G.R. No. 195909. September 26, 2012.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, petitioner,

vs. ST. LUKEÊS MEDICAL CENTER, INC., respondent.

G.R. No. 195960. September 26, 2012.*

ST. LUKEÊS MEDICAL CENTER, INC., petitioner, vs.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, respondent.

Taxation; Tax Exemptions; The Supreme Court holds that

Section 27(B) of the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) does
not remove the income tax exemption of proprietary non-profit
hospitals under Section 30(E) and (G).―The Court partly grants the
petition of the BIR but on a different ground. We hold that Section
27(B) of the NIRC does not remove the income tax exemption of
proprietary non-profit hospitals under Section 30(E) and (G).
Section 27(B) on one hand, and Section 30(E) and (G) on the other
hand, can be construed together without the removal of such tax
exemption. The effect of the introduction of Section 27(B) is to
subject the taxable income of two specific institutions, namely,
proprietary non-profit educational institutions and proprietary non-
profit hospitals, among the institutions covered by Section 30, to the
10% preferential rate under Section 27(B) instead of the ordinary
30% corporate rate under the last paragraph of Section 30 in
relation to Section 27(A)(1).
Same; Preferential Tax Rate; Section 27(B) of the National
Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) imposes a 10% preferential tax rate
on the income of (1) proprietary non-profit educational institutions
and (2) proprietary non-profit hospitals.―Section 27(B) of the NIRC
imposes a 10% preferential tax rate on the income of (1) proprietary
non-profit educational institutions and (2) proprietary non-profit
hospitals. The only qualifications for hospitals are that they must
be proprietary and non-profit. „Proprietary‰ means private,
following the definition of a „proprietary educational institution‰ as
„any private school maintained and administered by private
individuals or groups‰ with a government permit. „Non-profit‰
means no net in-

_______________

* SECOND DIVISION.
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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical Center,

Inc.

come or asset accrues to or benefits any member or specific person,

with all the net income or asset devoted to the institutionÊs purposes
and all its activities conducted not for profit.
Same; „Non-profit‰ does not necessarily mean „charitable.‰
―„Non-profit‰ does not necessarily mean „charitable.‰ In Collector
of Internal Revenue v. Club Filipino Inc. de Cebu, 5 SCRA 321
(1962), this Court considered as non-profit a sports club organized
for recreation and entertainment of its stockholders and members.
The club was primarily funded by membership fees and dues. If it
had profits, they were used for overhead expenses and improving its
golf course. The club was non-profit because of its purpose and
there was no evidence that it was engaged in a profit-making
enterprise.
Same; Tax Exemptions; Charity is essentially a gift to an
indefinite number of persons which lessens the burden of
government. In other words, charitable institutions provide for free
goods and services to the public which would otherwise fall on the
shoulders of government; The government forgoes taxes which
should have been spent to address public needs, because certain
private entities already assume a part of the burden.―To be a
charitable institution, however, an organization must meet the
substantive test of charity in Lung Center of the Philippines vs.
Quezon City, 433 SCRA 119 (2004). The issue in Lung Center
concerns exemption from real property tax and not income tax.
However, it provides for the test of charity in our jurisdiction.
Charity is essentially a gift to an indefinite number of persons
which lessens the burden of government. In other words,
charitable institutions provide for free goods and services to
the public which would otherwise fall on the shoulders of
government. Thus, as a matter of efficiency, the government
forgoes taxes which should have been spent to address public needs,
because certain private entities already assume a part of the
burden. This is the rationale for the tax exemption of charitable
institutions. The loss of taxes by the government is compensated by
its relief from doing public works which would have been funded by
appropriations from the Treasury.
Same; Same; Charitable institutions are not ipso facto entitled
to a tax exemption. The requirements for a tax exemption are
specified by the law granting it.―Charitable institutions,
however, are not ipso facto entitled to a tax exemption. The
requirements for

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical Center,

Inc.

a tax exemption are specified by the law granting it. The power of
Congress to tax implies the power to exempt from tax. Congress can
create tax exemptions, subject to the constitutional provision that
„[n]o law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the
concurrence of a majority of all the Members of Congress.‰ The
requirements for a tax exemption are strictly construed against the
taxpayer because an exemption restricts the collection of taxes
necessary for the existence of the government.
Same; Same; Income Taxation; Real Estate Taxes; For real
property taxes, the incidental generation of income is permissible
because the test of exemption is the use of the property; The effect of
failing to meet the use requirement is simply to remove from the tax
exemption that portion of the property not devoted to charity.―For
real property taxes, the incidental generation of income is
permissible because the test of exemption is the use of the property.
The Constitution provides that „[c]haritable institutions, churches
and personages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-
profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements,
actually, directly, and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or
educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.‰ The test of
exemption is not strictly a requirement on the intrinsic nature or
character of the institution. The test requires that the institution
use the property in a certain way, i.e. for a charitable purpose.
Thus, the Court held that the Lung Center of the Philippines did
not lose its charitable character when it used a portion of its lot for
commercial purposes. The effect of failing to meet the use
requirement is simply to remove from the tax exemption that
portion of the property not devoted to charity.
Same; Same; The Constitution exempts charitable institutions
only from real property taxes. In the National Internal Revenue Code
(NIRC), Congress decided to extend the exemption to income
taxes.―The Constitution exempts charitable institutions only from
real property taxes. In the NIRC, Congress decided to extend the
exemption to income taxes. However, the way Congress crafted
Section 30(E) of the NIRC is materially different from Section 28(3),
Article VI of the Constitution. Section 30(E) of the NIRC defines the
corporation or association that is exempt from income tax. On the
other hand, Section 28(3), Article VI of the Constitution does not
define a charitable institution, but requires that the institution

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical Center,

Inc.

„actually, directly and exclusively‰ use the property for a charitable

purpose.
Same; Same; Real Estate Taxes; Income Taxation; To be exempt
from real property taxes, Section 28(3), Article VI of the Constitution
requires that a charitable institution use the property „actually,
directly and exclusively‰ for charitable purposes. To be exempt from
income taxes, Section 30(E) of the National Internal Revenue Code
(NIRC) requires that a charitable institution must be „organized and
operated exclusively‰ for charitable purposes. Likewise, to be exempt
from income taxes, Section 30(G) of the National Internal Revenue
Code (NIRC) requires that the institution be „operated exclusively‰
for social welfare.―There is no dispute that St. LukeÊs is organized
as a non-stock and non-profit charitable institution. However, this
does not automatically exempt St. LukeÊs from paying taxes. This
only refers to the organization of St. LukeÊs. Even if St. LukeÊs
meets the test of charity, a charitable institution is not ipso facto
tax exempt. To be exempt from real property taxes, Section 28(3),
Article VI of the Constitution requires that a charitable institution
use the property „actually, directly and exclusively‰ for charitable
purposes. To be exempt from income taxes, Section 30(E) of the
NIRC requires that a charitable institution must be „organized
and operated exclusively‰ for charitable purposes. Likewise, to
be exempt from income taxes, Section 30(G) of the NIRC requires
that the institution be „operated exclusively‰ for social welfare.
Same; Same; Even if the charitable institution must be
„organized and operated exclusively‰ for charitable purposes, it is
nevertheless allowed to engage in „activities conducted for profit‰
without losing its tax exempt status for its not-for-profit
activities.―Even if the charitable institution must be „organized
and operated exclusively‰ for charitable purposes, it is nevertheless
allowed to engage in „activities conducted for profit‰ without losing
its tax exempt status for its not-for-profit activities. The only
consequence is that the „income of whatever kind and
character‰ of a charitable institution „from any of its activities
conducted for profit, regardless of the disposition made of
such income, shall be subject to tax.‰ Prior to the introduction
of Section 27(B), the tax rate on such income from for-profit
activities was the ordinary corporate rate under Section 27(A). With
the introduction of Section 27(B), the tax rate is now 10%.

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70 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical Center,

Inc.

Same; Income Taxation; Preferential Tax Rate; The Supreme

Court finds that St. LukeÊs is a corporation that is not „operated
exclusively‰ for charitable or social welfare purposes insofar as its
revenues from paying patients are concerned; Such income from for-
profit activities, under the last paragraph of Section 30, is merely
subject to income tax, previously at the ordinary corporate rate but
now at the preferential 10% rate pursuant to Section 27(B).―The
Court finds that St. LukeÊs is a corporation that is not „operated
exclusively‰ for charitable or social welfare purposes insofar as its
revenues from paying patients are concerned. This ruling is based
not only on a strict interpretation of a provision granting tax
exemption, but also on the clear and plain text of Section 30(E) and
(G). Section 30(E) and (G) of the NIRC requires that an institution
be „operated exclusively‰ for charitable or social welfare purposes
to be completely exempt from income tax. An institution under
Section 30(E) or (G) does not lose its tax exemption if it earns
income from its for-profit activities. Such income from for-profit
activities, under the last paragraph of Section 30, is merely subject
to income tax, previously at the ordinary corporate rate but now at
the preferential 10% rate pursuant to Section 27(B).
Same; Tax Exemptions; A tax exemption is effectively a social
subsidy granted by the State because an exempt institution is spared
from sharing in the expenses of government and yet benefits from
them.―A tax exemption is effectively a social subsidy granted by
the State because an exempt institution is spared from sharing in
the expenses of government and yet benefits from them. Tax
exemptions for charitable institutions should therefore be limited to
institutions beneficial to the public and those which improve social
welfare. A profit-making entity should not be allowed to exploit this
subsidy to the detriment of the government and other taxpayers.

PETITIONS for review on certiorari of the decision and

resolution of the Court of Tax Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Office of the Solicitor General for petitioner.
Quasha, Ancheta, Peña & Nolasco for St. LukeÊs
Medical Center, Inc.

71
 VOL. 682, SEPTEMBER 26, 2012 71
Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

CARPIO, J.:

The Case

These are consolidated1 petitions for review on certiorari

under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing the Decision
of 19 November 2010 of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) En
Banc and its Resolution2 of 1 March 2011 in CTA Case No.
6746. This Court resolves this case on a pure question of
law, which involves the interpretation of Section 27(B) vis-
à-vis Section 30(E) and (G) of the National Internal
Revenue Code of the Philippines (NIRC), on the income tax
treatment of proprietary non-profit hospitals.

The Facts

St. LukeÊs Medical Center, Inc. (St. LukeÊs) is a hospital

organized as a non-stock and non-profit corporation. Under
its articles of incorporation, among its corporate purposes
are:

(a) To establish, equip, operate and maintain a non-stock, non-profit

Christian, benevolent, charitable and scientific hospital which shall
give curative, rehabilitative and spiritual care to the sick, diseased
and disabled persons; provided that purely medical and surgical
services shall be performed by duly licensed physicians and
surgeons who may be freely and individually contracted by patients;
(b) To provide a career of health science education and provide
medical services to the community through organized clinics in such
specialties as the facilities and resources of the corporation make
possible;
(c) To carry on educational activities related to the maintenance and
promotion of health as well as provide facilities for scientific and

_______________
1 The consolidation of the petitions is pursuant to the Resolution of this
Court dated 4 April 2011. Rollo (G.R. No. 195960), p. 9.
2 This Resolution denied the motions filed by both parties to reconsider the
CTA En Banc Decision dated 19 November 2010.

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical Center,
Inc.
medical researches which, in the opinion of the Board of Trustees,
may be justified by the facilities, personnel, funds, or other
requirements that are available;
(d) To cooperate with organized medical societies, agencies of both
government and private sector; establish rules and regulations
consistent with the highest professional ethics;
x x x x3

On 16 December 2002, the Bureau of Internal Revenue

(BIR) assessed St. LukeÊs deficiency taxes amounting to
P76,063,116.06 for 1998, comprised of deficiency income
tax, value-added tax, withholding tax on compensation and
expanded withholding tax. The BIR reduced the amount to
P63,935,351.57 during trial in the First Division of the
CTA.4
On 14 January 2003, St. LukeÊs filed an administrative
protest with the BIR against the deficiency tax
assessments. The BIR did not act on the protest within the
180-day period under Section 228 of the NIRC. Thus, St.
LukeÊs appealed to the CTA.
The BIR argued before the CTA that Section 27(B) of the
NIRC, which imposes a 10% preferential tax rate on the
income of proprietary non-profit hospitals, should be
applicable to St. LukeÊs. According to the BIR, Section
27(B), introduced in 1997, „is a new provision intended to
amend the exemption on non-profit hospitals that were
previously categorized as non-stock, non-profit corporations
under Section 26 of the 1997 Tax Code x x x.‰5 It is a
specific provision which prevails

_______________
3 CTA First Division Decision dated 23 February 2009, citing the
earlier decision in St. LukeÊs Medical Center, Inc. v. Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, CTA Case No. 6993, 21 November 2008. Rollo (G.R. No.
195909), p. 68.
4 This prompted St. LukeÊs to file an Amended Petition for Review on
12 December 2003 before the First Division of the CTA.
5 CTA First Division Decision, citing the Answer filed by the BIR
before the CTA. Rollo (G.R. No. 195909), p. 62.

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over the general exemption on income tax granted under

Section 30(E) and (G) for non-stock, non-profit charitable
institutions and civic organizations promoting social
welfare.6
The BIR claimed that St. LukeÊs was actually operating
for profit in 1998 because only 13% of its revenues came
from charitable purposes. Moreover, the hospitalÊs board of
trustees, officers and employees directly benefit from its
profits and assets. St. LukeÊs had total revenues of
P1,730,367,965 or approximately P1.73 billion from patient
services in 1998.7
St. LukeÊs contended that the BIR should not consider
its total revenues, because its free services to patients was
P218,187,498 or 65.20% of its 1998 operating income (i.e.,
total revenues less operating expenses) of P334,642,615.8
St. LukeÊs also claimed that its income does not inure to the
benefit of any individual.
St. LukeÊs maintained that it is a non-stock and non-
profit institution for charitable and social welfare purposes
under Section 30(E) and (G) of the NIRC. It argued that the
making of profit per se does not destroy its income tax
exemption.
The petition of the BIR before this Court in G.R. No.
195909 reiterates its arguments before the CTA that
Section 27(B) applies to St. LukeÊs. The petition raises the
sole issue of whether the enactment of Section 27(B) takes
proprietary non-profit hospitals out of the income tax
exemption under Section 30 of the NIRC and instead,
imposes a preferential rate of 10% on their taxable income.
The BIR prays that St. LukeÊs be ordered to pay
P57,659,981.19 as deficiency income and expanded
withholding tax for 1998 with surcharges and interest for
late payment.

_______________
6 Id., at p. 63.
7 Id., at pp. 65-67.
8 Id., at p. 67. The operating expenses of St. LukeÊs consisted of
professional care of patients, administrative, household and property
expenses.

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

The petition of St. LukeÊs in G.R. No. 195960 raises

factual matters on the treatment and withholding of a part
of its income,9 as well as the payment of surcharge and
delinquency interest. There is no ground for this Court to
undertake such a factual review. Under the Constitution10
and the Rules of Court,11 this CourtÊs review power is
generally limited to „cases in which only an error or
question of law is involved.‰12 This Court cannot depart
from this limitation if a party fails to invoke a recognized
exception.

The Ruling of the Court of Tax Appeals

The CTA En Banc Decision on 19 November 2010

affirmed in toto the CTA First Division Decision dated 23
February 2009 which held:

WHEREFORE, the Amended Petition for Review [by St. LukeÊs]

is hereby PARTIALLY GRANTED. Accordingly, the 1998
deficiency VAT assessment issued by respondent against petitioner
in the amount of P110,000.00 is hereby CANCELLED and
WITHDRAWN. However, petitioner is hereby ORDERED to PAY
deficiency income tax and deficiency expanded withholding tax for
the taxable year 1998 in the respective amounts of P5,496,963.54
and P778,406.84 or in the sum of P6,275,370.38, x x x.
xxxx
In addition, petitioner is hereby ORDERED to PAY twenty
percent (20%) delinquency interest on the total amount of

_______________
9 This income in the amount of P17,482,304 was declared by St. LukeÊs as
„Other Income-Net‰ in its 1998 Income Tax Return/Audited Statements of
Revenues and Expenses.
10 CONSTITUTION, Art. VIII, Sec. 5(2)(e). Except for criminal cases where the
penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher, the enumeration under Article
VIII, Section 5(1) and (2) of the Constitution generally involves a question of
law.
11 RULES OF COURT, Rule 45, Sec. 1.
12 CONSTITUTION, Art. VIII, Sec. 5(2)(e). See note 10.

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P6,275,370.38 counted from October 15, 2003 until full payment

thereof, pursuant to Section 249(C)(3) of the NIRC of 1997.
SO ORDERED.13

The deficiency income tax of P5,496,963.54, ordered by

the CTA En Banc to be paid, arose from the failure of St.
LukeÊs to prove that part of its income in 1998 (declared as
„Other Income-Net‰)14 came from charitable activities. The
CTA cancelled the remainder of the P63,113,952.79
deficiency assessed by the BIR based on the 10% tax rate
under Section 27(B) of the NIRC, which the CTA En Banc
held was not applicable to St. LukeÊs.15
The CTA ruled that St. LukeÊs is a non-stock and non-
profit charitable institution covered by Section 30(E) and
(G) of the NIRC. This ruling would exempt all income
derived by St. LukeÊs from services to its patients, whether
paying or non-paying. The CTA reiterated its earlier
decision in St. LukeÊs Medical Center, Inc. v. Commissioner
of Internal Revenue,16 which examined the primary
purposes of St. LukeÊs under its articles of incorporation
and various documents17 identifying St. LukeÊs as a
charitable institution.
The CTA adopted the test in Hospital de San Juan de
Dios, Inc. v. Pasay City,18 which states that „a charitable
institution does not lose its charitable character and its
consequent ex-

_______________
13 Rollo (G.R. No. 195909), pp. 82-83. Emphases in the original.
14 See note 9. This is one of the errors assigned by St. LukeÊs in its
petition before this Court.
15 Rollo (G.R. No. 195909), p. 65. The revised total deficiency income
tax assessed by the BIR is P63,113,952.79, which includes the deficiency
under „Other Income-Net.‰
16 CTA Case No. 6993, 21 November 2008.
17 These are documentary evidence which, among others, show that
government agencies such as the Department of Social Welfare and
Development and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office recognize
St. LukeÊs as a charitable institution.
18 123 Phil. 38; 16 SCRA 226 (1966).

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

emption from taxation merely because recipients of its

benefits who are able to pay are required to do so, where
funds derived in this manner are devoted to the charitable
purposes of the institution x x x.‰19 The generation of
income from paying patients does not per se destroy the
charitable nature of St. LukeÊs.
Hospital de San Juan cited Jesus Sacred Heart College
v. Collector of Internal Revenue,20 which ruled that the old
NIRC (Commonwealth Act No. 466, as amended)21
„positively exempts from taxation those corporations or
associations which, otherwise, would be subject thereto,
because of the existence of x x x net income.‰22 The NIRC of
1997 substantially reproduces the provision on charitable
institutions of the old NIRC. Thus, in rejecting the
argument that tax exemption is lost whenever there is net
income, the Court in Jesus Sacred Heart College declared:
„[E]very responsible organization must be run to at least
insure its existence, by operating within the limits of its
own resources, especially its regular

_______________
19 Id., at p. 41; p. 229 citing 51 Am. Jur. 607.
20 95 Phil. 16 (1954).
21 Commonwealth Act No. 466, as amended by Republic Act No. 82,
Sec. 27 provides: Exemption from tax on corporation.―The following
organizations shall not be taxed under this Title in respect to income
received by them as such―
xxxx
(e)  Corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for
religious, charitable, scientific, athletic, cultural, or educational
purposes, or for the rehabilitation of veterans no part of the net income of
which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual:
Provided, however, That the income of whatever kind and character from
any of its properties, real or personal, or from any activity conducted for
profit regardless of the disposition made of such income, shall be liable to
the tax imposed under this Code[.]
22 Jesus Sacred Heart College v. Collector of Internal Revenue, supra
note 20 at p. 21.

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income. In other words, it should always strive, whenever

possible, to have a surplus.‰23
The CTA held that Section 27(B) of the present NIRC
does not apply to St. LukeÊs.24 The CTA explained that to
apply the 10% preferential rate, Section 27(B) requires a
hospital to be „non-profit.‰ On the other hand, Congress
specifically used the word „non-stock‰ to qualify a
charitable „corporation or association‰ in Section 30(E) of
the NIRC. According to the CTA, this is unique in the
present tax code, indicating an intent to exempt this type of
charitable organization from income tax. Section 27(B) does
not require that the hospital be „non-stock.‰ The CTA
stated, „it is clear that non-stock, non-profit hospitals
operated exclusively for charitable purpose are exempt
from income tax on income received by them as such,
applying the provision of Section 30(E) of the NIRC of 1997,
as amended.‰25

The Issue

The sole issue is whether St. LukeÊs is liable for

deficiency income tax in 1998 under Section 27(B) of the
NIRC, which imposes a preferential tax rate of 10% on the
income of proprietary non-profit hospitals.

The Ruling of the Court

St. LukeÊs Petition in G.R. No. 195960

As a preliminary matter, this Court denies the petition
of St. LukeÊs in G.R. No. 195960 because the petition raises
factual issues. Under Section 1, Rule 45 of the Rules of
Court,

_______________
23 Id.
24 The CTA adopted its earlier interpretation in St. LukeÊs Medical
Center, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Supra note 16.
25 Rollo (G.R. No. 195909), p. 76. Italics in the original.

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
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„[t]he petition shall raise only questions of law which must

be distinctly set forth.‰ St. LukeÊs cites Martinez v. Court of
Appeals26 which permits factual review „when the Court of
Appeals [in this case, the CTA] manifestly overlooked
certain relevant facts not disputed by the parties and
which, if properly considered, would justify a different
conclusion.‰27
This Court does not see how the CTA overlooked
relevant facts. St. LukeÊs itself stated that the CTA
„disregarded the testimony of [its] witness, Romeo B. Mary,
being allegedly self-serving, to show the nature of the
ÂOther Income-NetÊ x x x.‰28 This is not a case of overlooking
or failing to consider relevant evidence. The CTA obviously
considered the evidence and concluded that it is self-
serving. The CTA declared that it has „gone through the
records of this case and found no other evidence aside from
the self-serving affidavit executed by [the] witnesses [of St.
LukeÊs] x x x.‰29
The deficiency tax on „Other Income-Net‰ stands. Thus,
St. LukeÊs is liable to pay the 25% surcharge under Section
248(A)(3) of the NIRC. There is „[f]ailure to pay the
deficiency tax within the time prescribed for its payment in
the notice of assessment[.]‰30 St. LukeÊs is also liable to pay
20% delinquency interest under Section 249(C)(3) of the
NIRC.31 As explained by the CTA En Banc, the amount of
P6,275,370.38 in the dispositive portion of the CTA First
Division Decision

_______________
26 410 Phil. 241; 358 SCRA 38 (2001).
27 Id., at p. 257; pp. 49-50; Rollo (G.R. No. 195960), pp. 15-16.
28 Rollo (G.R. No. 195960), p. 24.
29 Id., at p. 50.
30 NIRC, Sec. 248(A)(3).
31 NIRC, Sec. 249(C)(3) provides: „A deficiency tax, or any surcharge
or interest thereon on the due date appearing in the notice and demand
of the Commissioner, there shall be assessed and collected on the unpaid
amount, interest at the rate prescribed in Subsection (A) hereof until the
amount is fully paid, which interest shall form part of the tax.‰

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includes only deficiency interest under Section 249(A) and

(B) of the NIRC and not delinquency interest.32
The Main Issue
The issue raised by the BIR is a purely legal one. It
involves the effect of the introduction of Section 27(B) in
the NIRC of 1997 vis-à-vis Section 30(E) and (G) on the
income tax exemption of charitable and social welfare
institutions. The 10% income tax rate under Section 27(B)
specifically pertains to proprietary educational institutions
and proprietary non-profit hospitals. The BIR argues that
Congress intended to remove the exemption that non-profit
hospitals previously enjoyed under Section 27(E) of the
NIRC of 1977, which is now substantially reproduced in
Section 30(E) of the NIRC of 1997.33 Section 27(B) of the
present NIRC provides:

_______________
32 CTA En Banc Resolution dated 1 March 2011. Rollo (G.R. No.
195909), p. 56.
Section 249 of the NIRC provides:
(A) In General.―There shall be assessed and collected on any unpaid
amount of tax, interest at the rate of twenty percent (20%) per annum, or
such higher rate as may be prescribed by rules and regulations, from the
date prescribed for its payment until the amount is fully paid.
(B) Deficiency Interest.―Any deficiency in the tax due, as the term is
defined in this Code, shall be subject to the interest prescribed in
Subsection (A) hereof, which interest shall be assessed and collected from
the date prescribed for its payment until the full payment thereof.
xxxx
33 Id., at pp. 21-27. Section 27(E) of the NIRC of 1977 provides:
Sec. 27. Exemptions from tax on corporations.―The following
organizations shall not be taxed under this Title in respect to income
received by them as such―
xxxx
(E)  Corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for
religious, charitable, scientific, athletic, or cultural pur-

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SEC. 27. Rates of Income Tax on Domestic Corporations.―

xxxx
(B) Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals.―
Proprietary educational institutions and hospitals which
are non-profit shall pay a tax of ten percent (10%) on their
taxable income except those covered by Subsection (D) hereof:
Provided, That if the gross income from unrelated trade, business or
other activity exceeds fifty percent (50%) of the total gross income
derived by such educational institutions or hospitals from all
sources, the tax prescribed in Subsection (A) hereof shall be
imposed on the entire taxable income. For purposes of this
Subsection, the term Âunrelated trade, business or other activityÊ
means any trade, business or other activity, the conduct of which is
not substantially related to the exercise or performance by such
educational institution or hospital of its primary purpose or
function. A Âproprietary educational institutionÊ is any private school
maintained and administered by private individuals or groups with
an issued permit to operate from the Department of Education,
Culture and Sports (DECS), or the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED), or the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA), as the case may be, in accordance
with existing laws and regulations. (Emphasis supplied)

St. LukeÊs claims tax exemption under Section 30(E) and

(G) of the NIRC. It contends that it is a charitable
institution and an organization promoting social welfare.
The arguments of St. LukeÊs focus on the wording of
Section 30(E) exempting from income tax non-stock, non-
profit charitable institutions.34 St. LukeÊs asserts that the
legislative intent of introducing Section 27(B) was only to
remove the exemption for „proprie-

_______________
poses, or for the rehabilitation of veterans, no part of the net income of
which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual.
xxxx
34 See Comment of St. LukeÊs dated 19 September 2011 in G.R. No.
195909. Id., at pp. 105-116.

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tary non-profit‰ hospitals.35 The relevant provisions of

Section 30 state:

SEC. 30. Exemptions from Tax on Corporations.―The following

organizations shall not be taxed under this Title in respect to
income received by them as such:
xxxx
(E) Nonstock corporation or association organized and
operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific,
athletic, or cultural purposes, or for the rehabilitation of veterans,
no part of its net income or asset shall belong to or inure to
the benefit of any member, organizer, officer or any specific
person;
xxxx
(G) Civic league or organization not organized for profit but
operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare;
xxxx
Notwithstanding the provisions in the preceding paragraphs, the
income of whatever kind and character of the foregoing
organizations from any of their properties, real or personal, or
from any of their activities conducted for profit regardless
of the disposition made of such income, shall be subject to
tax imposed under this Code. (Emphasis supplied)

The Court partly grants the petition of the BIR but on a

different ground. We hold that Section 27(B) of the NIRC
does not remove the income tax exemption of proprietary
non-profit hospitals under Section 30(E) and (G). Section
27(B) on one hand, and Section 30(E) and (G) on the other
hand, can be construed together without the removal of
such tax exemption. The effect of the introduction of
Section 27(B) is to subject the taxable income of two
specific institutions, namely, proprietary non-profit
educational institutions36 and proprietary non-profit
hospitals, among the institutions covered by

_______________
35 Id., at pp. 106-108.
36 Cf. NIRC, Sec. 30(H).

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Center, Inc.

Section 30, to the 10% preferential rate under Section 27(B)

instead of the ordinary 30% corporate rate under the last
paragraph of Section 30 in relation to Section 27(A)(1).
Section 27(B) of the NIRC imposes a 10% preferential
tax rate on the income of (1) proprietary non-profit
educational institutions and (2) proprietary non-profit
hospitals. The only qualifications for hospitals are that
they must be proprietary and non-profit. „Proprietary‰
means private, following the definition of a „proprietary
educational institution‰ as „any private school maintained
and administered by private individuals or groups‰ with a
government permit. „Non-profit‰ means no net income or
asset accrues to or benefits any member or specific person,
with all the net income or asset devoted to the institutionÊs
purposes and all its activities conducted not for profit.
„Non-profit‰ does not necessarily mean „charitable.‰ In
Collector of Internal Revenue v. Club Filipino Inc. de
Cebu,37 this Court considered as non-profit a sports club
organized for recreation and entertainment of its
stockholders and members. The club was primarily funded
by membership fees and dues. If it had profits, they were
used for overhead expenses and improving its golf course.38
The club was non-profit because of its purpose and there
was no evidence that it was engaged in a profit-making
enterprise.39
The sports club in Club Filipino Inc. de Cebu may be
non-profit, but it was not charitable. The Court defined
„charity‰ in Lung Center of the Philippines v. Quezon City40
as „a gift, to be applied consistently with existing laws, for
the benefit of an indefinite number of persons, either
by bringing their minds and hearts under the influence of
education or religion, by assisting them to establish
themselves in life or [by] oth-

_______________
37 115 Phil. 310; 5 SCRA 321 (1962).
38 Id., at p. 311; p. 322.
39 Id., at p. 314; p. 324.
40 G.R. No. 144104, 29 June 2004, 433 SCRA 119.

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erwise lessening the burden of government.‰41 A non-

profit club for the benefit of its members fails this test. An
organization may be considered as non-profit if it does not
distribute any part of its income to stockholders or
members. However, despite its being a tax exempt
institution, any income such institution earns from
activities conducted for profit is taxable, as expressly
provided in the last paragraph of Section 30.
To be a charitable institution, however, an organization
must meet the substantive test of charity in Lung Center.
The issue in Lung Center concerns exemption from real
property tax and not income tax. However, it provides for
the test of charity in our jurisdiction. Charity is essentially
a gift to an indefinite number of persons which lessens the
burden of government. In other words, charitable
institutions provide for free goods and services to
the public which would otherwise fall on the
shoulders of government. Thus, as a matter of efficiency,
the government forgoes taxes which should have been
spent to address public needs, because certain private
entities already assume a part of the burden. This is the
rationale for the tax exemption of charitable institutions.
The loss of taxes by the government is compensated by its
relief from doing public works which would have been
funded by appropriations from the Treasury.42
Charitable institutions, however, are not ipso
facto entitled to a tax exemption. The requirements for
a tax exemption are specified by the law granting it. The
power of Congress to tax implies the power to exempt from
tax. Congress can create tax exemptions, subject to the
constitutional

_______________
41 Id., at pp. 128-129. Emphasis supplied.
42 For further discussion of the Subsidy Theory of Tax Exemption, see
H. Hansmann, The Rationale for Exempting Nonprofit Organizations
from Corporate Income Taxation, 91 YALE L. J. 54 (1981) at 66-75. See
also M. Hall & J. Colombo, The Charitable Status of Nonprofit Hospitals:
Toward a Donative Theory of Tax Exemption, 66 WASH. L. REV. 307
(1991).

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provision that „[n]o law granting any tax exemption shall

be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the
Members of Congress.‰43 The requirements for a tax
exemption are strictly construed against the taxpayer44
because an exemption restricts the collection of taxes
necessary for the existence of the government.
The Court in Lung Center declared that the Lung Center
of the Philippines is a charitable institution for the purpose
of exemption from real property taxes. This ruling uses the
same premise as Hospital de San Juan45 and Jesus Sacred
Heart College46 which says that receiving income from
paying patients does not destroy the charitable nature of a
hospital.

As a general principle, a charitable institution does not lose its

character as such and its exemption from taxes simply because it
derives income from paying patients, whether out-patient, or
confined in the hospital, or receives subsidies from the government,
so long as the money received is devoted or used altogether to the
charitable object which it is intended to achieve; and no money
inures to the private benefit of the persons managing or operating
the institution.47
 For real property taxes, the incidental generation of
income is permissible because the test of exemption is the
use of the property. The Constitution provides that
„[c]haritable institutions, churches and personages or
convents appurtenant

_______________
43 CONSTITUTION, Art. VI, Sec. 28(4).
44 Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. The Philippine American
Accident Insurance Company, Inc., 493 Phil. 785; 453 SCRA 668 (2005);
Lung Center of the Philippines v. Quezon City, supra note 40 at pp. 133-
134; Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority v. Marcos, 330 Phil.
392; 261 SCRA 667 (1996); Manila Electric Company v. Vera, 160-A Phil.
498; 67 SCRA 351 (1975).
45 Supra note 18.
46 Supra note 20.
47 Lung Center of the Philippines v. Quezon City, supra note 40 at pp.
131-132. Citation omitted.

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thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands,

buildings, and improvements, actually, directly, and
exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational
purposes shall be exempt from taxation.‰48 The test of
exemption is not strictly a requirement on the intrinsic
nature or character of the institution. The test requires
that the institution use the property in a certain way, i.e.
for a charitable purpose. Thus, the Court held that the
Lung Center of the Philippines did not lose its charitable
character when it used a portion of its lot for commercial
purposes. The effect of failing to meet the use requirement
is simply to remove from the tax exemption that portion of
the property not devoted to charity.
The Constitution exempts charitable institutions only
from real property taxes. In the NIRC, Congress decided to
extend the exemption to income taxes. However, the way
Congress crafted Section 30(E) of the NIRC is materially
different from Section 28(3), Article VI of the Constitution.
Section 30(E) of the NIRC defines the corporation or
association that is exempt from income tax. On the other
hand, Section 28(3), Article VI of the Constitution does not
define a charitable institution, but requires that the
institution „actually, directly and exclusively‰ use the
property for a charitable purpose.
Section 30(E) of the NIRC provides that a charitable
institution must be:
(1) A non-stock corporation or association;
(2) Organized exclusively for charitable purposes;
(3) Operated exclusively for charitable purposes; and
(4) No part of its net income or asset shall belong to or
inure to the benefit of any member, organizer, officer
or any specific person.

_______________
48 CONSTITUTION, Art. VI, Sec. 28(3).

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86 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

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Thus, both the organization and operations of the

charitable institution must be devoted „exclusively‰ for
charitable purposes. The organization of the institution
refers to its corporate form, as shown by its articles of
incorporation, by-laws and other constitutive documents.
Section 30(E) of the NIRC specifically requires that the
corporation or association be non-stock, which is defined by
the Corporation Code as „one where no part of its income is
distributable as dividends to its members, trustees, or
officers‰49 and that any profit „obtain[ed] as an incident to
its operations shall, whenever necessary or proper, be used
for the furtherance of the purpose or purposes for which the
corporation was organized.‰50 However, under Lung
Center, any profit by a charitable institution must not only
be plowed back „whenever necessary or proper,‰ but must
be „devoted or used altogether to the charitable object
which it is intended to achieve.‰51
The operations of the charitable institution generally
refer to its regular activities. Section 30(E) of the NIRC
requires that these operations be exclusive to charity.
There is also a specific requirement that „no part of [the]
net income or asset shall belong to or inure to the benefit of
any member, organizer, officer or any specific person.‰ The
use of lands, buildings and improvements of the institution
is but a part of its operations.
There is no dispute that St. LukeÊs is organized as a non-
stock and non-profit charitable institution. However, this
does not automatically exempt St. LukeÊs from paying
taxes. This only refers to the organization of St. LukeÊs.
Even if St. LukeÊs meets the test of charity, a charitable
institution is not ipso facto tax exempt. To be exempt from
real property taxes, Section 28(3), Article VI of the
Constitution requires that a charitable institution use the
property „actually, directly and

_______________
49 CORPORATION Code (B.P. Blg. 68), Sec. 87.
50 Id.
51 Supra note 40. Emphasis supplied.

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exclusively‰ for charitable purposes. To be exempt from

income taxes, Section 30(E) of the NIRC requires that a
charitable institution must be „organized and operated
exclusively‰ for charitable purposes. Likewise, to be
exempt from income taxes, Section 30(G) of the NIRC
requires that the institution be „operated exclusively‰ for
social welfare.
However, the last paragraph of Section 30 of the NIRC
qualifies the words „organized and operated exclusively‰ by
providing that:

Notwithstanding the provisions in the preceding paragraphs, the

income of whatever kind and character of the foregoing
organizations from any of their properties, real or personal, or from
any of their activities conducted for profit regardless of the
disposition made of such income, shall be subject to tax
imposed under this Code. (Emphasis supplied)

In short, the last paragraph of Section 30 provides that

if a tax exempt charitable institution conducts „any‰
activity for profit, such activity is not tax exempt even as
its not-for-profit activities remain tax exempt. This
paragraph qualifies the requirements in Section 30(E) that
the „[n]on-stock corporation or association [must be]
organized and operated exclusively for x x x charitable
x x x purposes x x x.‰ It likewise qualifies the requirement
in Section 30(G) that the civic organization must be
„operated exclusively‰ for the promotion of social welfare.
Thus, even if the charitable institution must be
„organized and operated exclusively‰ for charitable
purposes, it is nevertheless allowed to engage in „activities
conducted for profit‰ without losing its tax exempt status
for its not-for-profit activities. The only consequence is that
the „income of whatever kind and character‰ of a
charitable institution „from any of its activities
conducted for profit, regardless of the disposition
made of such income, shall be subject to tax.‰ Prior to
the introduction of Section 27(B), the tax rate on such
income from for-profit activities was the ordinary

88

88 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

corporate rate under Section 27(A). With the introduction

of Section 27(B), the tax rate is now 10%.
In 1998, St. LukeÊs had total revenues of P1,730,367,965
from services to paying patients. It cannot be disputed
that a hospital which receives approximately P1.73 billion
from paying patients is not an institution „operated
exclusively‰ for charitable purposes. Clearly, revenues from
paying patients are income received from „activities
conducted for profit.‰52 Indeed, St. LukeÊs admits that it
derived profits from its paying patients. St. LukeÊs declared
P1,730,367,965 as „Revenues from Services to Patients‰ in
contrast to its „Free Services‰ expenditure of P218,187,498.
In its Comment in G.R. No. 195909, St. LukeÊs showed the
following „calculation‰ to support its claim that 65.20% of
its „income after expenses was allocated to free or
charitable services‰ in 1998.53

REVENUES FROM SERVICES TO P1,730,367,965.00

PATIENTS
OPERATING EXPENSES

_______________
52 Since the exemption is proportional to the revenue of the
institution, Hall & Colombo say that „a general tax exemption suffers
from the same Âupside downÊ effect as many tax deductions: those entities
with the highest net revenues or the greatest value of otherwise-taxable
property receive the greatest amount of subsidy, yet these are the entities
that least need support. From the standpoint of equity among different
tax-exempt entities, the result of the general tax exemption is that
entities that are the ÂpoorestÊ in either an income or property tax sense,
and thus most in need of government assistance to serve impoverished
and uninsured patients, receive the least government assistance.
Because uncompensated care is an expense item, those hospitals with the
most net revenues are more likely to have actually rendered the least
free care, all other things being equal.‰ Hall & Colombo, supra note 42 at
pp. 355-356. Citations omitted.
53 Comment of St. LukeÊs dated 19 September 2011. Rollo (G.R. No.
195909), p. 113.

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Professional care of patients P1,016,608,394.00

Administrative 287,319,334.00
Household and Property 91,797,622.00
P1,395,725,350.00

INCOME FROM OPERATIONS P334,642,615.00 100%

Free Services -218,187,498.00 -65.20%
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS, P116,455,117.00 34.80%
Net of FREE SERVICES

OTHER INCOME 17,482,304.00

EXCESS OF REVENUES P133,937,421.00

OVER EXPENSES

In Lung Center, this Court declared:

„[e]xclusive‰ is defined as possessed and enjoyed to the exclusion of

others; debarred from participation or enjoyment; and „exclusively‰
is defined, „in a manner to exclude; as enjoying a privilege
exclusively.‰ x x x The words „dominant use‰ or „principal use‰
cannot be substituted for the words „used exclusively‰ without
doing violence to the Constitution and the law. Solely is
synonymous with exclusively.54

The Court cannot expand the meaning of the words

„operated exclusively‰ without violating the NIRC.
Services to paying patients are activities conducted
for profit. They cannot be considered any other way.
There is a „purpose

_______________
54 Supra note 40 at p. 137. Emphasis supplied; citations omitted.

90
90 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

to make profit over and above the cost‰ of services.55

The P1.73 billion total revenues from paying patients is not
even incidental to St. LukeÊs charity expenditure of
P218,187,498 for non-paying patients.
St. LukeÊs claims that its charity expenditure of
P218,187,498 is 65.20% of its operating income in 1998.
However, if a part of the remaining 34.80% of the operating
income is reinvested in property, equipment or facilities
used for services to paying and non-paying patients,
then it cannot be said that the income is „devoted or used
altogether to the charitable object which it is intended to
achieve.‰56 The income is plowed back to the corporation
not entirely for charitable purposes, but for profit as well.
In any case, the last paragraph of Section 30 of the NIRC
expressly qualifies that income from activities for profit is
taxable „regardless of the disposition made of such
income.‰
Jesus Sacred Heart College declared that there is no
official legislative record explaining the phrase „any
activity conducted for profit.‰ However, it quoted a
deposition of Senator Mariano Jesus Cuenco, who was a
member of the Committee of Conference for the Senate,
which introduced the phrase „or from any activity
conducted for profit.‰

P. Cuando ha hablado de la Universidad de Santo Tomás que tiene

un hospital, no cree Vd. que es una actividad esencial dicho hospital
para el funcionamiento del colegio de medicina de dicha
universidad?
xxxx
R. Si el hospital se limita a recibir enformos pobres, mi contestación
seria afirmativa; pero considerando que el hospital tiene cuartos de
pago, y a los mismos generalmente van enfermos de buena posición
social económica, lo que se paga por estos enfermos debe estar
sujeto

_______________
55 Jesus Sacred Heart College v. Collector of Internal Revenue, supra note 20
at pp. 20-21.
56 Lung Center of the Philippines v. Quezon City, supra note 40.

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 Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical Center,
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a Âincome taxÊ, y es una de las razones que hemos tenido para

insertar las palabras o frase Âor from any activity conducted for
profit.Ê57

The question was whether having a hospital is essential

to an educational institution like the College of Medicine of
the University of Santo Tomas. Senator Cuenco answered
that if the hospital has paid rooms generally occupied by
people of good economic standing, then it should be subject
to income tax. He said that this was one of the reasons
Congress inserted the phrase „or any activity conducted for
profit.‰
The question in Jesus Sacred Heart College involves an
educational institution.58 However, it is applicable to
charitable institutions because Senator CuencoÊs response
shows an intent to focus on the activities of charitable
institutions. Activities for profit should not escape the
reach of taxation. Being a non-stock and non-profit
corporation does not, by this reason alone, completely
exempt an institution from tax. An institution cannot use
its corporate form to prevent its profitable activities from
being taxed.
The Court finds that St. LukeÊs is a corporation that is
not „operated exclusively‰ for charitable or social welfare
purposes insofar as its revenues from paying patients are
con-

_______________
57 Supra note 20 at p. 29.
58 Supra note 20 at p. 23. Jesus Sacred Heart College distinguished
an educational institution from a charitable institution: „More important
still, the law applied in the case relied upon by [the BIR] exempted from
taxation only such educational institutions as were established for
charitable or philanthropic purposes. Consequently, the amount of
fees charged or the intent to collect more than the cost of
operation or instruction was material to the determination of
such purpose. Upon the other hand, under Section 27(e) of [the old]
National Internal Revenue Code, as amended, an institution operated
exclusively for educational purposes need not have, in addition thereto, a
charitable or philanthropic character, to be exempt from taxation,
provided only that no part of its net income Âinures to the benefit of any
private stockholder or individual.ʉ (Italics in the original; emphasis
supplied)

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92 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

cerned. This ruling is based not only on a strict

interpretation of a provision granting tax exemption, but
also on the clear and plain text of Section 30(E) and (G).
Section 30(E) and (G) of the NIRC requires that an
institution be „operated exclusively‰ for charitable or
social welfare purposes to be completely exempt from
income tax. An institution under Section 30(E) or (G) does
not lose its tax exemption if it earns income from its for-
profit activities. Such income from for-profit activities,
under the last paragraph of Section 30, is merely subject to
income tax, previously at the ordinary corporate rate but
now at the preferential 10% rate pursuant to Section 27(B).
A tax exemption is effectively a social subsidy granted by
the State because an exempt institution is spared from
sharing in the expenses of government and yet benefits
from them. Tax exemptions for charitable institutions
should therefore be limited to institutions beneficial to the
public and those which improve social welfare. A profit-
making entity should not be allowed to exploit this subsidy
to the detriment of the government and other taxpayers.
St. LukeÊs fails to meet the requirements under Section
30(E) and (G) of the NIRC to be completely tax exempt
from all its income. However, it remains a proprietary non-
profit hospital under Section 27(B) of the NIRC as long as
it does not distribute any of its profits to its members and
such profits are reinvested pursuant to its corporate
purposes. St. LukeÊs, as a proprietary non-profit hospital, is
entitled to the preferential tax rate of 10% on its net
income from its for-profit activities.
St. LukeÊs is therefore liable for deficiency income tax in
1998 under Section 27(B) of the NIRC. However, St. LukeÊs
has good reasons to rely on the letter dated 6 June 1990 by
the BIR, which opined that St. LukeÊs is „a corporation for
purely charitable and social welfare purposes‰59 and thus

_______________
59 Italics supplied.

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exempt from income tax.60 In Michael J. Lhuillier, Inc. v.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue,61 the Court said that
„good faith and honest belief that one is not subject to tax
on the basis of previous interpretation of government
agencies tasked to implement the tax law, are sufficient
justification to delete the imposition of surcharges and
interest.‰62
WHEREFORE, the petition of the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue in G.R. No. 195909 is PARTLY
GRANTED. The Decision of the Court of Tax Appeals En
Banc dated 19 November 2010 and its Resolution dated 1
March 2011 in CTA Case No. 6746 are MODIFIED. St.
LukeÊs Medical Center, Inc. is ORDERED TO PAY the
deficiency income tax in 1998 based on the 10%
preferential income tax rate under Section 27(B) of the
National Internal Revenue Code. However, it is not liable
for surcharges and interest on such deficiency income tax
under Sections 248 and 249 of the National Internal
Revenue Code. All other parts of the Decision and
Resolution of the Court of Tax Appeals are AFFIRMED.
The petition of St. LukeÊs Medical Center, Inc. in G.R.
No. 195960 is DENIED for violating Section 1, Rule 45 of
the Rules of Court.
SO ORDERED.

Leonardo-De Castro,** Brion, Perez and Perlas-

Bernabe, JJ., concur.

Petition partly granted, judgment and resolution

modified.

_______________
60 See CTA First Division Decision dated 23 February 2009. Rollo
(G.R. No. 195909), p. 69.
61 533 Phil. 101; 501 SCRA 450 (2006).
62 Id., at pp. 108-109; p. 460.
** Designated Acting Member per Special Order No. 1308 dated 21
September 2012.

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Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. St. Luke's Medical
Center, Inc.

Notes.―There is no vested right in a tax exemption,

more so when the latest expression of legislative intent
renders its continuance doubtful. (Republic vs. Caguioa,
 536 SCRA 193 [2007])
Gross income of a domestic corporation engaged in the
sale of service means gross receipts, less sales returns,
allowances, discounts and cost of services. (Commissioner
of Internal Revenue vs. Philippine Airlines, Inc., 592 SCRA
237 [2009])

――o0o――

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