Boolean Expression Simplification

Simplify: C + BC: Expression Rule(s) Used C + BC Original Expression C + (B + C) DeMorgan's Law. (C + C) + B Commutative, Associative Laws. T+B Complement Law. T Identity Law. Simplify: AB(A + B)(B + B): Expression Rule(s) Used AB(A + B)(B + B) Original Expression Complement law, Identity law. DeMorgan's Law Distributive law. This step uses the fact that or distributes over and. It can look a bit strange since addition does not distribute over A + BB multiplication. A Complement, Identity. Simplify: (A + C)(AD + AD) + AC + C: Expression Rule(s) Used (A + C)(AD + AD) + AC + C Original Expression (A + C)A(D + D) + AC + C Distributive. (A + C)A + AC + C Complement, Identity. A((A + C) + C) + C Commutative, Distributive. A(A + C) + C Associative, Idempotent. AA + AC + C Distributive. A + (A + T)C Idempotent, Identity, Distributive. A+C Identity, twice. You can also use distribution of or over and starting from A(A+C)+C to reach the same result by another route. Simplify: A(A + B) + (B + AA)(A + B): Expression Rule(s) Used A(A + B) + (B + AA)(A + B) Original Expression AA + AB + (B + A)A + (B + A)B Idempotent (AA to A), then Distributive, used twice. Complement, then Identity. (Strictly speaking, we also used the Commutative Law for each of these applications.) Distributive, two places. Idempotent (for the A's), then Complement and Identity to remove BB. Commutative, Identity; setting up for the next step. Distributive. AB(A + B) (A + B)(A + B)

y y

AB + (B + A)A + (B + A)B AB + BA + AA + BB + AB AB + BA + A + AB AB + AB + AT + AB AB + A(B + T + B)

AB + A A + AB (A + A)(A + B) A+B

Identity, twice (depending how you count it). Commutative. Distributive. Complement, Identity.

Simplification Rules Here is the list of rules used for the boolean expression simplifications. This is a fairly standard list you could find most anywhere, but we thought you needed an extra copy. The Idempotent Laws AA = A A+A = A The Associative Laws (AB)C = A(BC) (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) The Commutative Laws AB = BA A+B = B+A The Distributive Laws A(B+C) = AB+AC A+BC = (A+B)(A+C) The Identity Laws AF = F AT = A A+F = A A+T = T The Complement Laws AA = F A+A = T F=T T=F The Involution Law A=A DeMorgan's Law AB = A+B A+B = A B ' Logic Gate Examples Here are some logic gate circuit problems: y Draw a logic circuit for (A + B)C.

Draw a logic circuit for A + BC + D.

Draw a logic circuit for AB + AC.

Draw a logic circuit for (A + B)(C + D)C.

Truth Table Examples The truth tables for the basic operations are: And A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 AB 0 0 0 1 A 0 0 1 1 Or B A+B 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Not A A 0 1 1 0

For more complicated expressions, tables are built from the truth tables of their basic parts. Here are several:

 Draw a truth table for A+BC. A B C B A+B C C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Draw a truth table for A(B+D). A B D B+ A(B+ D D) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Draw a truth table for (A+B)(A+C). A B C A+ A+ (A+B)(A+ B C C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Draw a truth table for W(X+Y)Z. W X Y Z W X+Y W(X+Y) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

W(X+Y)Z 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Draw a truth table for PT(P+Z). P T Z T PT P+Z PT(P+Z) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

Boolean Algebra Examples

Example No1
Construct a Truth Table for the logical functions at points C, D and Q in the following circuit and identify a single logic gate that can be used to replace the whole circuit.

First observations tell us that the circuit consists of a 2-input NAND gate, a 2-input EX-OR gate and finally a 2-input EX-NOR gate at the output. As there are only 2 inputs to the circuit labelled A and B, there can only be 4 possible combinations of the input (22) and these are: 00, 0-1, 1-0 and finally 1-1. Plotting the logical functions from each gate in tabular form will give us the following truth table for the whole of the logic circuit below. Inputs A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 C 1 1 1 0 Output at D 0 1 1 0 Q 0 1 1 1

From the truth table above, column C represents the output function from the NAND gate and column Drepresents the output function from the Ex-OR gate. Both of these two output expressions then become the input condition for the Ex-NOR gate at the output. It can be seen from the truth table that an output atQ is present when any of the two inputs A or B are at logic 1. The only truth table that satisfies this condition is that of an OR Gate. Therefore, the whole of the above circuit can be replaced by just one single 2-input OR Gate.

Example No2
Find the Boolean algebra expression for the following system.

The system consists of an AND Gate, a NOR Gate and finally an OR Gate. The expression for the ANDgate is A.B, and the expression for the NOR gate is A+B. Both these expressions are also separate inputs to the OR gate which is defined as A+B. Thus the final output expression is given as:

The output of the system is given as Q = (A.B) + (A+B), but the notation A+B is the same as the De Morgans notation A.B, Then substituting A.B into the output expression gives us a final output notation of Q = (A.B)+(A.B), which is the Boolean notation for an Exclusive-NOR Gate as seen in the previous section. Inputs B 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 0 1 Intermediates A.B 0 0 0 1
A+B

Output Q 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Then, the whole circuit above can be replaced by just one single Exclusive-NOR Gate and indeed anExclusive-NOR Gate is made up of these individual gates.

Example No3
Find the Boolean algebra expression for the following system.

This system may look more complicated than the others to analyse but it also consists of simple AND,OR and NOT gates. Again as with the previous example we can write the Boolean notation for each logic function to give us a final expression for the output at Q.

The output from the 3-input AND gate is only a "1" when ALL the inputs are at logic level "1" (A.B.C). The output from the lower OR gate is only a "1" when one or both inputs B or C are at logic level "0". The output from the 2-input AND gate is a "1" when input A is a "1" and inputs B or C are at "0". Then the output at Q is only a "1" when inputs A.B.C equal "1" or A is equal to "1" and both inputs B or C equal "0", A.(B+C). Then by using "de Morgan's theorem" inputs B and input C cancel out as to produce an output at Q they can be either at logic "1" or at logic "0". Then this just leaves input A as the only input needed to give an output at Q as shown in the table below. Inputs C 0 0 0 0 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 A.B.C 0 0 0 0 0 0
B

Intermediates
C B+C

Output A.(B+C) 0 1 0 1 0 1 Q 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

0 1

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1