Example 1

A 480-V, 60Hz, Δ-connected, four-pole Synchronous generator has the OCC shown in figure below. This
generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1Ω and an armature resistance of 0.0 15Ω. At full-load, the
machine supplies 1200A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full-load conditions, the friction and windage losses are 40
kW and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.
(a). What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b). How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480 V at no
load?
(c). If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, how much
field current will be required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V?
(d). How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator by
the prime mover? What is this machine's overall efficiency?
(e). If the generator's load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to its terminal
voltage?
(f). Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF leading. How
much field current would be required to keep VT at 480 V?
Example 2
A 480-V, 50-Hz, Y -connected, six-pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of
1.0Ω. Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. This generator has friction and windage losses
of 1.5 kW and core losses of 1.0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Since the armature resistance is being ignored,
assume that the I2R losses are negligible. The field current has been adjusted so that the terminal voltage is
480 V at no load.
(a). What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b). What is the terminal voltage of this generator if the following are true?
i. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging.
ii. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF.
iii. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading.
(c). What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is operating
at the rated current and 0.8 PF lagging?
(d). How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the induced
counter torque?
(e). What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? At 1.0 PF? At 0.8 PF leading?

Example:3
The figure below shows a generator supplying a load. A second load is to be connected in parallel with the
first one. The generator has a no-load frequency of 61.0Hz and a slope sp of 1MW/Hz. Load1 consumes a
real power of 1000 kW at 0.8 PF lagging, while load2 consumes a real power of 800 kW at 0.707 PF
lagging.

a) Before the switch is closed, what is the operating frequency of the system?
b) After load 2 is connected, what is the operating frequency of the system?
c) After load 2 is connected, what action could an operator take to restore the system frequency to 60
Hz?
Solution

The Equation of the power generated is by

Where
–power slope
- No load frequency
- System frequency (operating frequency)

So

a) The initial system frequency is

1
, 1000 , 61

1000
61 61 1 60
1

b) After load 2 is connected

1000 800 1800

1800
61 61 1.8 59.2
1

c) To restore the system frequency to 60

1800
60
1

61.8
Therefore, the operator should increase the governor no-load set point by 0.8 to 61.8

Example:4
In figure above suppose Generator1 has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz and a slope of 1MW/Hz. Generator 2
has a no-load frequency of 61.0 Hz and a slope of 1MW/Hz. The two generators are supplying a real load
totaling 2.5 MW at 0.8 PF lagging. The resulting system power-frequency or house diagram is shown below.

a) At what frequency is this system operating, and how much power is supplied by each of the two
generators?
b) Suppose an additional I-MW load were attached to this power system. What would the new system
frequency be, and how much power would GI and G2 supply now?
c) With the system in the configuration described in part b, what will the system frequency and
generator powers be if the governor set points on G2 are increased by 0.5 Hz?
Solution

The resulting system power-frequency or house diagram is shown below

The produced by power by the generator is given by

….. 1

….. 2
The total power supplied by the generator is equal to the power consumed by the loads

a)

1 , 61.5 , 61.0

2.5
To find the system frequency

1
2.5 1 61.5 61.0

60.0

The powers supplied by the generators are

1
61.5 60.0 1.5

1
61.0 60.0 1.0
 b) When the load is increased by 1.0 ,
3.5
So the new system frequency becomes

1 1
3.5 61.5 61

59.5
Therefore, the generated powers are

1
61.5 59.5 2.0

1
61.0 59.5 1.5

c) If the no-load governor set points of G2 are increased by 0.5 . I.e 61.5 , the new
system frequency becomes,

1 1
3.5 61.5 61.5

59.75
The powers supplied by the generators are

1
61.5 59.75 1.75
Example:5
A 480-V, 50-Hz, Y -connected, six-pole synchronous generator is rated at 50 kVA at 0.8 PF lagging. It has a
synchronous reactance of 1.0 Ω per phase. Assume that this generator is connected to a steam turbine capable
of supplying up to 45 kW. The friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and the core losses are 1.0 kW.

a) Sketch the capability curve for this generator, including the prime-mover power limit.
Solution

The phase voltage

480
277
√3 √3
The maximum current in the generator
50
60
3 3 ∗ 277
 a) The maximum permissible apparent power is 50 which specifies the maximum safe armature
current. The center of the circle is
3 3 277
230
1.0 Ω

The maximum size of

277 ∡0° 1.0 Ω 60∡ 34.87°

313 48 317 ∡ 8.7°

The magnitude of the distance proportional to is

3 3 317 277
263
1.0
The maximum output power available with a prime mover of 45 kW is approximately

, , , ,

, 45 1.5 1.0 42.5

 b) Can this generator supply a line current of 56A at 0.7 PF lagging? Why or why not?
Solution

56 at 0.7 pf lagging

Real power, 3 3 277 56 0.7 32.6

Reactive power 3 3 277 56 0.714 33.2

Plotting this on the capacity curve, it is safely with in the maximum curve but outside the maximum
curve, so, it is not safe operation condition

c) What is the maximum amount of reactive power this generator can produce?

Solution
The maximum reactive power is obtained when the real power is zero. So this point is at the peak of the
capacity curve

263 230 33

d) If the generator supplies 30 kW of real power, what is the maximum amount of reactive power that
can be simultaneously supplied?

Solution

If it is supplying 30 kW of real power, the maximum reactive power supplied is 31.5 kVAR