Lec 02-8 - Longitudinal Damping

AAE 354
Lesson 02-8
Flight Dynamics
Longitudinal
Damping
Physical Situation
• The longitudinal pitching oscillations can be compared
with a torsional mass spring damper system. The
aircraft behaves as if it were restrained by a torsional
spring about the y axis
• A pitch disturbance from trim equilibrium causes the
“spring’’ to produce a restoring moment thereby giving
rise to an oscillation in pitch. The oscillation is damped
and this can be interpreted as a viscous damper. Of
course the spring and viscous damping effects are not
mechanical. In reality they are produced entirely by
aerodynamic mechanisms
Pitch Damping
• Due to:
– pitch rate, 𝑞
– rate of change of angle of attack, 𝛼ሶ
• Pitching moments develop which oppose 𝑞
and 𝛼ሶ
• In other words:
𝑞 + 𝐶𝑚𝑞 −
𝛼ሶ + 𝐶𝑚𝛼ሶ −
Damping Coefficients
𝜕𝐶𝑚 2𝑢0 𝜕𝐶𝑚
𝐶𝑚𝑞 = =
𝑞𝑐ҧ 𝑐ҧ 𝜕𝑞
𝜕
2𝑢0
𝐶𝑚𝛼ሶ = =
𝛼ሶ 𝑐ҧ 𝑐ҧ 𝜕𝛼ሶ
𝜕
2𝑢0
𝑞 𝑐ҧ 𝛼ሶ 𝑐ҧ
𝑪𝒎 = 𝐶𝑚0 + 𝐶𝑚𝛼 𝛼 + 𝐶𝑚𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒 + 𝐶𝑚𝑞 + 𝐶𝑚𝜶ሶ
2𝑢0 2𝑢0
during transitions
Pitching Moment due to 𝑞
(𝑪𝒎 𝒒 )
∆𝑀𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 ∆𝐿𝑡

𝑞𝑙𝑡
∆𝑀𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝑄𝑡 𝑆𝑡
𝑡 𝑢
0
𝑞𝑙𝑡 𝑄𝑡 𝑆𝑡
∆𝐶𝑚𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝛼
𝑡 𝑢 𝑄𝑆𝑐 ҧ
0
𝑞
∆𝐶𝑚𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝜂𝑉𝐻
𝑡 𝑢
0
𝐶𝑚𝑞 = =
𝜕 𝑞𝑐ҧΤ2𝑢0 𝑐ҧ 𝜕𝑞
2𝑢0 1 Remark: Result to be increased
= −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝜂𝑉𝐻 by 10% to account for wing and
𝑐ҧ 𝑡 𝑢
0 fuselage contributions
𝑙𝑡
𝐶𝑚𝑞 = −2𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝜂𝑉𝐻
𝑡 𝑐ҧ
[Pitch Damping Derivative – Primary factor (along with 𝐶𝑚𝛼ሶ ) for damping out pitch oscillations]
Example 1
For the F-4C aircraft at 35,000 𝑓𝑡 and Mach 0.9 (𝑢0 = 876 𝑓𝑡Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 ,
𝑄 = 283.2 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑆 = 530 𝑓𝑡 2 ) 𝐶𝑚𝑞 is equal to − 4.0/𝑟𝑎𝑑 and 𝑐ҧ = 16 𝑓𝑡 . If
𝑞 = 2.5 𝑑𝑒𝑔Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 find the perturbed pitching moment about y-axis (∆𝑀).
𝜕𝐶𝑚
𝑪𝒎 𝑞 =
𝜕 𝑞 𝑐ҧΤ2𝑢0
For only a perturbation in 𝑞:

(2.5Τ57.3) ∗ 16
∆𝐶𝑚 = 𝑪𝒎 𝒒 𝑞𝑐ҧΤ2𝑢0 = −4.0 = −1.5938 × 10−3
2 ∗ 876
𝑪𝒎 = 𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ ∴ ∆𝑪𝒎 = ∆𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ ∆𝑴 = ∆𝑪𝒎 𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ

= −1.5938 × 10−3 283.2 530 (16)
= −3827.5 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
A 3827.5 ft − lb nose-down pitching moment is predicted if the pitch rate perturbs
by 2.5 deg/sec.
Pitching Moment due to ∝ሶ
(𝑪𝒎 ∝ሶ )
This derivative arises due to delay in wind downwash getting to the tail
when the angle of attack is suddenly changed. The change in circulation at
the wing takes a finite time for the alteration of the downwash to occur at
the tail
Downwash Lag
If the forward velocity is 𝑢0 , it will take ∆𝑡 = 𝑙𝑡ൗ𝑢0 time increment
for the trailing vortex wake to reach the tail surface
𝑑𝜖
∆𝛼𝑡 = ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 = 𝑙𝑡 Τ𝑢0 Recall that for an elliptic
𝑑𝑡 lift distribution:
2 𝐶𝐿𝑤
𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝜀 𝑑𝛼 𝑙𝑡 𝜖=
= = 𝜋𝐴𝑅𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝑢0 𝑑𝛼 𝑑𝑡 𝑢0
𝑑𝜖 2 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑤
𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡 =
𝑑𝛼 𝜋𝐴𝑅𝑤
= 𝛼ሶ
𝑑𝛼 𝑢0
Now ∆𝑀𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 ∆𝐿𝑡 = −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿 ∆𝛼𝑡 𝑄𝑡 𝑆𝑡

𝛼𝑡
𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡
= −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝛼ሶ 𝑄 𝑆
𝑡 𝑑𝛼 𝑢0 𝑡 𝑡
Non-dimensionalising:
𝑑𝜀 𝑙
∆𝑀𝑐𝑔 −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝛼ሶ 𝑡 𝑄𝑡 𝑆𝑡
𝑡 𝑑𝛼 𝑢0
∆𝐶𝑚𝑐𝑔 = =
𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ 𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ
𝑄𝑡 𝑆𝑡 𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡
=− 𝐶 𝛼ሶ
𝑄 𝑆𝑐ҧ 𝐿𝛼𝑡 𝑑𝛼 𝑢0
𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡
= − 𝜂 𝑉𝐻 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝛼ሶ
𝑡 𝑑𝛼 𝑢0
𝜕𝐶𝑚 2𝑢0 𝜕𝐶𝑚 𝜕𝐶𝑚 𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡
𝐶𝑚𝛼ሶ = = = − 𝜂 𝑉𝐻 𝐶𝐿𝛼
𝜕 𝛼ሶ 𝑐 ҧ
ൗ2𝑢 𝑐 ҧ 𝜕 𝛼 ሶ 𝜕 𝛼ሶ 𝑡 𝑑𝛼 𝑢
0
0
Remark: Result to be 2𝑢0 𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡
increased by 10% to = − 𝜂 𝑉 𝐶
𝐻 𝐿𝛼𝑡
𝑐ҧ 𝑑𝛼 𝑢0
account for wing and
fuselage contributions 𝑑𝜀 𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝜀
𝐶𝑚𝛼ሶ = −2 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝜂 𝑉𝐻 = 𝐶𝑚𝑞
𝑡 𝑑𝛼 𝑐ҧ 𝑑𝛼
For many airplanes 𝐶𝑚𝛼ሶ is approximately equal to one third the value of 𝐶𝑚𝑞 .
Example 2
For the F-4C aircraft at 35,000 𝑓𝑡 and Mach 0.9 (𝑢0 = 876 𝑓𝑡Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 , 𝑄 = 283.2 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑓𝑡 2 ,
𝑆 = 530 𝑓𝑡 2 ) 𝑐ҧ = 16 𝑓𝑡 and 𝐶𝑚 𝛼ሶ = −1.3Τ𝑟𝑎𝑑. If 𝛼ሶ is 0.5 𝑑𝑒𝑔Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 find the perturbed
pitching moment M.
𝜕𝐶𝑚
𝑪𝒎 𝛼ሶ =
𝜕 𝛼ሶ 𝑐Τ
ҧ 2𝑢0
For only a perturbation in 𝛼:ሶ
0.5Τ57.3 16
∆𝐶𝑚 = 𝑪𝒎 𝛼ሶ ∆ 𝛼ሶ 𝑐Τ
ҧ 2𝑢0 = −1.3 = −1.036 × 10−4
2 876
𝑪𝒎 = 𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆 𝑐ҧ ∴ ∆𝑪𝒎 = ∆𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ ∆𝑴 = ∆𝑪𝒎 𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ

= −1.036 × 10−4 283.2 530 (16)
= −248.8 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
A 248.8 ft-lb nose-down pitching moment is predicted from a positive 0.5 deg/sec 𝛼.ሶ

Lec 02-8 - Longitudinal Damping

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec 02-8 - Longitudinal Damping

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec 02-8 - Longitudinal Damping

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AAE 354

∆𝑀𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 ∆𝐿𝑡

For only a perturbation in 𝑞:

𝑪𝒎 = 𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ ∴ ∆𝑪𝒎 = ∆𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ ∆𝑴 = ∆𝑪𝒎 𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ

Now ∆𝑀𝑐𝑔 = −𝑙𝑡 ∆𝐿𝑡 = −𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝐿 ∆𝛼𝑡 𝑄𝑡 𝑆𝑡

For only a perturbation in 𝛼:ሶ

𝑪𝒎 = 𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆 𝑐ҧ ∴ ∆𝑪𝒎 = ∆𝑀Τ𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ ∆𝑴 = ∆𝑪𝒎 𝑄𝑆𝑐ҧ

You might also like