modern period, when developments
in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (STS)

is an interdisciplinary study of science and technology with
society and culture.
 NATURE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Science
from the Latin word "Scientia" which means knowledge.
It is a systematic, organized knowledge that investigates nature.
It is also a process of diverse events shaped by social forces and
historicalchange, thus shaping culture

TECHNOLOGY
From the word "Techne" (art, craft, skill), "Logos" (word).
It means a system of skills, techniques, processes, and products of the scientific concept. Simply, it is
the scientific study of the practical or industrial arts.
It is a complex combination of knowledge, materials, and methods with organization and
manipulation of materials for humanity's useful purposes.
It is a process of inventing new or better tools and materials for a better way of living, resulting in a total
societal enterprise
 NATURE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

SOCIETY
It is an ethnic or racial network, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities.
Sociology defines it as people that interact to share acommon culture.
In geography, it refers to people who share a common culture in a particularlocation. For example,
people living in arctic climates developed different cultures from those living in desert cultures. In
time, a large variety of human cultures arose around the world.
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY:
HISTORICAL
ANTECEDENTS
Ancient Period, Middle Ages, and Modern Times
 ANCIENT PERIOD
Man has tried to improve his way and quality of life from the beginning of time. The early people
discovered how to do, and used tools developed a logical sequence of activities, and evolved
processes that added value to life. The totality of using and applying his knowledge, skills, tools, and
materials constitute what we today describe as "technology."

Technosphere
is a major new phenomenon of this planet – and one that is evolving extraordinarily rapidly

It comprises all of the structures that humans have constructed to keep them alive on the planet –
houses, factories, farms, mines, roads, airports and shipping ports, computer systems, and discarded
waste.

Given these, the impact humans made to the planet - provided an understanding that humans have
considerably changed the Earth. The realization that discoveries and inventions are shaped by historical
forces influence values, aspirations, events, and institutions, thus shaping history
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT PERIODS
Ancient Times
Sumerian Civilization
Babylonian Civilization ( About 3,500 BC until 500 BC)
Egyptian Civilization (5,000 – 3,100 BC)
Greek Civilization (around 1,100 BC)
Roman Civilization (Spanned from 102 – 44 B.C)
Indian Civilization (1500 and 1000 BCE)
Chinese Civilization
Ancient Times
Accumulation and transfer of knowledge evolved from the ancient to modern humans. The ability to make
weapons from simple to modern ones became efficient. Hunters became farmers and fishers. Clothing became a
necessity from nakedness. Hence, different elements combined to reach level of sophistication to our civilization.

Sumerian Civilization
They rely on agriculture as the primary source of livelihood.
They created the irrigation systems by constructing dikes and canals to control flooding.
They developed the first formal writing system called cuneiform.
Introduced a 360-day calendar
The basis for sixty minutes to an hour time duration came from sexagesimal number system and used to
measure the circumference of a circle with 360degrees

Babylonian Civilization ( About 3,500 BC until 500 BC)

They used a calendar with alternating 29 and 30 day months. This system required an extra month three
times every eight years.
They showed a remarkable talent in Astronomy, believed that the movement of the heavenly bodies forecasted
some terrestrial events like eclipses. They kept complete lists of eclipses
Egyptian Civilization (5,000 – 3,100 BC)
The Nile River provided Egypt the necessary
water requirements to support agricultural
activities
They worked on metals to produce tools,
weapons, and agricultural implements.
Built great pyramids
Ancient Egyptians devised a 365-day calendar.

Hieroglyphics is an
Ancient form of writing
created by the
Egyptians. The use of
symbols became part of
reading to understand
letter. the ancient
artifact that helps
decode and understand
these meanings is the
Roseta Stone.
Greek Civilization (around 1,100 BC)
Had a stronger connection with philosophy, and replaced
the supernatural beliefs through the concept of a universe
governed by natural laws. Scientific works of wise and
gifted Greeks such as Thales, Socrates, Hippocrates,
Aristotle, Archimedes, and Ptolemy served as foundation
and pillars of western civilization
Pythagoras also studied geometry and discovered the
Pythagorean Theorem

Inventions credited from Ancient

Greeks:
Watermill - Powered by water used to grind with
waterwheel
Alarm Clock- Plato used a water clock to trigger a
sound to specific time
Central Heating- to transfer hot air from fires to empty
spaces under the temple's floors
Crane- help lift heavy items such as blocks
Roman Civilization (from 102 – 44 B.C)
The Romans developed infrastructure
networks and constructed roads from Rome to
other places in Italy
They have constructed immense
permanent structures such as domes,
theater, and stadiums

Indian Civilization (1500 and 1000 BCE) Chinese Civilization

Adequate knowledge of geometry Displayed an exceptional talent in making inventions like
developed in India due to strict Gunpowder, paper, woodblock printing, the compass (known
religious rules for the construction of as "south-pointing needle")
altars The creation of the plow and the development of the lunar
Developed the numbers and decimal calendar in China
notation that the world uses today, They invented an "earthquake weather clock" or what is now
Thus, the most influential Hindu known as the seismograph
science achievement They developed the technology of papermaking and
the invention of the printing press.
aNCIENT CONTRIBUTION

tIMES tIMELINE
 MIDDLE age
It began just before 500 A.D and often called The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Due to a significant loss of
power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor. The Middle Ages dated roughly 1,000 years, ending
around 1450 A.D. This era founded today's modern European countries, involved great political turmoil
and violence, and considered human growth and development.
 People formed small communities with their Lord or Master. It consists of the Castle, the Church, the
Village, and the surrounding Farm Land. Most lived in the Manors, which were isolated, and with only
occasional visits from merchants or pilgrims.
Feudalism is the form of government

King- awarded land grants to his most Peasants- The poorest people in the medieval era
essential nobles lived in cottages
Barons and Bishops- provide soldiers for Serfs- serves the Lords to have a place to live
the King's armies Farmers- A bit better off than peasants, owned their
Lords/Earls/Marquis/Viscount- act as local farms and also lived in cottages
justice and held court for local matters Carpenters- highly skilled (knowledge of math,
provide land woodworking, and tools) and were elite tradesmen.
Vassals or tenants- serve as guard duty, Metalsmiths- sometimes called blacksmith
and later they paid a fee to acquire ('smith' who worked in the "black" metal,
mercenaries (soldiers-for-hire) namely iron) The "white" metals used were tin, silver, or
gold
1. Mechanical Artillery/Weaponry
5. Vertical windmills
2. Agriculture
Horse collar 6. Spinning wheel
Horseshoes 7. Chess
3. Architecture and construction
8. Mirror
Wheelbarrow
4. Clocks 9. Oil paint
Hourglass
Alchemy
● Medieval people believed that they could change or transmute metals.
● The Philosophers' Stone was the most sought-after goal for a long time; even Sir Isaac Newton
and Nicolas Flamel sought it. It is a legendary alchemical substance, which is capable of turning
metals into precious ores.
● Some people believed it to be an elixir of life, to achieve rejuvenation and immortality.

The Prominent Minds of the Middle Ages and Their Contribution

Al-Battani improved the measurement Earth's axis to be precise.
Physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a Muslim, is considered the father of modern optics.
Al-Kindi establishes the application of quantifying and mathematics in medicine and pharmacology from
his work "De Gradibus." He used mathematics to measure the potency of drugs and determine in advance
of the most critical days of a patient's illness.
Al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the algorithm's concept, while the term algebra derived from his written
work Al-Jabr and recognize algebra as a distinct field of mathematics

 ● The term renaissance refers to the rebirth period

as an age of preparation for the seventeenth century
for developments and achievements in science

●The first reflecting telescope was made Isaac Newton.

● The development of the musket was in Spain in the
1500s.
● Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish mathematician and
astronomer presented the heliocentric theory and said
that the Earth is not the center of the solar system but
the sun.
●Galileo Galilei improved the telescope and invented the
thermometer in 1593, discovered new celestial bodies,
and found support for a heliocentric solar system
 MODERN TIMES
In the 18th Century
● The Industrial Revolution was the transformation to new anchine
processes which include going from manual production methods to
machines, the use of steam engine, the development of machine tools,
and the factory system's rise.

●James Watt's a Scottish inventor, began the revolution when

the steam engine was refined.
●Robert Fulton created the steamboat using one of the engines of Watt.
●Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
●George Stephenson developed the first steam-powered locomotive
In the 19th Century
The Industrial Revolution was the transformation to new
anchine processes which include going from manual
production methods to machines, the use of steam engine,
the development of machine tools, and the factory system's
rise.
Samuel Morse the telegraph and the Morse Code.
Charles Wheatstone created the microphone.
Guglielmo Marconi proved the feasibility of radio
communication.
Charles Babbage invented the mechanical calculator In the 20th Century
Jesse Reno invented the escalator.
Technology has been more scientific and natural science
became more technological in the face of ever-growing
complexity.
Willis Carrier invented the air conditioner.
Paul Cornu invented the very first piloted helicopter.
Henry Ford revolutionized automobile manufacturing.
Nuclear fission research began in the 1930s resulting in
the developing of the atomic bomb used in the Second
World War
Development of PC and Advent of the World Wide Web
ModernTimes
Contribution
Timeline
REFERENCE:
Module 1 - Lecture notes 1. (2021). Studocu; Studocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/bulacan-state-university/science-technology-and-
society/module-1-lecture-notes-1/15917782

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THANK
YOU!