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Lecture 1 - Introduction To Statistic and Data Analysis

This document provides an introduction to statistics and data analysis. It discusses key concepts like data, variables, populations and samples. It outlines the steps in statistical problem solving including identifying the problem, collecting and classifying data, and making decisions. It also describes different types of variables, scales of measurement, sources of data and methods of data collection. Finally, it distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and examples of estimation and hypothesis testing.

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92 views17 pages

Lecture 1 - Introduction To Statistic and Data Analysis

This document provides an introduction to statistics and data analysis. It discusses key concepts like data, variables, populations and samples. It outlines the steps in statistical problem solving including identifying the problem, collecting and classifying data, and making decisions. It also describes different types of variables, scales of measurement, sources of data and methods of data collection. Finally, it distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and examples of estimation and hypothesis testing.

Uploaded by

ShuYun
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE 1

Introduction to Statistic
and Data Analysis
Dr Hariati Abdullah Hashim
[email protected]
Learning Objectives!
In this chapter you will learn:

• The basic vocabulary of statistics

• From data to statistics

• Types of variables

• Scales of measurement

• Category of statistics
Statistics

STATISTICS represents scientific procedures and methods for


collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data, as
well as obtaining useful information, drawing valid conclusions and
making effective decisions based on the analysis.
Omar et al. (2010)
Steps in statistical problem solving
Identify the
problem or
opportunity

Deciding on the
Making the
method of data
decision
collection

Presenting and
analysing the Collecting data
data

Classifying and
summarizing
the data
Basic vocabulary of statistics
Data

• Data are the different values associated with a variable

Variable

• Variable are a characteristics of an item or individual and are what you analyze when
you use a statistical method

Statistics

• A statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample. The


branch of mathematics that transforms data into useful information

Population

• A population consists of all the items or individuals about which you want to draw a
conclusion. The population is the “large group

Sample

• A sample is the portion of a population selected for analysis. The sample is the “small
group”
Data
Data is a measure on a variables of interest
obtained from a sample

‘Average house price at Kuala Selangor is


RM200,00’
Source of data

Primary Secondary
Data collection method?
• Direct observation
• Face-to-face interview
• Direct questionnaire
• Experiment
• Telephone interview
• Mail or postal questionnaire
Types of variables

Qualitative • Categorical /non numeric

Quantitative • Numeric (continuous / discrete)


Basic concept of measurement

Measurement is the process of systematically assigning


numbers to objects and their properties to facilitate the
use of mathematics in studying and describing objects and
their relationships
Four types of measurement scales

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

• Distinct • Ordered • Meaningful • Absolute


categories Categories Distances Zero
• Eye color, • Satisfaction • Temperature, • Height, time,
gender level, exam score, IQ age
grade
(=≠) (+-) (x÷)
(<>)
O=T+E

True • Observe score is the actual score


Score • True score is person’s actual ability

Theory
• Error can be comprised of systematic error and
random error
RANDOM SYSTEMATIC
ERROR ERROR
Time of day Calibration of scale
Homework 2

Types of error in survey research:


Random vs Systematic

Source: https://siteeconomics.blogspot.com
Category of
statistics

Descriptive • Collecting, summarizing,


analysing and presenting the
Statistics data

• Using data collected from a small


Inferential group to draw conclusions about
a larger group, generalizations
Statistics about a population by analyzing
samples
Inferential statistic

Hypothesis
Estimation
Testing
e.g.: estimate the population mean
e.g. Test the claim that the
annual income using the sample
population mean annual income
mean annual income
is RM 100,000
End of Lecture 1

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