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Miscellaneous Problems in Compiler Design

Compiler Design
Three Address Code | DAGs | Basic Blocks & Flow
Graphs-
 

Before you go through this article, make sure that you have gone through the
previous articles on-

• Three Address Code

• Basic Blocks and Flow Graphs
• Directed Acyclic Graphs

In this article, we will solve Miscellaneous Problems based on these Concepts.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON ABOVE CONCEPTS-

 

Problem-01:
 

Generate three address code for the following code-

c=0

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do

if (a < b) then

x++;

else

x–;

c++;

} while (c < 5)

Solution-
 

Three address code for the given code is-

1. c = 0
2. if (a < b) goto (4)
3. goto (7)
4. T1 = x + 1
5. x = T1
6. goto (9)
7. T2 = x – 1
8. x = T2
9. T3 = c + 1
10. c = T3
11. if (c < 5) goto (2)
12.

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Problem-02:
 

Generate three address code for the following code-

while (A < C and B > D) do

if A = 1 then C = C + 1

else

while A <= D

do A = A + B

Solution-
 

Three address code for the given code is-

1. if (A < C) goto (3)

2. goto (15)
3. if (B > D) goto (5)
4. goto (15)
5. if (A = 1) goto (7)
6. goto (10)
7. T1 = c + 1
8. c = T1
9. goto (1)

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10. if (A <= D) goto (12)

11. goto (1)
12. T2 = A + B
13. A = T2
14. goto (10)
15.

Problem-03:
 

Generate three address code for the following code-

switch (ch)

case 1 : c = a + b;

break;

case 2 : c = a – b;

break;

Solution-
 

Three address code for the given code is-

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if ch = 1 goto L1

if ch = 2 goto L2

L1:

T1 = a + b

c = T1

goto Last

L2:

T1 = a – b

c = T2

goto Last

Last:

Problem-04:
 

Construct a DAG for the following three address code-

1. a = b + c
2. t1 = a x a
3. b = t1 + a
4. c = t1 x b
5. t2 = c + b
6. a = t2 + t2

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Solution-
 

Directed acyclic graph for the given three address code is-

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Problem-05:
 

Consider the following code-

prod = 0 ;

i=1;

do

prod = prod + a[ i ] x b[ i ] ;

i=i+1;

} while (i <= 10) ;

1. Compute the three address code.

2. Compute the basic blocks and draw the flow graph.

Solution-
 

Part-01:
 

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Three address code for the given code is-

prod = 0

i=1

T1 = 4 x i

T2 = a[T1]

T3 = 4 x i

T4 = b[T3]

T5 = T2 x T4

T6 = T5 + prod

prod = T6

T7 = i + 1

i = T7

if (i <= 10) goto (3)

Part-02:
 

Step-01:
 

We identify the leader statements as-

• prod = 0 is a leader because first statement is a leader.

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• T1 = 4 x i is a leader because target of conditional or unconditional goto is a

leader.

Step-02:
 

The above generated three address code can be partitioned into 2 basic blocks
as-

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Step-03:
 

The flow graph is-

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To gain better understanding about these Miscellaneous Problems,

Watch this Video Lecture

Download Handwritten Notes Here-

 

Next Article- Code Optimization

Get more notes and other study material of Compiler Design.

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Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel LearnVidFun.

Directed Acyclic Graphs | DAGs | Examples

Compiler Design

Directed Acyclic Graph-

 

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a special kind of Abstract Syntax Tree.

• Each node of it contains a unique value.

• It does not contain any cycles in it, hence called Acyclic.

Optimization Of Basic Blocks-

 

DAG is a very useful data structure for implementing transformations on

Basic Blocks.

• A DAG is constructed for optimizing the basic block.

• A DAG is usually constructed using Three Address Code.
• Transformations such as dead code elimination and common sub
expression elimination are then applied.

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Properties-
 

• Reachability relation forms a partial order in DAGs.

• Both transitive closure & transitive reduction are uniquely defined for DAGs.
• Topological Orderings are defined for DAGs.

Applications-
 

DAGs are used for the following purposes-

• To determine the expressions which have been computed more than once
(called common sub-expressions).
• To determine the names whose computation has been done outside the
block but used inside the block.
• To determine the statements of the block whose computed value can be
made available outside the block.
• To simplify the list of Quadruples by not executing the assignment
instructions x:=y unless they are necessary and eliminating the common
sub-expressions.

Construction of DAGs-
 

Following rules are used for the construction of DAGs-

Rule-01:

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In a DAG,

• Interior nodes always represent the operators.

• Exterior nodes (leaf nodes) always represent the names, identifiers or
constants.

Rule-02:
 

While constructing a DAG,

• A check is made to find if there exists any node with the same value.
• A new node is created only when there does not exist any node with the
same value.
• This action helps in detecting the common sub-expressions and avoiding
the re-computation of the same.

Rule-03:
 

The assignment instructions of the form x:=y are not performed unless they are
necessary.

Also Read- Code Optimization

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON DIRECTED ACYCLIC

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GRAPHS-
 

Problem-01:
 

Consider the following expression and construct a DAG for it-

(a+b)x(a+b+c)

Solution-
 

Three Address Code for the given expression is-

T1 = a + b

T2 = T1 + c

T3 = T1 x T2

Now, Directed Acyclic Graph is-

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NOTE
 

From the constructed DAG, we observe-

• The common sub-expression (a+b) has been expressed into a single

node in the DAG.
• The computation is carried out only once and stored in the identifier
T1 and reused later.

This illustrates how the construction scheme of a DAG identifies the

common sub-expression and helps in eliminating its re-computation later.

Problem-02:
 

Consider the following expression and construct a DAG for it-

(((a+a)+(a+a))+((a+a)+(a+a)))

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Solution-
 

Directed Acyclic Graph for the given expression is-

Problem-03:
 

Consider the following block and construct a DAG for it-

(1) a = b x c

(2) d = b

(3) e = d x c

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(4) b = e

(5) f = b + c

(6) g = f + d

Solution-
 

Directed Acyclic Graph for the given block is-

Problem-04:
 

Optimize the block in the Problem-03.

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Solution-
 

Step-01:
 

Firstly, construct a DAG for the given block (already done above).

Step-02:
 

Now, the optimized block can be generated by traversing the DAG.

• The common sub-expression e = d x c which is actually b x c (since d = b) is

eliminated.
• The dead code b = e is eliminated.

The optimized block is-

(1) a = b x c

(2) d = b

(3) f = a + c

(4) g = f + d

Problem-05:
 

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Consider the following basic block-

B10:

S1 = 4 x I

S2 = addr(A) – 4

S3 = S2[S1]

S4 = 4 x I

S5 = addr(B) – 4

S6 = S5[S4]

S7 = S3 x S6

S8 = PROD + S7

PROD = S8

S9 = I + 1

I = S9

If I <= 20 goto L10

1. Draw a directed acyclic graph and identify local common sub-expressions.

2. After eliminating the common sub-expressions, re-write the basic block.

Solution-
 

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Directed Acyclic Graph for the given basic block is-

In this code fragment,

• 4 x I is a common sub-expression. Hence, we can eliminate because S1 =

S4.
• We can optimize S8 = PROD + S7 and PROD = S8 as PROD = PROD +
S7.
• We can optimize S9 = I + 1 and I = S9 as I = I + 1.

After eliminating S4, S8 and S9, we get the following basic block-

B10:

S1 = 4 x I

S2 = addr(A) – 4

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S3 = S2[S1]

S5 = addr(B) – 4

S6 = S5[S1]

S7 = S3 x S6

PROD = PROD + S7

I=I+1

If I <= 20 goto L10

To gain better understanding about Directed Acyclic Graphs,

Watch this Video Lecture

Download Handwritten Notes Here-

 

Next Article- Misc Problems On Directed Acyclic Graphs

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Get more notes and other study material of Compiler Design.

Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel LearnVidFun.

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