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Differential Equations Applications

Presentation · January 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10507.82724/1

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Esfandiar Kiani Sahar Atarzadeh

Sheikh Bahaei University Sheikh Bahaei University
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Applications of
Differential Equations

Prepared by:
Esfandiar Kiani
Instructor:
Dr. Sahar Atarzadeh
Winter 2022
1.
What Exactly
Differential Equation Is?
Let’s start with the defenation of
differential equation:
“ In mathematics, a Differential
Equation is an equation that relates
one or more function(s) and their
derivatives. ”
Dennis G. Zill (15 March 2012), A First Course in
Differential Equations with Modeling Applications.

4
In other words
A differential equation states how a rate of change (a
"differential") in one variable is related to other variables.

For examples:
╺ Mathematical modeling of many natural phenomena
╺ The motion of an object is described by its speed and location at
different times (i.e, Newton, Hamiltonian & Lagrangian Equations)
╺ Mathematical model of electrical, optical, radio technologies and
radars.
╺ And etc… 5
 Visualization of heat transfer in a pump
created by solving the heat equation:
Heat is being generated internally in the casing and
being cooled at the boundary, providing a steady
state temperature distribution. 6
Types of
Differential Equations
 Ordinary Differential Equation

 Partial Differential Equation

 Linear Differential Equation

 Non-linear Differential Equation

 Homogeneous Differential Equation

 Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation

7
 Differential Equations

Ordinary Partial

1st Order Order ≥ 𝟏

Non-linear
Linear
Equations

Homogeneous Non-Homogeneous
Equations Equations
8
 2.
Real Life
Applications of
Differential
Equations
In order to apply mathematical methods
to a physical or “real life” problem, we
must formulate the problem in
mathematical terms;
that is, we must construct a mathematical
model for the problem.

10
A good mathematical model must have two important
properties:

1. It must sufficiently simple so that the mathematical problem can be

solved.

2. It must represents the actual situation sufficiently well so that the

solution to the mathematical problem can predicts the outcome of the
real problem to within a useful degree of accuracy. If results predicted
by the model don’t agree with physical observations, the underlying
assumptions of the model must be revised until satisfactory agreement
is obtained.
11
The importance of differential equations in understanding
world events is so great that some are convinced that:

“ God created the world and human

created the differential equations to
understand it. ”
12
In Economics
In a flexible market, sales depend on the price of
product or service. This dependence can be
described as follows:

𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑆
= 𝑄 − 𝑆, = 𝛼 𝐼 − 𝐼∗ , = 𝛽 𝑃 − 𝑃∗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆: Sales volume per unit of time
𝑃: Current price
𝑃∗ : Equilibrium price close to the market average
𝛼 & 𝛽: Coefficient of proportionality
𝑄: Rate of supply of goods by a manufacturer
For (𝐼 < 𝐼 ∗ ) prices will rise with a shortage of goods and for (𝐼 > 𝐼 ∗ ) price will go down despite the surplus goods.

13
In Economics
Also differential equations express the rate of
change of the current state as a function of the
current state.

A simple illustration of this type of dependence is

changes of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over
the time at a county.

14
In Electrical Engineering
In the field of Electrical Engineering, differential equations are
used to find current i at a given instant of time (t).

For example,
in a circuit containing inductance ‘L’, resistance ‘R’, and voltage ‘V’,
𝑑𝑖
the current i is given by 𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑉.
𝑑𝑡
After solving this differential equation, we get the following
expression of current:
−𝑅
𝑉 𝑉 𝑡
𝑖= − 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅 𝑅
15
In Medicine & Forensics
Estimating the time of death is one of the most important
and complex forensic issues that can never be accurately
determined due to the dependence on environmental
conditions and internal factors of the body.

However, there are some ways to get it:

i) Using nasal lashes
ii) Measuring the vitreous of the eye's lens
iii) Through differential equations

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In Medicine & Forensics
By using "Laplace transforms" and Newton's "cooling" law, and
using data including body temperature and its environments, it is
possible to estimate the time of death or murder by solving the
relevant differential equations in the initial conditions.

Also, if the death occurred in a place other than where the dead
body was discovered, by using the time when the body was in the
original place and using the “Unit Step Function" and expressing the
temperature of the two environments and thus by solving the
corresponding differential equations, the time of the death can be
estimated.

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In Mechanical Engineering

In the field of Mechanical Engineering, the differential

equation of a body falling from rest subjected to the
𝑑𝑣 𝑛2 2
force of gravity and air resistance is given by 𝑣 + 𝑣 = 𝑔.
𝑑𝑥 𝑔

After solving this differential equation, we get the following

expression of velocity:
−2𝑛2
𝑔2 𝑥
𝑣2 = 1−𝑒 𝑔
𝑛2

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In The Field of Aviation
It is usually said that Aviation Industry encompasses all other
industries. For this reason, differential equations turn out to have a
very special place in Aviation and have many applications.

For example, each of the following are obviously critical to

the efficient and safe operation of an aircraft:
 The basic aerodynamics
 The relationship between control surface positions (ailerons, rudder, elevator, etc),
and the response of the aircraft
 The dynamics of the hydraulic actuators
 The functioning of the autopilot
 The structural dynamics of the airplane (e.g., wing vibrations)
 The heat transfer into and out of the airplane and the pressurization of the cabin
(each in turn related to thermal expansion and contraction, which is related to the
fatigue life of the airplane)
 Wheel dynamics, braking dynamics, and heat transfer
 And etc. 19
In The Field of Aviation
The aircraft is made up of many separate but dependent parts; thus
the use of differential equations in almost all of its components.

Consider only the engines:

 Compressible flow through the engine
 The thermodynamic processes
 The combustion process
 Heat transfer (cooling the turbine blades
currently is a main performance limitation)
 Mechanical vibration
 Overall engine dynamics
20
 And etc.
In The Field of Aviation
The applications of differential equations in aviation are not limited
to the construction of aircraft; they are even used in the design of
various components of aircraft before construction and modeling of
their behavior in reality.

21
In Vibration Analysis
Differential equations are also used in the analysis of various types of
vibrations caused by natural and abnormal phenomena.

For example:
 Earthquake and Wind engineering
 Vibration of machines with rotating components
(car motors, jet engines, etc.)
 Automotive and Aircraft engineering (engine
vibration, wing and structure vibration,
suspension design, etc.)
22
In Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
The discussion of the role of differential equations in artificial
intelligence and machine learning was first proposed to solve
differential equations with the help of machines (i.e., the use of
differential equations in the solving of problems in which
traditional algorithms were not very successful).
Interestingly enough, with the advent of new neural network
algorithms and fuzzy logics, it can be seen that the performance
of artificial intelligence in dealing with differential equations is
getting better and better and these equations have opened their
feet into these algorithms as well.

23
In All Megaprojects

Due to the size and complexity of their design,

construction, and execution, megaprojects are
always combining and linking different industries to
achieve their goals.

24
In All Megaprojects
Since differential equations are used in most industries with special
and specific applications, it can be predicted that they will have a
prominent place in various megaprojects such as space
megaprojects, water megaprojects, mechanical megaprojects, etc.

NASA’s James Webb The Tevatron Project

Space Telescope Project - 10 B$ Particle Accelerator
NASA’s Mars Project
25
Certainly, differential equations, if not the most
important part of applied mathematics, are one of the
most important debates in mathematics, which also
happens to be deeply connected to industry and the
modern world of 21st century man.

By applying mathematics (and especially differential

equations), human beings will be able to understand and
decipher more and more phenomena in the world around
them and take control of the universe in a way that
formerly might seem to be impossible... !
26
 Differentioal Equations Applacations Summery
Economics Electrical Medicine Mechanical Aviation
Engineering Engineering
• Price of the • Time of death
• Engine dynamics
• Voltage and • Various
products estimation
• Mechanical
current components vibration
equations design
• Changes of the • Death time when • Functioning of
GDP over the body's moved Autopilot

time at a coutry • Heating and • Wheel & brake

dynamics
cooling map of
• Various aircraft
components
componetnts
design

Vibration Analysis Artificial Intelligence &

• Jet engines vibration Machine Learning
• Wind engineering
• New neural network algorithms
• Structure vibration
• Suspension design • Fuzzy logics 27
 Any Questions?
You can find me here's

www.Esfandiar-Kiani.ir [email protected]

@ Research Gate: @ LinkedIn:

Esfandiar Kiani Esfandiar Kiani

28
Thank You!
Special thanks to you for your attention and consideration.

29
References:
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