3 EXPERIMENT NO 1: Determination of total solid(TS), total dissolved solid(TDS) & total suspended solid(TSS) in supplied water sample.

PRINCIPLE: Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce an unfavorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. For these reasons, a limit of 500 mg dissolved solids per liter is desirable for drinking waters. Highly mineralized waters also are unsuitable for many industrial applications. Waters high in suspended solids may be esthetically unsatisfactory for such purposes as bathing. Solids analysis is important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment processes and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations.
Total Solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature (103-1050C). Total suspended solids refer to the no filterable residue retained by a standard filter disk and dried at 103-1050C. Total dissolved solids refer to the filterable residue that passes through a standard filter disk and remain after evaporation and drying to constant weight at 103-1050C. APPARATUS: 1.40 ml pipette 2. Funnel 3.100 ml beaker 4. Filter paper 5. Balance 6. Conical flask PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID(TSS): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Drying the empty filter paper in oven. Taking the weight of the empty filter paper. Setting the filter paper into the funnel placing at the top of the conical flask. Taking 40 ml sample water by pipette. Transferring the sample water on the funnel. Keeping the filter paper along with the suspended solid into the oven at 700C. Cooling the filter paper at the room temperature. Taking the weight of the filter paper again.

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING TOTAL SOLID(TS): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Taking the weight of the empty 100 ml beaker. Taking 40 ml sample water by pipette. Transferring the sample water into the beaker. Placing the beaker on the hot plate. Cooling the beaker at room temperature.

4 6. Taking the weight of the beaker again. DATA: 1. 2. 3. 4. Weight of the empty beaker = 59.54 g Weight of the empty filter paper = 0.79 g Weight of the beaker with residues = 59.55 g Weight of the filter paper with residues = 0.81 g

CALCULATION: TOTAL SOLID (TS) = weight of the residue * 100 Sample taken = (59.56- 59.54) * 100 40 = 0.02 * 100 40 = 0.05 * 10,000 = 550 ppm TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) = weight of filterable portion * 100 Sample taken = (0.80- 0.79) * 100 40 = 0.01 * 100 40 = 0.025 * 10,000 = 250 ppm TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID(TDS): = TS- TSS = 500 250 ppm = 250 ppm RESULT: 1. Total Solid (TS) = 500 ppm 2. Total Suspended Solid (TSS) = 250 ppm 3. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) = 250 ppm

5 EXPERIMENT NO 2: Determination of Ammonium (NH4+) and Nitrate (NO3-) in supplied water sample. PRICIPLE: Nitrogen water occurs mainly as Ammonium(NH4+) and Nitrate (NO3-).In laboratory Devarda's alloy is used to convert Nitrate(NO3-) to Ammonium(NH4+).These Ammonium(NH4+) is absorbed by boric acid as ammonium borate(NH4H2BO3).Then this ammonium borate is titrated against 0.01 N sulfuric acid. The amount of sulfuric acid required to neutralize ammonium is the quantity of ammonium present in water sample. The following reactions occur: (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O NH3 + H3BO3 NH4 + H2BO-3 + H3BO3 2NH4 + H2BO-3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2H3BO3

REAGENTS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 0.01 N sulfuric acid 40% sodium hydroxide 4% boric acid with mixed indicator Devardas alloy

APPRATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. pipette conical flask Kjeldahls distillation chamber Weight balance.

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING AMMONIUM & NITRATE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Taking 10 ml water sample in a conical flask. Taking 40% sodium hydroxide. Taking 0.2 g Devardas alloy. Using these reagents in distillation chamber. Taking 150 ml conical flask. Taking 4% boric acid with mixed indicator. Collecting the sample about 50-70 ml as ammonium borate. Titrating the sample against 0.01 N sulfuric acid. Running a blank experiment.

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING AMMONIUM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Taking 10 ml water sample in a conical flask. Taking 40% sodium hydroxide. Using these reagents in distillation chamber Taking 150 ml conical flask. Taking 4% boric acid with mixed indicator. Collecting the sample about 50-70 ml as ammonium borate. Titrating the sample against 0.01 N sulfuric acid. Running a blank experiment.

DATA: TABLE: Determination of Amonium& Nitrate using Devards alloy

1. BLANK

0 0

32.9 11.83

32.9 11.83

TABLE: Determination of Ammonium without using Devardss alloy

1. BLANK CALCULATION:

0 0

0.82 0.71

0.82 0.71

1000 ml of 1 N sulfuric acid = 14 g of nitrogen 1 ml. = 14.00 1,000 = 0.014g of nitrogen

% of Ammonium & Nitrate = (T B) * f * 0.014 * 100 Amount of sample taken = (32.9 11.83) * 0.01 * 0.014 * 100

7 10 = 21.07 * 0.01 * 0.014 * 100 10 = 0.29498 10 = 0.029498 * 10,000 = 294.98 ppm =295 ppm % of Ammonium = (T B) * f * 0.014 * 100 Amount of sample taken = (0.82 0.71) * 0.01 * 0.014 * 100 10 = 0.00154 10 = 0.000154 * 10,000 = 1.54 ppm Amount of Nitrate = 295 1.54 ppm =293.46 ppm

RESULT: Amount of Ammonium, in supplied water sample is 1.54 ppm Amount of Nitrate, in supplied water sample is 293.46 ppm

8 EXPERIMENT NO 3: Determination of heavy metal in supplied water sample. PRINCIPLE:

APPRATUS: 1.100 ml beaker. 2.40 ml pipette. 3. Filter paper. 4.100 ml volumetric flask.. 5. Funnel. 6. Sand bath. PROCEDURE: 1. Taking 40 ml sample water in a100 ml beaker. 2. Adding 10 ml conc. Nitric acid. 3. Heating the beaker on a sand bath until the sample becomes colourless. 4. Cooling the beaker under room temperature. 5. Filtering the sample in a100ml volumetric flask & voluming it up to 100 ml. DATA:

SAMPLE NO Blank Sample 1

Pb in ppm 0 0

Fe in ppm 0.05 0.6

Dilution Factor = 100 40 = 2.5

CALCULATION: Amount of Pb in sample water = 0 ppm Amojunt of Fe in sample water = (0.6 0.05) * 2.5 ppm = 1.375 ppm.

RESULT: Amount of Pb in sample water = 0 ppm Amountof Fe in sample water = 1.375 ppm

10 EXPERIMENT NO 4: Determination of chloride in supplied water sample. PRINCIPLE: The chloride is titrated with a standard silver nitrate solution, using potassium chromate as the indicator. As the equivalence point is attained, the excess silver combines with the chromate to form a red or reddish-brown precipitate of silver chromate (Ag2Cr04). This colour change is easily recognized and serves as the end point of the titration. The reaction in titration is as follows: NaCl + AgNO3 ====== AgCl + NaNO3 (White ppt.) K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3 ====== Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3 (Red ppt.) REAGENT: 1.0.05 N silver nitrate (AgNO3) 2.5% Potassium chromate (K2Cr2O4) indicator. 3.1% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). APPRATUS: 1. Conical flask 2. Pipette. PROCEDURE: 1. Taking 5 ml sample water in a conical flask. 2. Adding 1drop of sodium bicarbonate solution. 3. Adding 1drop of potassium chromate indicator. 4. Titrating against silver nitrate solution until red precipate occurs. 5. Running a blank experiment. DATA: Table: Determination of chloride No of observation 1. Blank Initial Burette Reading 1.2 19.65 Final Burette Reading 1.4 19.7 Difference 0.2 0.05

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CALCULATION: % of Chloride = (T B) * f * 100 * 35.5 5 * 1,000 = 26.625 5,000 = 0.005325 % = 0.005325 * 10,000 ppm = 53.25 ppm

RESULT: The Amount of chloride present in the supplied water sample is 53.25 ppm.

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EXPERIMENT NO 5: Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in supplied water sample. PRINCIPLE: Most of the organic matter decomposed & produces carbon dioxide & water when boil with a mixture of potassium dichromate & sulfuric acid. A sample is refluxed with a known amount of potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid medium & the excess of dichromate consume is proportional to the oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter. 3(CH2O) = 16H+ + 2Cr2O7 2- ==== 4Cr3 + 3Co2 + 11H2O APPARATUS: 1.250 ml conical flask 2. Measuring cylinder. 3. Electronic balance. 4.20 ml pipette. REAGENT: 1.0.25 N potassium dichromate. 2. Silver sulfate. 3. Mercuric sulfate. 4. Ferroin indicator. 5.0.2 N ferrous ammonium sulfate solution PROCEDURE: 1. Taking 20 ml sample water in a 250 ml conical flask. 2. Adding 10 ml of 0.25 N potassium dichromate solutions. 3. Adding a pinch of silver sulfate. 4. Adding a pinch of mercuric sulfate. 5. Adding 25 ml conc. Sulfuric acid. 6. Attaching conical flask with a funnel covered with aluminium foil & heating it in a water bath at 750C or 1 and half hour. 7. Cooling the flask and adding 100 ml of distilled water to dilute the solution. 8. Adding 2-3 drops of ferroin indicator & titrating against ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. 9. The end point will be reddish blue from blue-green. 10. Running a blank experiment.

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DATA: No of Observations 1. 2. Blank Initial Burette Reading 23 11.4 0 Final burette Reading 43.2 22.5 11.5 Difference 11.2 11.1 11.5 Mean 11.15

CALCULATION: % of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) = (B-T) * f * 8 * 100 20 * 1000 = (11.5-11.15) * 0.2 * 8 * 1000 20,000 = 70 20,000 = 0.0035 % = 0.0035 * 10,000 = 35 ppm

RESULT: The Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) of the supplied water sample is 35 ppm.

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EXPERIMENT NO 6: Determination of Free Carbon dioxide in supplied water sample. PRINCIPLE: The carbon dioxide which is found in well waters & surface waters to a great extent can cause corrosion. The carbon dioxide present in water in excess of carbonates & bi-carbonates is known free carbon dioxide. It can be estimated by titrating with 0.022 N sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. APPRATUS: 1.250 ml conical flask 2. Pipette. 3.100 ml measuring cylinder. REAGENT: 1.0.022 sodium hydroxide solution. 2. Phenolphthalein indicator. PROCEDURE: 1. Taking 25 ml sample water in a conical flask. 2. Adding 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. 3. Titrating immediately against sodium hydroxide solution & the end point will be pink. DATA No of Observations 1. Blank CALCULATION: % of Free Carbondioxide = (T-B) * f * 100* 0.044 Amount of sample taken = (0.1-0.025)* 0.022 * 100* 0.044 25 = 0.0002904 % = 0.0002904 * 10,000 = 2.9 ppm RESULT: Initial Burette Reading 1.2 0 Final Burette Reading 1.3 0.025 Difference 0.1 0.025

15 The amount of free carbon dioxide in supplied water sample in 2.9 ppm EXPERIMENT NO 7: Determination of PH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) & Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) by using PH meter, EC meter & TDS meter respectively. PROCEDURE: An experiment is done by using the PH meter, TDS meter & EC meter in supplied water sample to determine the PH, TDS & EC of the sample water. RESULT: Parameter PH EC TDS Using Meter 6.8 0.85 mS/m 0.12 ppt/120 ppm By Experiment 250 ppm

Fig:TDS meter Fig:PH meter

Fig:EC meter

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COMPARISON BETWEEN DRINKING WATER PARAMETER & SAMPLE WATER PARAMETER

Parameters 1.PH 2.Total Solid(TS) 3.Chlorides 4.Nitrates 5.Iron 6.Lead

Drinking Water Value(Maximum) 6.5-9 1500 ppm 600 ppm 45 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm

Sample Water Value 6.8 500 ppm 53.25 ppm 293.46 ppm 1.375 ppm 0 ppm

COMMENT ON OVERALL EXPERIMENT: From the above chart, it can be said that the parameters of the supplied sample water is almost within the range of the parameters of standard drinking water prescribed by WHO. So this supplied sample water can be drinkable by removing the excess nitrate.

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A REPORT ON WATER RESOURCE PRACTICAL CLASS

GROUP NO: 01 GROUP MEMBERS:

1.EEUSHA NAFI(SH-002) 2.UMMA FARHANA KHUSHI(RK-005) 3.SHAHINUR AKTER PANNA(SN-006) 4.RICHEL D.COSTA(RK-010)

WATER SAMPLE NO-01

SUBMISSION DATE: 22.08.2010